A summary of the books on history, politics, biology and geography in the last semester of the seventh grade of junior high school

Lesson 1 Ancient Humans in China

1. At present, the earliest known human in China is about 1.7 million years ago.

About 2000 years ago, the primitive people living in Zhoukoudian, Beijing were called "Beijingers".

3. Some physical characteristics of apes are still preserved, but they can walk upright, and their upper limbs basically have the characteristics of modern people.

4. It played an important role in the evolution from apes to humans.

5. It is a great progress made by human beings in the process of evolution.

6. Beijingers have already used it. The use of ""has improved the ability of primitive humans to adapt to the natural environment, and promoted the development of physique and the evolution of the brain.

7. The most primitive form of human social organization is that primitive people often live in groups of dozens of people.

The second lesson is the scattered clan settlements.

1. About six or seven thousand years ago, clan settlements spread all over China, the most representative of which were clan settlements in the Yellow River basin and the Yangtze River basin.

2. Banpo settlement was located here about 1000 years ago, with an existing site area of about 50,000 square meters. The residents of Banpo settlement planted, raised and frequented it. They cultivate farmland, harvest crops, process grains, and so on.

3. It is the main appliance of Banpo residents' daily life.

4. China was one of the first countries to cultivate peace. Among them, the earliest planting was Banpo residents; The earliest planting was Hemudu residents.

Hemudu settlement, located about 2000 years ago, is the representative of clan settlement in the Yangtze River valley. Hemudu residents planted, raised, raised and other livestock.

6. Hemudu residents generally use grinding stone tools and make tools with animal bones. They use these tools, which is another progress in tool manufacturing technology.

7. The houses in Hemudu settlement have style. For thousands of years, it has been one of the main architectural forms in Jiangnan area.

8. Private property appeared in Dawenkou residents' period, and the members of the settlement were divided into rich and poor.

Lesson 3 the dawn of civilization in the legendary era

1, according to legend, improve farm tools, teach people to farm, taste herbs and invent drugs. It is the founder of Sinochem's original agricultural medicine, so it is called. He also invented, opened and let people exchange needed goods.

2. According to legend, palaces, vehicles, ships, weapons and clothes were created, and subordinate officials were also required to invent words, calendars, arithmetic and music. His wife invented it.

About many years ago, tribal alliances appeared in the Yellow River Basin and the Yangtze River Basin.

Being honored as the human ancestor of the Chinese nation.

After a long time, Huangdi became the leader of the tribal alliance in the Yellow River basin.

6. This method of selecting the leader of tribal alliance was later called "tribal alliance".

7, is the legendary hero of water control. The method he adopted introduced the turbulent flood into the sea; Lead the people to build water conservancy projects and develop agricultural production.

Unit 2 the emergence of the state and social change

In the 2nd/kloc-0th century BC, the implementation of the hereditary system of the throne and the establishment of state institutions marked the emergence of the Xia Dynasty, the earliest country in China.

In Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasties, the splendid bronze civilization valued harmony.

As a representative.

The Xia dynasty began to enter the stage of slavery. The Western Zhou Dynasty practiced patriarchal enfeoffment system.

The Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period began to enter the Iron Age. Also began to establish feudal relations of production. Ideologically, it has formed a situation of academic prosperity and a hundred schools of thought contend.

5. The four ancient civilizations are, and.

Lesson 5 Changes of Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasties

1 year or so, the first country in China's history-its capital was established. And setting up, formulating, setting up and establishing.

2. The last king of Xia Dynasty was. The reasons for the demise of the Xia Dynasty are: Xia Jie practiced tyranny; The Shang tribe became stronger and stronger.

3. In about a year, the leader of Shang tribe and the surrounding tribes joined forces to defeat Jie, and established and built the capital. Become one of the largest countries in the world at that time.

4. About 65438 BC+0300 BC, the King of Shang moved to the capital, and since then, the rule of Shang Dynasty has been stable. Therefore, later generations are also called Shang Dynasty.

5. By Shang Dynasty, the basic form of Chinese character structure had been established, and it was a mature script.

6. BC 1046 defeated the Shang army, established and made its capital, which was called the Western Zhou Dynasty in history.

7. With the further development of the economy in the Western Zhou Dynasty, aristocrats and civilians at all levels can get land from the King of Zhou, but they only have the right to use it, but they can't transfer or buy or sell it. Artificial irrigation has been used in agriculture. Handicraft industry has a fine division of labor, and the production of primitive porcelain is more common, so building tiles are used.

8. In 77 1 BC, the dog army attacked Haojiang and killed Zhou Youwang. In 770 BC, the capital was moved, and the history was called the Eastern Zhou Dynasty.

Lesson 6 Society and State in Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasties

1, the main content of the western Zhou dynasty enfeoffment system is called "granting land to the people".

2. The enfeoffment system stipulates the obligations of the recipients, that is, they must,

.

3. The significance of the enfeoffment system in the Western Zhou Dynasty lies in that (1) vassal states were Zhou's strongholds in various places and played an important role. (2) Strengthened the economic and cultural ties between the Zhou royal family and the vassal states. (3) The close relationship with the surrounding ethnic minorities has promoted the economic and cultural development in remote areas.

4. The society in Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasties was divided by hierarchy.

5. During the Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasties, he was the main laborer in the agricultural and handicraft production departments; Kings and nobles, large and small, owned many slaves, mainly from

And ...

6. Xia, Shang and Western Zhou countries suppressed resistance at home in order to fight abroad, and established a strong and harsh.

7. Violent repression is another means of ruling the people, which plays a role in regulating social contradictions and stabilizing social order. The ruling class passed

Etiquette activities educate and influence people, and play a role in maintaining the hierarchy and stabilizing social order.

Lesson 7 Five Overlords in the Spring and Autumn Period and Seven Chivalrous Men in the Warring States Period

BC 1, 770-476 are several periods in Chinese history. At that time, there were five tyrants, namely,,, etc., which were called "five tyrants in the Spring and Autumn Period" in history. The first advantage is that.

2. After stabilizing the internal affairs, he put forward the slogan of "respecting the king and rejecting foreign countries" and actively carried out foreign activities. In 65 1 year BC, Zhou sent representatives to attend the meeting of the governors' alliance held in Kuiqiu, officially acknowledging his hegemony in the Central Plains.

3. The Chu army defeated the State of Jin, and Chu Zhuangwang began to dominate the country.

4. 475-22 BC1year is a historical period. Jin State is divided into China and Japan, and it is also called "Seven Heroes of the Warring States" with the original country.

5, known as "combination"; It's called Lian Heng.

Lesson 8 Social Change Caused by Iron Niu Geng

1, people usually work collectively in aristocratic fields, and this large-scale collective farming is described as ""in ancient books.

2. The extensive use of ironware has greatly promoted the development of ironware. The emergence of iron pear share is a great progress in farming technology.

3. The production efficiency is greatly improved, making full-load production possible.

4. Individual production has replaced large-scale forced collective farming, and individual small farmers have gradually become the basic production unit of society.

In 356 BC, political reform began.

Briefly describe the main contents and significance of Shang Yang's political reform.

Lesson 9 Oracle Bone Inscriptions and Bronzes

1, Oracle Bone Inscriptions refers to.

2. China has a history of written examination, from the beginning.

This is an alloy of copper, tin and lead.

4. It is a masterpiece of bronze wares in Shang Dynasty, and the largest bronze wares found in the world at present.

Active thinking and a hundred schools of thought contend

1 is a great thinker and founder of Confucianism. His thoughts are mainly composed of two parts.

Love others means understanding and understanding others, and don't impose what you don't want to do on others.

3. Ask people to restrain themselves, strengthen personal cultivation, and make their words and deeds conform to social norms.

Politically, Confucius advocated educating people and governing the country.

5. According to the different characteristics of students, teaching students in accordance with their aptitude is adopted to develop their teaching potential. What his disciples did was to put his remarks into a book.

6. Please briefly describe "a hundred schools of thought contend".

7. Confucianism advocates educating people with "virtue" and governing the country with "virtue"; Legalists emphasize "strengthening rule"; Taoism opposes both "governance" and "governance", and they put forward "governance".

The wisdom and creation of ancestors

1, Dujiangyan is a large-scale water conservancy project built by the prefect of Shu County of Qin State in the Minjiang River Basin during the Warring States Period.

Dujiangyan, which was used for irrigation and flood diversion two thousand years ago, was the largest, most beneficial and longest-lasting water conservancy project in ancient China. He represented the advanced level of water conservancy projects in China at that time and was the crystallization of the wisdom of ancient working people.

3. It's called chime.

4. The appearance of chimes shows that.

Please briefly describe why Dujiangyan can be included in the "World Cultural Heritage" list.

Unit 3 Unified Qin and Han Empire

In BC 1 year and BC 22 1 year, the first unified multi-ethnic centralized country in China history was established.

2. Around the world, ancient countries such as Europe and West Asia once coexisted with the Qin and Han empires. Civilization is the most brilliant.

The rise and fall of Qin empire

The reasons why Qin was able to annex the six countries to achieve reunification were: (1) reunification became the general trend; (2) The people are suffering from war and long for peace; (3) Qin's political reform was thorough and its strength was the strongest; (4) Qin adopted a correct military policy. After the battle of Changping, the six countries were unable to conquer Qin.

In 260 BC, Qin defeated the most powerful Zhao army among the six eastern countries.

From 230 BC to 22 BC1year, the state of Qin annexed Korea, Zhao, Wei, Chu, Yan and Qi successively, and established the first country in China's history, with its capital. The king of Qin claimed to be the first emperor.

Please briefly describe the significance of Qin reunification.

In the summer of 209 BC, it took the lead in launching the first large-scale peasant war in Chinese history.

Qin Shihuang's measures to establish centralization

What is centralization?

What did Qin Shihuang do to develop the economy?

Qin Shihuang stipulated that the seal script was a standard character and was promulgated in the world. Later, he introduced a new font-"official script". Please briefly describe the meaning of unified writing.

The standard currency of Qin State is round square hole money.

The purpose of Qin Shihuang's "burning books to bury Confucianism" is to strengthen ideological rule.

Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty promoted the unified pattern.

In BC 1 year, he became emperor, established the Han Dynasty and made its capital, which was called the Western Han Dynasty in history. It's Emperor Gaozu.

2. The representative of Confucianism in the period of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty is that he suggested that Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty reject and suppress other theories and take Confucianism as the guiding ideology of governing the country.

Please briefly describe what is "ousting a hundred schools of thought and respecting Confucianism alone"?

5. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty weakened the feudal forces by promulgating the "law of punishment", which was ingenious in that Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty weakened the feudal forces of the princes without spending a single soldier or damaging an inch of land.

6. The measures taken by Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty to strengthen the supervision system were to set up supervision institutions in the central government; At the local level, the whole country is divided into "thirteen states".

7. During this period, centralization was strengthened unprecedentedly, and the unified empire was further consolidated and developed.

Exploring the Western Regions and the Silk Road in Qin and Han Dynasties

In BC 1 year, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty sent envoys to the Western Regions in order to attack the Xiongnu with the Great Moon Family in the Western Regions. In BC, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty sent him to the Western Regions again in order to open up the road to the Western Regions and strengthen the ties between the Han Dynasty and other countries in the Western Regions.

Today, Xinjiang is officially under the jurisdiction of the central government. It began in 60 BC, when the Western Han Dynasty took the Western Region as its capital.

The Silk Road is a transportation line from Chang 'an to Central Asia, West Asia and Europe through Hexi Corridor and today's Xinjiang region.

Named after this.

Please briefly describe the significance of opening up the Silk Road.

Advanced science and technology

1. In the early Western Han Dynasty, people got inspiration from "paper" and invented paper.

2. In the Eastern Han Dynasty, he improved papermaking on the basis of predecessors' papermaking experience, and later generations called his improved paper "paper".

In the 1st century, the use of paper was quite common in China.

He was an outstanding doctor in the Eastern Han Dynasty. He wrote a book, expounding the theory of traditional Chinese medicine and the principle of treating diseases, which laid the foundation of TCM therapeutics. Later generations addressed him respectfully as "".

He is good at acupuncture and surgery, and developed a general anesthetic, which is a pioneering work in the history of world medicine. Later generations respectfully called it "".

7. The book was written in the Eastern Han Dynasty, summarizing the mathematical achievements from Qin Zhou to the Han Dynasty. Among them, it was the most advanced mathematical operation method in the world at that time. Its appearance marks the formation of a mathematical system centered on calculation in ancient China.

Prosperous culture

1. Buddhism originated in the late Western Han Dynasty and was introduced to China. Buddhist teachings are beneficial, and the expectation of the "kingdom of the afterlife" has also produced great gravity among the poor. The spread of Buddhism has injected new factors into China culture, which has had a wide and far-reaching impact on later generations.

2, Taoism was born in, he and

A combination of. Taoist thought embodies the characteristics of China traditional culture, which pays attention to reality and reproduces the world.

3. After the Eastern Han Dynasty, the ideological field gradually formed a situation in which the three schools stood upright and complemented each other.

4. It is the first biographical general history in the history of China. The book 130, with more than 520,000 words, describes the main historical events from the legendary Yellow Emperor to the Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty for about 3,000 years. It has a complete style, informative historical materials, concise narration and vivid writing, and has become a model for future generations to write history books.

5. During the Qin and Han Dynasties, he was an outstanding representative of sculpture art in China.

6. The magnificent terracotta warriors and horses of the Qin Shihuang Mausoleum reflect and vividly show.

Unit 4 Separation of Political Power and National Integration

Lesson 20 The Formation of the Three Kingdoms

1. At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, the political situation was chaotic. Cao Cao "relied on the emperor to make the princes", recruited talents and reclaimed land. In 200, Cao Cao defeated Yuan Shao and won the battle of Guandu. Later, Cao Cao led an army to cross the Yellow River in the north, eliminating the remnants of Yuan Shao and unifying the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River.

2. In 2000, Cao Jun fought against Sun Quan and Liu Bei, and a famous battle broke out.

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Both sides gained something from the name, time and war of the campaign.

Battle of guandu

Battle of red cliff

4. How was the tripartite confrontation formed?

Southern economic development

1. At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, the northern population began to move southward; A large number of northerners crossed the river south, forming a wave of southward migration.

2. A large number of people from the north go south, which not only makes the Jiangnan area with superior natural conditions develop rapidly.

Please briefly describe the progress brought by the large-scale migration of northern population to the south of the Yangtze River. Why do you think Jiangnan economy developed during the Eastern Jin and Southern Dynasties? )

Lesson 22 racial integration in the north

What are the main measures taken by Emperor Xiaowen of the Northern Wei Dynasty to promote national integration?

How to treat Emperor Xiaowen's measures to promote national integration in the Northern Wei Dynasty?

Lesson 23 Technology Leads the World

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The project characters are so good.

Chungchi Tsu

Jia Sixie

Li daoyuan

Lesson 24 Colorful Artistic Achievements

1, please briefly describe Wang Xizhi's calligraphy achievements and artistic characteristics.

2. Wang Xizhi's representative calligraphy works are. Why is Wang Xizhi respected as a "book saint" by later generations?

4. The highest achievement of painting art in the Eastern Jin Dynasty is. Its masterpiece is.

Please talk about Gu Kaizhi's painting style.

6. Grotto art combines the characteristics of sculpture and painting, and embodies the following characteristics.

; Is developed. The most famous ones are Datong in Shanxi and Luoyang in Henan.