Prosthetics Details

Prosthetics is the means and methods of engineering technology, to make up for the amputee or limb incomplete loss of limbs and special design and production of the assembly of artificial prosthesis, also known as "prosthetic". Its main role is to replace the loss of part of the function of the limb, so that the amputee to restore a certain degree of self-care and the ability to work. The applicable object is due to disease, traffic accidents, industrial accidents, sports trauma and other reasons for the amputation of the limb.

Basic introduction Chinese name : prosthesis Alias : prosthesis Applicable object : amputee Role : instead of losing part of the function of the limb Classification, upper limb prosthesis, lower limb prosthesis, the development of recent developments, extended reading, classification Classification of prosthetic limbs. Prosthetics can be categorized according to structure, function, time of fitting, site of amputation, source of power, and choice of material. But the most commonly used classification method is according to the amputation site is divided into upper limb prosthesis and lower limb prosthesis. Upper limb prosthesis The materials used to make prosthesis are mainly aluminum, wood, leather, plastic and metal mechanical parts. A good prosthesis must function well, be comfortable and easy to wear, be lightweight and durable, and resemble the living limb in appearance. In all of our use of many prosthetic limbs, according to the purpose of its use, parts, as well as the control system of prosthetic limbs, there are many different classifications and names, the following will be often used and more advanced prosthetic limbs to do a brief introduction. (1) Decorative upper limb prosthesis: this kind of prosthesis does not have the function of engaging in work and life self-care, the main role is to make up for the appearance of the upper limb and maintain the balance of the limb. It is mainly used for those who have high amputation of upper arm and shoulder joint disarticulation and scapular girdle disarticulation. (2) Tool hand: it is specially designed and made for upper limb amputees and mainly consists of two major parts. One is the arm cylinder installed on the residual limb, the arm cylinder is fixed on the residual limb, and there is a tool articulator at the end of the arm cylinder. The second is a variety of labor tools and household utensils, such as hammers, screwdrivers, thumbscrews, multi-purpose hooks and other labor tools, toothbrushes, spoons and other household utensils. Through the articulator, all kinds of tools and living utensils can be changed according to the needs at any time, and the patient's working ability and self-care ability can be restored to a certain extent. However, the tool hand does not have the normal shape of a human limb, and the scope of use is very limited. (3) traction mechanical prosthesis: this prosthesis is also known as motorized prosthesis and mechanical prosthesis, is a substitute for the human hand. This kind of prosthesis is relying on the user's own residual limb and healthy limb coordinated action, drive traction cable, manipulation and control of the prosthetic hand opening and holding, to realize the action of grasping and extracting objects. This kind of prosthesis is mainly suitable for forearm and upper arm disabled people. Because of its simple structure, reliable performance, easy to grasp, easy to use, low price, more common in the domestic use. (4) electric prosthesis; electric prosthesis is an external power prosthesis, it relies on small electromechanical drive system to complete the joints of the prosthetic hand predetermined action, so that the disabled can basically meet the life of self-care, so as to participate in the appropriate work. This kind of prosthesis is suitable for people with forearm or even total arm loss. Electric prosthesis is composed of electromechanical drive system, control system and shell. The electromechanical drive system relies on a miniature battery to provide energy, and the control system relies on a tactile microswitch to switch the circuit and send out control information to manipulate the electromechanical drive system to complete the action. The shell is the shape of the whole prosthesis. (5) Myoelectric prosthesis: myoelectric prosthesis is a kind of external power prosthesis directly innervated by the brain nerve. It is a product of modern high science and technology such as precision machinery, microelectronic technology, material science and physiological medicine. The control system of this kind of prosthesis is dominated by the cerebral nerve of the limb muscle contraction generates movement when the myoelectric signal is issued, reaching the skin surface, the control system accepts the signal to drive the micro motor to generate action. It can generally accomplish three sets of movements: finger extension and flexion, wrist extension and flexion, and wrist internal and external rotation. It is the development direction of modern prosthesis with strong direct sensibility and good bionic effect, which is suitable for disabled people with partial loss of front hip. This is currently the world's more advanced upper limb prosthesis, which relies entirely on the body to drive the force source. The prosthesis is equipped with batteries to provide energy for its movement. Amputee through conscious muscle contraction, can produce a small potential difference in the surface of the residual limb skin, the use of this voltage can be controlled by the prosthetic limb opening, closing and rotating and other functions. (6) voice-activated prosthesis: voice-activated prosthesis is a kind of externally-powered prosthesis with language as the control signal. This kind of prosthesis is characterized by more human language signals, so it produces more movements, and it is easier to meet the requirements of disabled people's life self-care. Its advantage is that it is not limited by the degree of disability of amputation patients, the length of amputation time and other factors, especially suitable for upper arm, full arm, or both arms and thigh, both legs amputation of the disabled. But it has the disadvantage that it is easy to be limited by environmental factors because it has to make sound to control the prosthesis, in addition, it is also easy to be interfered by other people's language. Lower limb prosthesis Walking is the most basic function of the human lower limb, amputation of any plane of the lower limb (except the toe) will bring difficulties to the person's walking. Poor walking posture will also bring great interference to a person's overall sense of beauty. Therefore, the lower limb prosthesis is also to restore the normal walking posture as far as possible for the basic purpose. At present, the lower limb prosthesis can be divided into several categories according to the different amputation planes of the lower limb: ankle prosthesis, calf prosthesis, thigh prosthesis, and hip joint disarticulation prosthesis. Regardless of that plane of amputation after the prosthesis, can achieve the purpose of supporting the body and walking. (1) Hip joint disarticulation prosthesis: suitable for hip disarticulation amputation patients or thigh residual limb is too short. (2) Foot and ankle prosthesis: suitable for patients with foot and ankle amputation. (3) Thigh prosthesis Foam decorative jacket, realistic appearance, full contact receiving cavity, advanced joint design, perfect gait. (4) Lower leg prosthesis Recent development Internationally, the prosthetic technology is along with the progress of society and science and technology and constantly from low-level simple to high-level complex direction, in order to improve the practical performance of the prosthetic limb, people make use of all the contemporary science and technology that can be utilized to manufacture better performance of prosthetic limbs, more advanced technology and materials, so as to make it have a more perfect performance. the prosthetic limb technology since the 1990s Since the 1990s, the prosthetic technology has been developing in the direction of higher technology which is more precise, more comfortable and more in line with personal requirements. China's prosthetic technology in the new structure, new materials, new technology research and development has also made some achievements, such as myoelectric prosthesis from the 1960s began to start, has formed a practical myoelectric control prosthesis series, in the lower limb prosthesis in the 1990s developed with a hydraulic system of the lower extremity, the development of lower limb movement prosthesis made of composite materials, and current to liquid intelligent lower limb Prosthetic limb research, Tsinghua University has studied the use of electromyographic signals for road recognition of the swing phase control of intelligent prosthetic limbs and real-time detection of human motion images; China has now begun to produce some of the titanium alloy connecting parts and joints, the quality is close to the international level; in addition, the development of simple calf prostheses for amputation in remote areas has been successful. However, the overall situation of China's prosthetic limbs, new technology products are fewer, in terms of specifications, varieties, performance and quality of the world's industry development compared with the country there is still a big gap, the main thing is the lack of national long-term development planning and focused high-tech investment. Prosthetic limb assembly needs experts with expertise and ability to create and apply and develop these products, and a high-level, high-level research and development team should be built. In the promotion of high-tech prosthetic products, focusing on the development of good performance, high quality, can replace the imported prosthetic "fist products", bold reference, bold introduction of foreign new structures, new materials and new technologies, to have a plan, a division of labor, selective, focused. China's prosthetic industry "three new" research and development should be centered on narrowing the gap in production technology, service quality, and strive to catch up with the international level. Priority to address the large number of people with disabilities, generally can afford to pay for the replacement of prosthetic products, focusing on the development and production of a wide range of sets, to facilitate the centralized production of prosthetic standard parts and components, quick results of the special high-tech prosthetic products; to complete the skeleton lower limb system of various types of joints, connecting pieces of the development and production of modern prosthetic products can be completely domesticated; in the prosthetic foot of high-tech product development in the titanium alloy, Carbon fiber composite materials, silicon rubber, thermoplastic plates and other new materials to make breakthroughs, individual products to achieve synchronization with the international community, to promote the prosthetic industry's industrial structuring and upgrading. Extended reading 1, Zhang Xiaoyu. New structure, new materials and new technology in modern prosthesis J. 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