About the ancient rank!

The official system of the Qing Dynasty (master list) civil Beijing officials Wu Beijing officials Wu Beijing officials Wu Beijing foreign officials

The Qing Dynasty officials ranked "nine products and eighteen grades", each of which has a positive from the difference between the eighteen grades, not within the eighteen grades is called the non-streaming, in the level attached to the from the nine grades.

Positive grade: the state level

Civilian Beijing officials: the master, too Fu, too Bao, honorary official positions, equivalent to the National People's Congress, the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference and so on, the cabinet of university sergeants Politburo Standing Committee

Civilian officials: no

Military Beijing officials: the Minister of the Ministry of Internal Guards in the Beijing military region commander, the Minister of the Central Authority of the Allied Yi Guards, the Secretary for Security

Warrior officials: None

From the first rank: the state level minus

Civilian Beijing officials: the young master, the young master, the young guard, the crown prince, the crown prince, the crown prince, the crown prince, honorary official positions, equivalent to the National People's Congress, the CPPCC and so on, deputy

Associate University of the Politburo member, the Minister of the Ministries of the House of Shangshu Vice Premier and Minister, the Inspectorates of the left and right inspector of the Imperial Household of Ministers, Secretary of the Commission for Discipline Inspection and the supreme inspector

Civilian external official : None

Military Beijing officials: Governor of the Nine Gates of Foot Patrol five battalion commander of the Beijing Garrison District Commander and head of the Beijing Municipal Public Security Bureau, the Minister of the Interior

Military foreign officials: General Eight Banners Army Grand Military District Commander, the capital of the capital of the eight banners army of the Tutelage and accompanying the capital of the military district commander, the Governor of the Green Battalion Military District Commander

Positive second grade: Vice State

Civilian Beijing officials: the Prince of the Young Masters, the Crown Prince of the Young Masters, the Prince of the Shao Bao honorary title, equivalent to the President of the General Federation of Trade Unions, the right and left ministers of the various ministries of the State Councilor and Vice Minister of the State Councilor and Vice Minister of the Ministry of the Interior General Manager of the Central Office

Civilian foreign officials: provincial governors of the regional secretary, such as the former Northeast Bureau, North China Bureau

Martial capital officials: left and right wing vanguard battalion commander of the Central Police Corps Commander, eight banners of the guards of the Army Commander, the Luangyi to make the Central Ceremonial Corps

Martial Foreign officials: deputy capital, the commander of the General Army Green Battalion Group Army

from the second rank: ministry

civilian Beijing officials: cabinet bachelor of state councilor, Hanlin Academy of the Academy of Sciences

civilian foreign officials: provincial commissioner of the governor, the Buzhengji Division of the Buzhengji Province

martial Beijing officials: loose rank Minister

martial foreign officials: vice general

positive third rank Military officials: the coat guards, the coat primates, the king's first-class guard

Military officials: guerrillas, the five banners of the Senate, the co-leaders, Xuanwuzhi, commanding the Tongzhi

fourth grade: hall plus

Civilian officials: Deputy Secretary of the Department of Tongzhi Deputy Secretary of the Central Office of Letters and Visits, the Dali Temple, Deputy President of the Supreme Court, Zhanzifu Junior Zhanzhi, the Taichang Temple, Taibushi Temple, Minister for Foreign Affairs, the Minister of Hongroji, the Secretary of foreign affairs. Honglu Temple Secretary for Foreign Affairs, Inspectorate of the six sections of the Palace of the House of Ministers

Beijing officials: Shuntian Prefecture Minister Deputy Mayor of Beijing, Fengtian Prefecture Minister Deputy Mayor of the Municipality of municipal government, the provinces to guard the inspector of the local party committee secretary

Weaponry Beijing officials: the second class of the guards, the cloud banner, deputy military guards, deputy vanguard of the leader, deputy primus leader

Taibao Temple, the horse factory, the camel factory, the chief of the Beileu House of the Chief of Ceremonies, the guards

Military officials: defense Lieutenant, ZuoLiang, DuSi, Command Commander, XuanWuZhenShi TongZhi

from the fourth grade: hall

Civilian Beijing officials: Cabinet readers, HanLinYuan readers, HanLinYuan lecturers, the State ZiYuan priest central party school

Civilian officials: ZhiFu municipal Party committee secretary, the earth ZhiFu autonomy municipal Party committee secretary, the Salt Transportation Division with the transport

Civilian foreign officials: Tongzhi, Tu Tongzhi, Zhili Prefecture governor

Martial Beijing officials: third-class guards, rule Yi Zheng, infantry deputy lieutenant, infantry school, supervisory letter to the official, the subdividing of the Zuozhi

Martial foreign officials: the pass guards, defense, the garrison, the Commander of the Department of the Xuanwei, the commander of the Department of the Xuanfu,

From the fifth rank: deputy hall plus

Civilian Beijing officials: Hanlin Academy readers, Hanlin Academy lecturers, Honglu Temple young secretary, the Secretary of the Bureau of Scripture washer horse

Subdirector of the Office of the Patriarchate, the Royal Envoy, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs

Civilian Beijing officials: the governor of the prefectures directly under the jurisdiction of the county clerk, the governor of the soil, the deputy ambassador to the Department of Salt Transportation, Salt Currency Cumulative Department of the Cumulative Division

Martial Beijing officials: the fourth grade of the guard, commissioned the vanguard of the Senate, the subdirectorate of the Secretary of the Ministry

Warriors Beijing official: fourth grade of the guards

Beijing officials in the military: the commission of the vanguard senator, the commission of the military guard senator, the commission of the bird gun military guard senator,

commission of the vanguard guards, under the five banners, the five banners of the coat senator, the fifth rank of the ceremonial instrument, the seal of the Chapter of the King,

third rank guard

Military foreign officials: the guard of the Imperial Households of a thousand generals, the river battalions of the co-guardian, the pacifier, the envoys, the deputy envoy of the Department of the Missionary Generals,

Deputy thousand households

positive sixth rank: Deputy Office minus

Civilian Beijing officials: Cabinet readers, the right and left Chunfang Zhongyun, the State Prince's Prison Secretary, the Hall Master, the Master,

Duzhaoyuan Duzhi, experience, the right and left temple ministers of the Dali Temple, the experience of the Zongrenwu,

Manhan and Han temple ministers of the Taishang Temple, the supervisor of the Chintian Supervisory Bureau, the Chintian Supervisory Bureau of the Han Chunxiazhongqiuwang Wujianguzheng (Five Officials of the Han Chunxiaxiazhongqiuwu, Zhou and Dong Dynasties),

Shenliao Agency Zhengzheng (Minister of Divine Bliss), the left and right good ministers of the Monks' Records Division, and the Dao Records Division

Civilian officials: Beijing prefectural magistrates, Beijing county magistrates, general magistrates, earth magistrates

Military Beijing officials: Lanling guards, the whole Yiwei, the military school, the vanguard school, the military school, the bird gun military school,

Primary Cavalry School, the Commissioned Infantry School

Warrior officials: the door commander, battalion commander, commander of the Pacification Envoys Department, the Pacification Envoys Department, the vice-advocacy envoys

Military officials: the chief of gate, the camp, the commander of the Pacification Envoys Department, the vice-advocacy envoys

Governor make, governor, a hundred households

from the sixth rank: the county level plus

civilian Beijing officials: around the Spring Square Zanshan, Hanlin Academy Cultivation, the Guanglu Temple Agency,

Qintian Supervision of the Manchurian-Mongolian five officials, the Han army of the Autumn Officials, the Harmonious Agency,

sin Records Division of the left and right explication of the teachings of the Taoist record division of the left and right to perform the method

civilian foreign officials: the Chief Secretary to experience, the Riqi, Experienced, governor, Taishang Temple canonical records, Taiservant Temple, the main thin,

Department of Temple Treasurer, Deputy Commander of the Department of Military and Horse Division, Taishang Temple Manchurian read Zhu official, Zanli Lang,

Honglu Temple Manchurian Mingzan

Civilian foreign officials: Beijing County Chancellor of the capital county, deputy governor of the capital county, Shuntian Province Manchurian Professor, trainer, the governor of the county commissioner, according to the Department of the experience, Professor

Martial Positions of the capital government: the history of the city gates, The Imperial Household Temple horse factory co-chief

Military foreign officials: generals, Commander of the Pacification Command, Deputy Governor of the Governor's Department

From the seventh grade: Deputy Division

Managerial Beijing officials: Hanlin Academy review, Luanyiwei experience, Zhongshu Section of the Central Book of the Central Book of the Cabinet, the Cabinet of the Central Book, Zhanzheng House, the chief of the book,

Guanglu Temple, the Minister of the Department of the Dengbu, Dr. Guozijian, Assistant Professor, the Imperial College of the Qintian Temple Lingdian Lang,

Sacrifice The official of the Beijing government: the experience of the Beijing government, the chief minister of the Buzhu department, the experience of the Salt Transportation Department, the judge of Zhili Prefecture, the judge of the Prefecture, the judge of the Tuju Prefecture

Martial Beijing government: the seventh grade of the ceremony

Martial Beijing government: the deputy lieutenant of the Shengjing Nomad

The eighth grade: the grade of the department

Civilian Beijing government: the secretary of the Department of the Department of Justice, the doctor of the Five Classics, the head of the Guozienshu Xuezheng, Xuelu, and the head of the Qin Tianjuan Academy

Martial Beijing officials: none

Martial foreign officials: foreign commissioners

From the eighth grade: deputy section

Civilian Beijing officials: Hanlin Yuan Dibi, the Imperial College of the Imperial College of the People's Republic of China Dibi, the Honglu Temple Lord Dibi, the Chintian Supervisor Saikouzheng,

Sacrificial Department of the sacrificial chancellors, the Department of Divine Music chancellors, the Monk Records Division of the right and left Jueyi, the Department of the Road Records of the right and left to the righteous

Civilian foreign official: The Chief Secretary, the governor of the Salt Transportation Department, and the trainer

Beijing officials in the military service: the eighth grade, the commissioned pro-military school, the commissioned vanguard school, the commissioned military protection school, and the commissioned primus school

Outside officials in the military service: none

The nine grades: the grade of the unit

Beijing officials in the civil service: the ambassador of the Ministry of Rites in four translations and the hall of the same hall, the supervisor of the Chintian Supervisory Bureau, the Secretary of the Department of the Ministry of Rites, and the Han Zanlilang of the Taishangsi Temple

Outside officials in the civil service: The police inspector general, prefectural governor, Tongzhi governor, Tongzhi governor, county chief

Martial Beijing officials: battalion Lan Ling long

Martial foreign officials: foreign commission general

from the ninth grade: deputy rank

Civilian Beijing officials: Hanlin Academy service edict, the Manchurian Kongmu, the Ministry of Rites, four translations will be with the official order of the class, the state prison canonical books,

Honglu Temple, the Han Mingzan, the order of the class, Ministry of Justice, the Secretary for Prisons The Ministry of Justice, the Qin Tian Jian Si Chen, Dr.

Tai Hospital officials, the Taishang Temple Si Le, the Ministry of Public Works, the Ministry of Art and Industry, the Ministry of Culture

Civilian foreign officials; Prefectural Department of the Zhaomu, the state officials, the Road Treasury Ambassador, Xuanzuzi Ambassador, the Prefectural Department of the Ambassador of the Taxation Department,

Department of Justice Department of the Prison, the Department of Justice Department of the Warehouse Ambassador, the Inspector, the land inspectors

Martial Peking official: the Taishi Temple of the Horse Factory Commission Office of the Deputy Director

Weaponry foreign officials

Martial Peking official

Civilian Beijing officials: the Hanlin Academy, the Treasury of the Duzha Academy, the ambassador of the Ministry of Rites and Seal Casting Bureau, the official of the Military Horse Department,

the deputy ambassador of Chongwenmen

Civilian Beijing officials: the canonical historian, the earth canonical historian, the ambassador of the Customs and Excise, the government inspector, the official of the Prefect's Department, the ambassador of the Tea Leader Batching and Inspection Office,

the ambassador of the Salt and Tea Department, the post master, the post master of the earth, River and moorings official, order official, Daoxian warehouse ambassador

Martial Beijing official: none

Martial foreign official: hundred long, soil house, soil eye

Official positions ancient and modern comparison of the actual

There are two types of official positions in the ancient Chinese official system: one has actual administrative functions, and the other represents the bureaucrats' high and low grades. Since the Qin and Han dynasties, the forms and sources of the grades of taste, the number and types of official positions of taste have been complicated and varied from time to time, and each subtle change can reflect the relevant political changes, and the analysis of the reasons thereof can show some important features of the ancient Chinese political system.

The titles of bureaucrats in the Qin and Han dynasties were quite concise, and most of them were just one official. Titles such as "General of the Grand Council of Ministers" were rare. But after the Han Dynasty is different, the bureaucratic titles are stacked on top of each other, such as "to make the section of the service in the governor of the South Xu Yan Yan North Xu South Yan Qing Ji six states of the military Hussar General Kai Fu Yitong San Si Record Shangshu thing South Xuzhou assassins Jingling □ Kai Guo Gong", "to make the section of the special advancement of the service in the lieutenant of the Lord of the Imperial Palace, Shangshu order all the governor of the Ji Ding Cang Ying Ying Ying Ying Yin and want to Yunshuo ten states of the military. The "Wanna Yunshuo ten states military Hussar General left Guanglu Da Daifu Kaifu Yitong three divisions and Wanna Fen Da Xing Tai Servant leading six states nine (big) chiefs Da Dudu scattered riding standing service Royal History Lieutenant leading about extra horse harnessed by the side of a team of the side of a team of the side of a team of a team of lieutenants of the South Zhao County open State Duke" and so on the bureaucratic knot title, see people dazzled.

Even if the Wei Jin after the official than the Qin Han can do, both rule ten posts after all barely. In fact, this heap of official title has a different nature, do not necessarily correspond to a job, many of them are used to increase the honor, increase the prestige and give treatment. For example, the "service center", "loose ride standing minister" is to add the number, plus the person can wear sable cicadas, much more elegant. The "special advancement" is also an additional title, which can be advanced to the three dukes of the three dukes during the court session. Add "open house Yi Tong three secretaries" can open the House, open call puisne, and enjoy the same etiquette as the three dukes. "Hussar General" is not a military position but a military rank, called "military rank" is only because of its name, military number only, civilian officials also commonly used "so-and-so general" to mark the rank. Scattered officials, "left light and Lu Daifu" is used to mark the civil rank, in the Northern Dynasties, the military position can also be obtained. In addition, the above title also includes the title, title and so on. At this time, the performance of bureaucrats may not be superior to the Qin and Han, can boast of the official number but colorful, a wide range.

In this way, it seems that there are at least two types of official positions in the structure of ancient China's categories: one bears the actual administrative functions such as military, penal, money and grain, supervision and selection, and the other is mainly used to arrange the bureaucratic taste, which is a "taste of the category". The powers and responsibilities of the latter category of official titles were sometimes only in name, but they had a tasteful significance that could not be ignored: they were used to increase seniority, grant treatment, confirm rank, and provide a starting position or a ladder for moving to a new position, as well as to provide a candidate, store talent, or arrange for a redundant position. Many of the long list of official titles cited in the preceding paragraphs are of this type. Of course, between the functional and tasteful official positions, there are also a large number of functional, but also has a strong taste for the official.

The further development of tasteful official positions led to the formation of the loose rank system, which was particularly prominent in the Tang and Song dynasties. In the Tang system, for example, the civil and military scattered steps were composed of civil and military scattered officials. Civilian and military scattered steps are 29 steps, respectively, to "doctor", "Lang" or "general", "lieutenant" and so on as the name of the The name of these ranks was "Dafu", "Lang" or "General", "Captain", etc. People with a good knowledge of ancient history will know, these doctors, generals, etc. is no longer an official position, but only mark the rank of the rank, like the modern military rank. Scattered rank and the official rank is not consistent, for this also developed a "line", "keep" and other terms to regulate it. At the beginning of his career, the first thing an official gets is a loose rank; at the end of his term of office, the loose rank still maintains the rank of the official; when granting the rank of official, the loose rank is a factor that must be taken into account. There were a lot of treatments belonging to the loose rank, such as salary, giving fields and exemptions, punishment, class order, carriage, clothes, etc. In addition, there were also treatments related to the honoring of the post, the title, the setting of bridegroom, the camping and repairing of the house, the funeral, and the posthumous discussion. In the early Northern Song Dynasty, the "Sending Luguan" was once a rank official. In the Tang and Song dynasties, the system of classification and advancement was so complicated that it made people dizzy.

Modern civil official hierarchy, according to the grade of taste and position, constitute two different types. The grade of the grade is for the personnel seniority grade of the grade, manifested in the official rank with the people; position of the grade is only for the position of power and responsibility to determine the remuneration, divided into grades, in addition to the other no official rank. The Tang and Song dynasties, "the system of separation of rank and position", is obviously a grade.

Honor and title system

Sui-Tang Five Dynasties Song respectively in the previous generation on the basis of the establishment of a set of civilian and military officials, hoon, order, rank, grade, position, title, give, number, etc., with a certain content, the system is clear honor and title system. The system of honors and titles is an important part of the bureaucratic system, both with the formal official official has a certain connection, but also independent of the normal official system. Its main contents and functions are described below.

The civil and military dispersed officials in the Tang Dynasty as a fixed class of eye ornaments and the rank of promotion according to qualifications, "those who enter the civil service with dispersed positions, called this product "4. The civil dispersed officials were 29 steps from the three secretaries of the government to the generals, and the military dispersed officials were 45 steps from the hussar generals to the deputy lieutenants of the accompanying ron. The grades of the dispersed officials were not necessarily the same as those of the ministerial officials, who were appointed according to their talents, while the dispersed officials were categorized according to their qualifications. A high official with a low rank was called "a certain official", a low official with a high rank was called "a certain official", and an official with the same rank was called "a certain official". Scattered officials are also called rank officials. The Song Dynasty, the same as the Tang Tang 29 rank, the martial arts bulk official was changed to 31 rank, only as the official chapter dress level, the general "civil and military service above the third grade purple, above the fifth grade service scarlet, above the ninth grade service green".

Honorable officials is the title awarded to civil and military officials. The Tang system from the upper Chuanguo to the Wu Cavalry Lieutenant where 12 turns, the recipient of the honor that is known as the honorary officer. Song along the Tang system for 12 turns, but has become a civil and military officials often add the honor.

Jewels are titles. Tang has 9, there are the king, heir king, county king and the son of the male line. In Song Dynasty, there were 12 levels, namely, king, heir king, county king, state duke, county duke, open country duke, open country county duke, open country county duke, open country marquis, open country uncle, open country son, open country man.

Feast seals were divided into two kinds, namely, the eunuch and the real seals, and were usually combined with the title of a feudal lord. In the Tang Dynasty, there were 9 levels of cognizance from 10,000 to 300 households***, and in the Song Dynasty, there were 14 levels of cognizance from 10,000 to 200 households***. In the Tang Dynasty, "more than three ding is the rate, and one third of the yearly rent is paid to the court", and only "those who eat real fiefs are given real households, and are divided into food states" (2). In the Song Dynasty, the cognizance was completely empty, and only the real fiefs were entitled to the tax paid by the feudal households, therefore, the real fiefs in the Song Dynasty were only divided into seven classes from one thousand households to one hundred households.

Bestowed that is to award civil and military officials some kind of political treatment. The Tang Dynasty did not specify, the Song Dynasty to the sword on the temple, the imperial edict is not named, praise and worship is not named, into the court does not tend to, purple and gold fish bag, scarlet fish bag, etc. as a gift of the six levels.

No. is added to the civil and military officials, designed to show respect and favor of the seal. Before the Tang Dynasty, there was no explicit provision for this, and in the Song Dynasty, such beautiful titles as Pui Zhong, Zuo Li, and Xie Mou were used as names to honor meritorious ministers,**** divided into 40 classes.

Order that is the order of promotion of civil and military officials. Tang dynasty is scattered official rank for the order, the song to the official "rank, the narrative position" as the seniority of the order. There are also up and down order in the rank. Song to official easy order, there are civil, military, chamberlain order, which has a number of order difference.

Bit that is, the class position, refers to the order of the line standing. The Tang Dynasty is the first class by position, then by title, title is the same age to distinguish. Song Dynasty, there is a special system of class, the class order of each official has provisions. Class order and seniority are closely related. The Song Dynasty had revised the class order many times. The class order is also related to the classification and relocation to a certain extent. Within the same grade due to the difference in class position, also as a level of classification, invariably expanding the level of grade.

Pin, or rank, is the level of an official. There are nine grades within and outside the stream, and the grades are divided into upper and lower ranks, so they are also known as grades.

Prosecution school in the Tang Dynasty is the appointment method, the Song Dynasty was changed to honorary positions, from the master to the Ministry of Water Ministry of Foreign Affairs is divided into 19 and so on.

Gongguan In the Song Dynasty, honorary positions were granted to Huizhi officials as a rank of salary and emoluments. Palace, that is, the Yue temple ancestral worship place, such as in the Taiyi Palace, Yuqing Palace, set Chun Guan, You Shen Guan, etc., these palaces and Guan each set up to make, lifting, lifting the point of the post in order to distinguish between the higher and lower.

Fengjun is the royal female clan and civil and military ministers mother's wife of the title. The royal women were divided into five ranks from the eldest princess to the county chief. The inner consort is the mother of the consort, and there are county and prefectural ruler. Outer destined women are the mother wives of kings and civil and military officials, and are divided into 6 classes from the king consort to the township ruler***.

Job is also known as the job. In the Tang Dynasty is "the commander of the Cao matter, for the order of the king's order, up and down, in order to hold the performance of the common people", is the official in charge of the position. In the Song Dynasty, the "common people outside the official, don't add the duties, so the strict behavior, literature of the scholar. High to prepare for the adviser, followed by the discussion with the school of collation. Get for the honor of choosing especially fine", not exactly a position in charge of the official, but to become a system of respect for the civil service officials.

The above honorary title in the reading of ancient books is often seen, if not analyzed will be difficult to distinguish between reality and fiction. For example, as the "Prince Imperial Review" leading compiler Li Fang, signed "Hanlin scholar Chengji Zhengfeng Daifu keep the Ministry of Public Works Shangshu Zhi system of enjoining the state Longxi County, open the state of the Burger Cognac two hundred households to give the gold and purple fish bags of the minister Li Fang". Hanlin scholar Chengji this is an important official, because not often, only to the bachelor long time for the second, in fact, is a virtual position. The official name of the minister of the Ministry of Public Works is the official name of the minister of the Ministry of Public Works, and the minister of the Ministry of Public Works is the official name of the minister of the Ministry of Public Works. Keeping the Ministry of Public Works is the official name, as the rank of food and salary. Zhi Zhi Guan was an internal duty dispatch, belonging to the actual position. Pillar State is the second order of the Hoon, Longxi County open country is the tenth degree, cognac two hundred households is the thirteenth degree of virtual seal, gold and purple fish bag is the fifth degree of the grant, are honorary title. This analysis, Li Fang's real position virtual title is very clear.

Song

Song official is the most complex. The official positions in the Song Dynasty were divided into officials, positions, and dispatches, and the history of the Song Dynasty says, "Officials were used to house the rank of salaries and honorary positions, and the positions were used to wait for the selection of literature, but were separately dispatched to govern internal and external affairs." Officials used to send salary, equivalent to the current administrative level, only used to determine the treatment, the Song dynasty official name and the actual difference in most cases is irrelevant, part of the actual difference in the official and called the duty officer, to distinguish between the official to send salary. Job refers to the museum (Zhao Wen Hall, history museum, Jixianyuan, secret cabinet, etc. positions), plus some false titles such as university scholar, bachelor, etc., to indicate the noble status of senior civil officials. Dispatch is the real authority, generally with "judgment, right, know, straight, supervisor, lifting, lifting point" and other words, theoretically considered a temporary position. The name of the official but not the dispatch, just like today's division of the same, the treatment went up but no real power.

The section ministers, Cheng Xuanzhi, defense ministers, and regimentation ministers are official names that are simply used to indicate the rank of the virtual title. The baccalaureate of the Little Su schoolmaster was a pavilion post. Zhifu, Tongjian, Dujian, and Anfuzhuang were dispatches. During the Yuanfeng reign of Emperor Shenzong, most of the parasitic officials were converted into loose official ranks because they were mixed with the functional officials and appeared to be very confusing. The Yuanfeng system ****defined the rank of the civil official, the three open-field ministers, to the rank of Digonglang***37, and the rank of the military official, the lieutenant, to the rank of Chengxinlang***52. Let's say Song Jiang when the imperial city, can be used as both the send salary officer, but also the duty officer, Yuanfeng after the reform, for the send salary of the official name is renamed loose official rank wugong dafu. Water Margin in the lieutenant, BaoYiLang, WuGongDaFu, WuDeDaFu are WuShan official rank. In addition to this, there were also titles and honors. Jennings were given to the nobles of the royal family, for example, King Duan, before the succession of Emperor Huizong of Song, was the first rank of Jennings - the King's Jennings.

1. Example 1: A post held by Fan Zhongyan, author of The Records of the Yueyang Tower, "Direct Bachelor of the Longtugu Pavilion, Langzhong of the Ministry of the Household, and Vice-Envoy for the Pacification of Shaanxi Province and Zhi Yanzhou." The post of "Household Ministry Langzhong" was the official who sent his salary, and after the reform of the Yuanfeng system, it was changed into the post of "Chaozhi Daifu" (朝议大夫), which was the sixth grade, but Fan Zhongyan also had another post of "Longtugu Pavilion Direct Bachelor" (龙图阁直学士) which was from the third grade, so his position was the same as that from the third grade, and the post of "Deputy Envoy of Shaanxi Province in Charge of Military and Political Pacification" (陝陕西经略安抚副使兼知延州) was the real dispatch. The vice-admiral was his deputy, and the governor of Yanzhou was in charge of the military and political power of Yanzhou.

2, example 2: yue wu mu yue fei has served in a position, "qingyuan army section, hubei road jingxiangtanzhou system make, special seal wuchang county open country son", section make is an official name, from the second grade, the highest military position in the song dynasty, the system make is the southern song dynasty only set up the actual dispatch, equivalent to the northern song dynasty by the strategic appeasement, control all the way! or several states military and political power, that is to say, Hubei Road, Jingzhou, Xiangzhou, Tanzhou three states are under the control of Yue Fei, open country son is the 11th rank.

3, such as Zhongshu Ling is the highest governor of Zhongshu Province, but the person who has this official title only means that he has the qualification of the prime minister and can receive the salary of the prime minister, it does not mean that he really is the prime minister. Only when the emperor sent him to be the minister of the Pingzhang (平章事) under the same central minister could he be considered the actual prime minister. This kind of cadre system, which goes around the mountain and around the water, often makes us confused and completely unable to find the north when we come across the titles of official positions in the Song Empire. For example, the title of Right Servant of the Minister of the Shangshu and Counselor of the Zhongshu Judge of the Zhongshu Province actually denotes a real prime minister. But literally, it means: Deputy Head of the Shangshu Province and Deputy Head of the Zhongshu Province, and then Acting Head of the Zhongshu Province. The analogy with today's official system is that the Minister of Education is only a title and cannot actually oversee the affairs of the Ministry of Education; the Vice Minister of the Ministry of Commerce must act as the Vice Minister of the Ministry of Education as well, and then act as the Minister of Education. At that point, and only at that point, can he be considered the real minister of education.

Ming and Qing dynasties

Provincial governors are in accordance with the example of concurrent titles, Yongzheng first year (1723 AD), in addition to the grant for the Shangshu example of the right royal secretary of the House of Councillors, the rest of the governor of the provinces, all for the Ministry of the right Minister of War and the House of Councillors of the right Deputy Secretary of the House of Councillors. Therefore, the governor also has the right to monitor the local.

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