Seven Sages of the Bamboo Grove and Jikang and his "Guangling San" information

The Seven Sages of the Bamboo Grove is the name given to the seven celebrities Jikang, Ruanji, Shantao, Xiangxiu, Liu Ling, Ruan Xian and Wang Rong of the Three Kingdoms period.

They often set in Shanyang (present-day Henan Xiuwu) under the bamboo forest, wanton and unrestrained, so the world called the seven sages of the Bamboo Forest. Most of them advocated the study of Laozhuang, and were not bound by the rules of etiquette, and their nature was liberal. Politically, Ruan Ji, Liu Ling, and Jikang held an uncooperative attitude towards Sima's group, and Jikang was killed for this reason. On the contrary, Wang Rong, Shan Tao and other successive defection to Sima's, served as a senior official, and became the beloved of his regime. In the article creation, to Jikang, Ruan Ji as a representative. For example, Jikang's "A Letter to Shan Juyuan", he used Laozhuang's thesis of revering to nature as an argument to show that he could not serve in the government, and openly showed his political attitude of not cooperating with Sima's family, which made his article quite famous; and Ruan Ji's "Wing Huai", 82 poems, through the techniques of comparing and contrasting, and sending up, he implicitly exposed the evil deeds of the supreme ruling group, and satirized the hypocrisy of the ritualists. The seven sages can be seen through their writings, and their respective aspirations and interests can be glimpsed.

Jikang

Jikang (223~263) was a literary scholar of Cao Wei during the Three Kingdoms period. One of the "Seven Sages of the Bamboo Grove". The character Shuyu. He was a native of Qiao County (present-day Su County, Anhui Province). He lost his father at an early age, and his family was poor, but he was still motivated to study hard, and he was proficient in literature, metaphysics, music, etc. He married Cao Cao's great-grandson's daughter, Changle. He married Cao Cao's great-granddaughter, Changle Ting. He was once a doctor of Zhongsan (中散大夫), known as "JI Zhongsan (嵇中散)". Sima Zhao tried to draw Jikang in, but Jikang tended to favor the royal family in the political disputes at that time, and took a non-cooperative attitude towards Sima, thus attracting much hatred. Sima Zhao's beloved Zhong will want to make friends with Jikang, was coldly treated, and from then on the feud. When Jikang's friend Lü An was accused by his brother of being unfilial, Jikang came to Lü An's defense, and Zhong Hui urged Sima Zhao to take advantage of the situation to get rid of Lü and Jik. One of the proofs of his guilt was the Book of Severance of Friendship with Shan Juyuan (與山巨源絕交書). At that time, 3,000 students of the Imperial College asked for a pardon for Jikang, willing to take Jikang as a teacher, but Sima Zhao did not allow it. The sentence, Jikang look calm. Play "Guangling San" song, calmly to death.

In the philosophy of life, his idea is: non-Tang Wu and thin weekly rituals, more than the name and teach and let nature. His personality was harsh and arrogant, and he was uninhibited.

Interestingly, Jikang before his execution, the most assured arrangement for his children is to tell them to rely on Shan Tao (Shan Juyuan). And after Jikang's death, Shan Tao has been carefully cared for and raised his children. The story of the "gentleman and the different" is a good one.

Ruan Ji

Ruan Ji's character Zizong, Chenliu Yushi people (now belongs to Henan). He was born in the 15th year of Jian'an. His father, Ruan Yu, was a poet and essayist, "one of the Seven Sons of Jian'an". He was a member of Cao Cao's personal staff, and at the time he and Chen Lin drafted most of the military and state papers. Ruan Ji's father died when he was three years old, but because of the longstanding friendship between the Cao family and Ruan Yu, he was sympathetic to Ruan Ji and his mother and took care of them. As a young man, Ruan Ji studied hard, following the example of Yan Hui and Min Ziqian, ancient readers who were tireless in their studies, who did not care for honor and wealth, and who had high morals. In addition, he also practiced martial arts. But the young Ruan Ji was also influenced by the style of some ostentatious gentlemen. At that time, there was a group of wealthy sons of the clan who were relatives of Qi, and they were quite flamboyant, such as Hoyan and Li Sheng, who were connected with each other in Luoyang and fanned the flames of the culture. Ruan Ji and their age is close, inevitably affected by some of the trend, but Ruan Ji has never given its flow.

Ruan Ji greatly despised the people of etiquette and law, the so-called people of etiquette and law are mainly some of the characters who defected to the Sima's father and son, these people are mostly literati, they do evil deeds for the tigers, and look up to the Sima's father and son's intention to advocate that "only the law is to repair, only the rituals are to be overcome," the etiquette and law and the name of the religion as a tool to consolidate the usurped power, and at the same time, to tie up the hands and feet of the political opponents. Such rituals were a means of political combat against dissent used by Sima's clique to complement their policy of bloody massacres. Ruan Ji is best known for his green and white eyes in dealing with these ritualists.

Pei Kai to hang, book emanation Keji, drunken and straight ......稽喜来吊, book for white eyes, hi not bashful and retired; hi brother Kang heard of it, is the fasting wine hostage Qin Zuoyuan, book is very happy, is to see the green eyes.

It is said that after his mother died, Jikang's brother Jixi came to pay tribute, but because Jixi is an official in the dynasty, that is, Ruan Ji's eyes of the courtesy, so he did not care about the mourning period should be polite, give Jixi a big blank stare; later Jikang with wine, clip with the piano to come, he will be very happy, and immediately from the blank stare to the green eyes. From this story, we can not only find Ruan Ji's disdain for the people of etiquette and law, but also clearly see that he is not restricted by etiquette and customs, and the same is true for Jikang. He would not hide his emotions just because he was in mourning, and he would let people know clearly what he did not like, which I think was a special phenomenon of that time. Ruan Ji's hatred for the men of propriety is shown in his fugue in addition to his green and white eyes.

Ruan Ji is a simple and open character, addicted to alcohol, drink, drink, drink, drink, drink, drink, drink, drink, drink, drink, drink, drink, drink, drink, drink, drink, drink, drink, drink, drink, drink, drink, drink, drink, drink, drink, drink, drink, drink. The starting point is the same with the comical Kang medicine, are hoping to use this as a way to transcend reality, dissolve the contradictions. Ruan Ji, under the cover of drunkenness, escaped from the hands of Sima's clique, which sometimes drew him in and sometimes harmed him. Politically speaking, Ruan Ji's attitude is relatively weak, he saw that the Cao Wei royal family has gone, Sima's rule has become an irrevocable reality; he understands that taking medicine and ascension is too remote, he still has to pass his days under Sima's rule, he is not willing to join in the dirt and lacks the courage to politically challenge or clearly demarcate the line to the Sima's group. dilemma.

Here are a few short stories about Ruan Ji's drinking.

Ruan Ji, when burying his mother, steamed a fat gizzard, drank two buckets of wine, and then the final farewell, bluntly: "Poor! All have to number one, because of vomiting blood, waste a long time.

From this story, we can see that Ruan Ji his behavior against the law. His mother passed away, he not only insisted on finishing the game, but also ate meat and drank wine, although he did it on purpose, but I think he was quite bitter, to suppress the pain of the loss of his mother in his heart, in order to show that he was not bound by the rules of etiquette, as far as I can see, he could have let out a loud cry, and after crying, he should be happy, because Ruan Ji is very much in favor of the old Zhuangzi, who, after the death of his wife, not only did not grieve, but was happy to be relieved of the pain of the human world for her. After his wife's death, Zhuangzi did not feel sad, but was happy that his wife had been relieved of the pain of the world. Therefore, I think he can follow the example of Zhuangzi and improve on it. In this way, he will not only reach the realm he wants to reach, but he will also not have to suppress the pain in his heart.

Ruan Gong's neighboring young woman was beautiful and dealt in wine in the shop. Ruan and Wang Anfeng often drink from the woman, Ruan drunk, they sleep on the side of his wife, the husband began to suspect that, wait to see the end of no other intention.

I think this is also rare in the society at that time. In the old days, when men and women were not close to each other, such a situation was not acceptable to the world. (d) The woman of the soldier's family had talent and color, but she died before she married, and she did not know her father and brother, so she went to cry, and returned with all her sorrow. I am afraid that if such a thing were to happen in modern times, it would still be hard to accept! If a person who did not know the deceased came to mourn his death and cried a lot, we would definitely think that he was crazy, or else he came to make trouble. It is rare to find someone like Ruan Ji who completely disregards the eyes of others and does what he feels is worthwhile; however, it makes me wonder why he should act so strong when his own mother has died, but feel very sad about the death of a girl he did not know, which I think is against human nature in addition to etiquette and law.

Three Literary Achievements

The late Three Kingdoms period saw the emergence of Zhengshi Literature, which was customarily used to represent the literature of the entire period of the late Wei Dynasty. The most important writers of Zhengshi literature were Ruan Ji and Jikang. Ruan Ji was a poet, a prose writer, and an author of poems. His poetic achievements mainly consisted of eighty-two poems. As far as the contents are concerned, "Contempt for life" and "Aiming at ridicule" occupy a large part of the poems. In addition to these two main contents, there are also descriptions of his own life and aspirations, remembrance of his friends, and his retreat from the gods and immortals. The artistic aspect of the poem has two distinctive features, namely, the implicit and the natural. Ambiguity is directly related to the fact that Ruan Ji wrote his poems in a vague and evasive manner in order to avoid serious practical consequences. This implicitness is completely consistent with his style of "speaking in a profound manner" and "not criticizing or denying people" in his life. Therefore, the ambiguity of the poems is a product of the reality of the times and a reflection of Ruan Ji's own style of thinking and attitude. From the point of view of artistic creation, ambiguity is not a style, and it has the advantage of avoiding dullness and bluntness, increasing the depth of the poem, and giving the reader room for association and reminiscence. In the history of poetry, the poem of honoring the dead occupies a very important position. While Ruan Ji's aria poems are not as good as Jian'an's poems in reflecting the major social realities, they have surpassed their predecessors in terms of the depth of their personal lyricism, the depiction of their inner twists and turns, and the use of the techniques of pi xing (比興) and yingxing (興). It can be regarded as one of the representative and outstanding five-character poems of the entire Wei, Jin, and Northern and Southern Dynasties. Ruan Ji's prose works, of which ten have survived in their entirety, are the most important of all. The most important of his prose writings is the "Biography of Mr. Daolong", which is written in a style close to that of a fugue, and unfolds in the form of a dialogue, which, despite its name, is not really a biographical work in the true sense of the word. On the whole, Ruan Ji is an important poet and prose writer in the history of Chinese literature. In particular, he made a remarkable contribution to the development of the five-character poem.

Fourth, conclusion

After preparing Ruan Ji, I think that the environment at that time created a lot of people like Ruan Ji's inner life and the reality of the contradiction, perhaps Ruan Ji when he heard that his mother had passed away, he would like to cry loudly, but due to the environment at that time created a contradictory character, so that he spit out blood in order to convey his inner grief. In my opinion, since he was a person who was so courageous in expressing his emotions, why did he not just cry aloud? But then again, I also admire Ruan Ji for having the courage to challenge the times, the government and the society. Even in such an open society nowadays, I think there would not be many people like Ruan Ji and Jikang! I think that after preparing for the presentation, my impression of the Seven Sages of the Bamboo Grove is no longer just that they were undressed and unrestrained, but also that there are more in-depth dimensions that I will learn about in this presentation. Although I don't have the courage to challenge society as they did, I am touched by the uniqueness of each of them!

Wang Rong

I. Biography

1. Born in a wealthy family

Wang Rong, the word Junchong, Shandong Province, Luangya Lin Xi people. Wang's family in Lin Xi is a prestigious family, from his relatives, there are Wang Yan, Wang Cheng, Wang Guan, Wang Dun, and other characters, master of the East and West Jin government political arena, there are "eight Wang", and the same as the famous Shanxi Fei "eight Fei". The royal family was also close to the Fei family, and Wang Rong's daughter was married to a Fei car. Wang Rong's grandfather was a minister of Liangzhou and Marquis of Zhenling Pavilion in the Wei Dynasty, so he lived in a favorable family environment since he was a child. Therefore, under this influence, we can somewhat know the personality of Wang Rong when he grew up.

2, child prodigy --- Wang Rong

Wang Rong was seven years old, tasted with the children to swim, look at the road side of the plum tree, the plum tree, all the children competing to take the only Rong does not move, the people asked, said: "the tree in the road side and more children, this must be bitter plum. The answer was: "The tree is on the roadside and has many seeds, this must be a bitter plum. Another incident happened when Wang Rong was seven years old. According to the Shishu Xinshu, Emperor Mingdi of Wei broke a tiger's claws and teeth on the Xuanwu field, and even though the people were watching, he also went to see the tiger's claws and teeth. Wang Rong was seven years old, also to see, the tiger Cheng leisure climbed the fence and roar, its sound shook the ground, the viewers are not easy to turn upside down, Rong Zhanran immovable, no fear of color. From the description of Wang Rong in these two articles, it can be learned that Wang Rong can indeed be said to be a smart child, although it may be said to be a bit exaggerated, but it can also be learned that Wang Rong really is a smart child since childhood, and can be said to be too smart for his own good. In the book of Jin, this biography also records that Wang Rong's eyes are particularly bright, can see the eyes without dazzling, Fei Kai saw, greatly surprised, said: "Rong eyes rotten, such as rock summer electricity" which means that his eyes are brilliant.

Wang Junchong, Pei Shuzhe two people, the total corner of the Chung Shiji, after a short time to go, the guest asked Chung said: "to the two children how? Chung said: "Pei Kai Qing Tong, Wang Rong briefly, after twenty years, these two wise when the Ministry of the Ministry of Justice, I hope that when the world no stagnant talent.

In this article, it is recorded that Wang Rong and Fei Kai became important persons in the political arena of the Western Jin Dynasty, as expected by Zhong Hui, and it can also be seen that their achievements as children were extraordinary.

The Seven Sages of the Bamboo Grove

1, join the Seven Sages

In the Seven Sages, Wang Rong is the youngest, he is twenty-nine years younger than Shantao, twenty-four years younger than Ruan Ji, and eleven years younger than Ji Kang.

Wang Rong said, "I have lived with Jikang for twenty years, and I have not seen his joyfulness."

Wang Rong was twenty-nine years old at the time of Jikang's death by torture, so he knew Jikang when he was nine years old, and at the same time he had a close relationship with him. When he was fifteen years old, his father, Wang Hun, was a colleague and close friend of Ruan Ji, who lived with his father at Shangshu Lang. Wang Rong also followed his father to live in the official residence of Shangshulang. Whenever Ruan Ji came to visit Wang Hun, he could not talk for more than a few words, and then he went to Wang Rong's room, where they talked about each other for most of the day. Ruan Ji said to Wang Hun, "Joon Chong is extremely handsome, not comparable to you. Talking with Ah Rong is much more interesting than talking with you." In spite of this, Wang Rong's temperament and ambitions were very different from those of Ruan Ji and Jikang.

2, the seven sages in the vulgar.

JI, Ruan, mountain, Liu in the bamboo forest drinking, Wang Rong after to, the foot soldiers said: "commonplace has come back to defeat the human will! The king laughed and said: "Qing generation intention, can also be defeated evil?"

Paraphrase 4

In this article, it can be learned that Wang Rong compared to these predecessors, Wang Rong less than their thinkers, literary temperament, but on the contrary, is full of secular official aspirations, so Ruan Ji ridiculed him as a vulgar thing. Ruan Ji ridiculed him as a commoner. However, Wang Rong retorted by saying, "Who else can spoil the fun of people like you? We can know that Ruan Ji, Jikang and so on, these people no matter what actually does not matter to them, perhaps we can know that Wang Rong's character may not be such a person, in Wang Rong's background, he is a rich family, he has the ideal ambition, he wants to be promoted to the civil service, we can know how much family background gave Wang Rong influence.

Three, into the world into the service

1, the career of the eunuchs, with the world

Born in the family of the gate family, has a deep family background, since childhood and is regarded as a child prodigy, and has the ambition of officialdom, it is very natural to go into the officialdom. In the second year of Wei's Ganluo era (257 A.D.), when Wang Rong was twenty-four years old, he was elected by Sima Zhao to be a minister of the state of Citizenship (a subordinate official of the prime minister), and the one who elected him was the red man before Sima Zhao, Zhong Hui, who was a representative of the Mingli School of Puritanism and basically opposed to the Seven Wise Men, which meant that he was on the road to death for Jikang, and Wang Rong, who was one of the Seven Wise Men, even accepted his recommendation to become an official. From here, we can see that Wang Rong's secular nature enabled him to overcome several dangers in the turbulent political world and rise to the prestigious position of Situ, before ending his life as an old bureaucrat.

2. Wang Rong's career

Wang Rong's career, in fact, there is no need to be too surprised, because from Wang Rong's background, born in a family of officials and eunuchs, Wang Rong, from childhood, can be said to have been influenced by his father's ideas, and can also be said to have seen more than the so-called warm and cold of the officialdom, Wang Rong has a set of special ways to protect himself in the floating and sinking sea of officials. The floating and sinking of the official sea, but also because of this, Wang Rong's thought of avoiding disaster, but also in his political career has a great influence.

Four: filial piety comes first

1, mother's funeral

Wang Rong, and the highest peak at the same time suffered a major funeral, all known for filial piety. Wang's chicken bones support bed, and weeping to prepare for the ceremony. Emperor Wu said Liu Zhongxiong said: "Qing number of provinces Wang, and not? I heard and sorrow over rituals, make people worry about! Chung-hsiung said: "and the highest peak although prepared rituals, the spirit is not damaged; Wang Rong although not prepared rituals, and mourning destroyed bone standing,. I think that the highest peak is born with filial piety, while Wang Rong dies with filial piety; Your Majesty should not worry about the highest peak, but should worry about Rong. On the contrary, on the spiritual level, he was even better than the highest peak. It was a kind of great spiritual sorrow, that is to say, his sorrow had reached the point that he couldn't show it with his behavior, and even reached the so-called point that he couldn't cry out, which was perhaps a kind of sadness, but in the records in the Shishu, we can know that it was indeed the excess of sadness.

2. The frame of the world's fame and the real name.

In the Wei and Jin dynasties, we can know that because of the influence of the law of the nine officials, because there are many scholars who want to promote their career, there are a lot of people, there are the so-called false filial piety, false compassion, false sorrow, and even false righteousness, has been to gain is the world's reputation, as one of the ways to promote their career. Therefore, we can know that Wang Rong is a person who is not at all pretentious, and he lets go of his emotions without any falsehood, not for the eyes of the world.

Wang Rong lost his son Wanzi, mountain Jane to the province, the king was overwhelmed with grief, Jane said: "Children hold things, why this? Wang: "The saint forgets his feelings, the most lower than the feelings; the feelings of the Chung, is in my generation. Jane obeyed his words and mourned even more.

We can see that Wang Rong was a man of emotion, no matter for the first-born son, although the first-born son had no so-called feelings for Wang Rong, but Wang Rong still had deep feelings for his son, so it can be seen that Wang Rong was a man of emotion.

V. Thrift and miserliness

(1) The miserliness of

Wang Rong was thrifty and miserly, and his son was married to a single garment, which he blamed for his miserliness. The first is that the king's son was married with a single coat, and the latter was blamed for it.

Wang Rong, the chief minister, was very rich, and he had a lot of money to spend, and he had a lot of money to spend, and he had a lot of money to spend, and he had a lot of money to spend, and he had a lot of money to spend, and he had a lot of money to spend, and he had a lot of money to spend, and he had a lot of money to spend.

Sixth, the old bureaucrat with a clear mind

Wang Rong was sixty-six years old in the ninth year of Yuan Kang (299 A.D.

Wang Rong was always silent when Queen Jia wanted to monopolize the power, which led to the abrogation of Crown Prince Min Huai, but Wang Rong, who was a noble minister, always kept silent. In the following year, King of Zhao, Sima Lun, and others rose up to kill Empress Jia, and dozens of high-ranking court officials who were regarded as accomplices of Empress Jia were also implicated in the incident, including Wang Rong's son-in-law, Fei Che, the left servant of the Minister of the Shangshu, who was also implicated. Wang Rong was implicated in the incident, but he resigned from the government and went to the countryside without risking his life. Afterwards, the Eight Kings Rebellion occurred, and the Jin royal family faced an unprecedented crisis. Although Wang Rong was also involved in this political whirlpool, he followed the example of the ancient gentleman Bo Yu and tried his best to avoid getting involved in this storm, and maneuvered around in a subtle and subtle manner.

Wang Rong's life, official luck, step by step, high ranking, the body of the country's heavy responsibility, but it is no contribution to the dynasty, but just to escape to seek glory, flattery and seek to be complete. For Wang Rong, it is a pity that his previous political aspirations, when he was in control of the power, but because of his obsession with avoiding trouble, he did not make any contribution to the country and the people, which is a great pity; however, I think that this may also be a way of survival in a chaotic world! As far as the Seven Sages of the Bamboo Grove are concerned, Wang Rong is a bit ashamed of the word "sage". Because Wang Rong and Shan Tao are both people who have joined the government, although Shan Tao has been commented by the later: "two ministers", but he did his duty for the government, selecting the wise and capable, this is beneficial to the people, in such an era, many people in the dynasty for the government only to enjoy the glory and wealth, and he is willing to work hard for the well-being of the common people is really moving, at least for the Wei and Jin Dynasty politics, this period of darkness to bring a ray of light; so, compared to this, I am more appreciative and agree with the way of Shan Tao. Therefore, in comparison, I appreciate and agree with Shan Tao's approach.

Liu Ling

I. Biography

Liu Ling is the most obscure of the Seven Wise Men, with neither the dates of his birth and death nor the names of his sons surviving. He was a native of Pei, Jiangsu Province.

Liu Ling was six feet long, and his appearance was very drunken; and he was a man of a leisurely, earthy and wooden appearance.13

He was only one meter and forty feet tall, and not only was he short, but he was also extremely ugly in appearance. But he was a man of bold and generous temperament, with an open mind and an uninhibited spirit. Usually not abusive with people to socialize, reticent, not at all concerned about human affairs, only and Ruan Ji, Jikang is very close, met will be talking and laughing, so also joined the ranks of the seven sages.

Two, career

He was in the official position, to do Jianwei Senjun. It is said that in the year of Taishi, when he first submitted his opinion, he advocated the saying of "doing nothing but transforming", but was denounced as an unhelpful policy. At that time, all his peers were given high official positions, but only he was dismissed from his post. After his official dismissal, Liu Ling, who had been a drunken country bumpkin, finally died of his addiction to alcohol. Instead, in the chaotic world where literati were killed at every turn, Liu Ling was able to survive and live to the end of his life, which can be called "a great fortune among misfortunes".

Three, the name of wine

His family was very poor, but he did not think so, but instead, he was addicted to wine.

"Jin Shu" this biography records that he often ride the deer car, holding a pot of wine in his hand, ordering the servant to carry a hoe to run after the car, and said: "If I die of drunkenness, then bury me on the ground. He was a drunkard, and his licentiousness was thus evident.

On one occasion, he got drunk and quarreled with a townsman, who rolled up his sleeves in anger and waved his fists to hit him, but Liu Ling said calmly, "My body is as thin as a chicken rib, so there's no place to put your fist. The other man laughed at this and finally put his fist down.

Liu Ling was sick and thirsty for wine, so he asked a woman for some. The woman destroyed the wine, and with tears in her eyes, she said, "You are drinking too much wine, it is not the way to regain health, you should cut it off. Liu Ling said, "This is very good. I can't help myself, but I should wish the ghosts and gods that I will stop drinking. Then I can prepare wine and meat. The woman said, "I'm glad to hear that. The woman said, "I'm glad to hear it." She brought wine and meat to the god, and asked Velvet to make a vow. The woman said, "I was born to be Liu Ling, and I am known for my wine; I drink one drachm, and I can drink five dukes to get rid of my alcoholic effect. Do not listen to the words of a woman." So he drank wine and meat, and was already drunk." The first time, he had a serious attack of alcoholism and asked his wife to bring him some wine. His wife cried, spilled the rest of the wine on the floor, broke the bottle, and advised him in a snotty voice, "You drink too much wine, this is not the way to maintain your health, so please quit it! Liu Ling replied, "Yes! Liu Ling replied, "Yes, but I can't quit drinking on my own. I must swear before the gods to quit. I'd like to ask you to prepare an offering to the gods." His wife believed him and obeyed him. So Liu Ling offered the wine and meat to the god's table, and kneeling down, he made a vow, saying, "Liu Ling was born with the name of wine; a drink of one drachm is the solution to the drinker's problem. Be careful not to listen to the words of a woman." After saying this, he took the wine and meat, and ended up getting drunk again).

From this incident, we can see his comical, intellectual, and uninhibited side. Not only human beings, but even ghosts and gods are not in his eyes.

About drinking, every one of the Seven Sages of the Bamboo Grove liked to drink, but Liu Ling was known for his wine alone, which shows how much he drank. His drinking, perhaps the same as Ruan Ji, because forced by the dark politics, dirty society, but he did manage to indulge in the chaotic world of wine country, unlike Ruan Ji, Jikang is full of resentment, Ruan Ji even vomited blood after drinking. The way he drank was also extremely bold. Along with binge drinking comes, naturally, behavioral debauchery.

Four, heaven and earth as a house, buildings as clothes

Liu Ling is a drunkard, his thoughts close to Zhuangzi. Liu Ling often wallowed in wine, ignoring etiquette, capricious and arbitrary. From Jikang, Ruan Ji learned some of the fur, debauchery, cynicism, learning and courage are not, all day drunkenness. He is good naked body, often in the house naked drinking.

"Liu Ling was always drunk, or undressed and naked in the house. When people saw him, they sneered at him. Liu Ling said, 'I take heaven and earth as my buildings, and my house as my pants, so why do you all enter my pants? Ren Tan Chuan. 6

(If a guest came into the house to look for him, and if someone came to mock him, Liu Ling said proudly, "Heaven and earth is my house, and the interior is my pants, why do you want to get into my pants?") Moreover he even expressed this situation in his famous essay, the Ode to the Virtue of Wine.

V. Ode to the Virtue of Wine

Shih Shuo (世說), "Liu Ling wrote his Ode to the Virtue of Wine. Living in a turbulent world and unable to save the society, Liu Ling had no choice but to let loose, and at the same time to express his hatred of hypocritical morality and propriety, as well as his inner pursuit of natural innocence through his drunken words and actions.

Bibimbap has been a popular song for many years, and has been a popular song for many years, and has been a popular song for many years, and has been a popular song for many years, and has been a popular song for many years, and has been a popular song for many years, and has been a popular song for many years, and has been a popular song for many years, and has been a popular song for many years. The only thing he did was to drink wine, which was the only thing he did, and he didn't know the rest of the world.

There is a noble gentleman, strike the gentleman, heard my wind sound, discuss its so, is to fight the lapel, angry eyes and teeth, Chen said the rituals and laws, right and wrong front up. Mr. then square cupped poppy Cheng groove, cup gargling mash, beard, pillow song with bad, no thought, no worry, the joy of Tao Tao.

Wooden and drunk, woke up. The sound of thunder is not heard, and the shape of Tarzan is not seen, and the feeling of heat and cold is not felt, and the feeling of desire is not felt. The noble gentlemen and the gentlemen of the gentry, when they heard of his reputation, not one of them glared at him, or criticized him for his propriety. However, Mr. Li kept picking up the wine cup in his hand, brushing away the turbid wine falling on his beard, and drunkenly enjoying himself. He did not feel the cold or the heat, nor did he have any desire for profit, but regarded all things in the world as floating weeds on a big river."

This outlook on life is no more than the Lao-Trang philosophy of "all woes and blessings, one death and one life".

This outlook on life is no more than the "qi wu fu, a death and life" of Lao Zhuang. He did not try to change his mind about writing, but wrote a piece called "Ode to the Virtue of Wine". In the article, he used the so-called "Mr. Big" to express his pursuit of spiritual freedom, and attacked the hypocritical worldly rituals of the noble gentleman, strike the gentry. The whole text is full of irony and freedom.

While Ruan Ji detested that society, he had to live in the bureaucratic society of the Wei Dynasty, especially with the authoritarian Sima's relationship, making him full of bitterness, once vented. Will become a sharp and painful scolding ("Mr. adult biography"). Liu Ling, on the other hand, was not happy in his official position from the beginning, and was not accepted by the bureaucratic society. Therefore, the disdain he expressed in his Ode to Wine and Virtue for the men of etiquette and law was a piece of mockery and ridicule.

Ruan Xian

I. A Life Story

Ruan Xian, with the character Zhongrong, was a native of Chenliu, Henan Province (near Kaifeng, present-day Henan Province), and the son of his brother, Xi, who was a governor of Wudu, and his father, Ruan Xi, was an official of the government of Henan Province. His father, Ruan Xi, official Wudu Taishou; in the "Seven Sages of the Bamboo Grove", about Ruan Xian's various historical data is very little, his research is also a little more difficult, after consulting some books, can see that Ruan Xian has two very important characteristics: one is Renda not to be confined, and the other is a master of phonetics.

Ruan Zhongrong, the foot soldiers live in the south of the road, the Ruan live in the north of the road; North Ruan are rich, South Ruan poor. July 7, North Ruan Sheng tanning clothes, all gauze brocade; Zhong Rong to pole hanging large cloth calf-nosed pants in the atrium. People or strange, replied: "I can not be free of custom, chatting about the ear! Ren Dang Chuan. 10

In July 7 this day there is the custom of sunbathing, Ruan Xian's family is poor, even with a long pole hanging calf-nosed pants (shorts, poor and lowly people's clothes, the Wei and Jin dynasties like to wear calf-nosed pants in the summer, said the free) in the courtyard, and the northern Ruan gauze brocade Cherry in contrast to naturally show that Ruan Xian Renda not to be formal and polite, however, also shows that Ruan Xian, although the family is poor, and the superiority of its scholarly class and identity does not diminish. Although Ruan Xian is not immune to vulgarity, his behavior is also different from that of the common people. At this time, he was still only a young man, but his style was similar to that of Ruan Ji, who was known for his "cry of poverty" and was his uncle, and the two of them were collectively known as "Ruan the Great and Ruan the Small". Although there is a generation gap between uncle and nephew, but it is not formal, often like friends **** with the rest of the travel, the kind of unrestrained style of life, but also really have their own unique characteristics.

Ruan Xian and Ruan Ji, the same, life is also very contemptuous of etiquette. On the one hand, it is certainly because they advocate the Lao Zhuang, despise all kinds of so-called red tape; on the other hand, it is also a practical protest against the contemporary power elite. Since the political mainstream at that time was dominated by rituals and laws, and advocated "ruling the world with filial piety", unlike Cao Cao's "or not benevolent and filial, but with the art of ruling the country and using military force", the original abandoned rituals and laws were used as a pretext to consolidate power. Ruan Ji once said indignantly, "Are the rituals and teachings not for my generation? Ruan Xian also wore mourning clothes and rode a donkey to chase after a servant girl he had fallen in love with during his mother's mourning period.

Ruan Zhongrong was first honored by his aunt's servant girl, and when he was in his mother's mourning period, his aunt moved far away from him, and at first he said that he would stay with the servant girl; but when he was sent away, he was sure to go. Zhongrong borrowed a guest donkey to reclothe himself and chased after him, tired of riding and returned, saying, "You can't lose the human race! The mother of the remote set is also. For the rites of that time had lost their original significance.

At that time, Ruan Xian's behavior of overstepping the bounds of etiquette and drinking and enjoying himself was more or less an obstacle to his career.

Ruan all can drink, Zhong Rong to the Zong earth **** set, not again with the usual cups to drink, with a large urn of wine, sitting around, facing each other to drink. When a group of pigs to drink, go directly to the top, they *** drink. Think of Zhong Rong and the group of pigs for the urn **** drinking situation, can also appreciate his "heaven and earth and I was born, and all things with me as one" of the kind of open-minded and unrestrained bravado. And Ruan Xian's "da" is to do whatever he wants, which is different from Ruan Ji's "da" which is to do what he wants because he has no choice but to do it in accordance with worldly rules and regulations.

However, these behaviors had the positive effect of impacting on the rituals and emancipating the individuality in the nominalist society. Because at that time, some of the ritualists were despicable and impolite, the non-conformity of the celebrities happened to be a revelation and protest against the hypocrisy of the rituals. Therefore, the non-conformity is only one aspect of their performance, but there is another aspect.

Shankong said, "Ruan Xian was a minister of the Ministry of Justice, and his eyes said, 'Chaste and pure, all things cannot be moved'" ("清真寡欲,万物不能移移也"). The article of Appreciation and Honor． If in the official's position, it will be the end of the time.'" This is a very high evaluation of Ruan Xian, although Ruan Xian is not bound by rituals and laws, but can be chaste and lowly desire, deep knowledge of the clear and turbid, do not move the heart for external objects, this is the Lao Zhuang metaphysics of the quality, beyond the name and teachings and let nature. This shows that not to be bound by rituals and laws is its manifestation, while chastity and lack of desire is its inner world, which is the spiritual essence of the famous scholar. If there is only not to be bound by rituals and laws, then it is only a madman, can not become a real famous scholar. It is a pity that Emperor Wu of the Jin Dynasty did not give Ruan Xian the honor of being indulged in drinking and did not give him the honor of being employed.

Second, Ruan Xian and Xun Castor

Seven sages, in addition to Ruan Ji, Jikang has a deep knowledge of music, Ruan Xian is also an outstanding musical genius. Although he was listed among the Seven Sages of the Bamboo Grove, his literary works have not been passed down, but he was recognized by the world for his musical achievements. Yan Yanzhi said of him, "What is the use of the deepest sound, and what is the best way to recognize it is to play it in gold", which means that he was praised for his outstanding performance in the "Seven Sages of the Bamboo Forest".

Guangling San, also known as Guangling Stop. It is an ancient large-scale zither song, which has appeared at least in the Han Dynasty. Its content has always been described differently, but the general view is to compare it with the Nie