The types of garden architectural vignettes function

There are many kinds of garden architectural vignettes, their function is simple, small size, rich in charm, intentional chapter, exquisite and colorful, with a high degree of traditional artistry, it is the exquisite vignettes of the right place. Garden vignettes change in many ways, but there is always a basic style, there is always a rule to follow, this "Zong" is "pavilion". Pavilion often as the main body of the landscape composition, it focuses on architectural space art modeling and structural design and construction features of the analysis, understanding and mastering these laws on other garden design can be similar. Therefore, in this chapter focuses on the introduction of pavilions and briefly describes the trellis, garden wall, hole door, outdoor furniture. Finally focus on the garden color staircase, it is the most expressive in the garden architecture, both transportation and use function, but also embellish the environment, active scenery of the role of baking, in the garden to create a spatial landscape, in addition to the requirements of the designer in the artistic conception of ingenuity, but also need to have a certain knowledge of the design basics and bold structural ideas to break the customary interface relationships. Later in this chapter will be introduced in depth with structural art features and a certain degree of difficulty of the sawtooth landscape ladder, cut hanging landscape ladder and spiral landscape ladder design calculations, for the development of design ideas and options.

Landscape architectural vignettes with its colorful content and shape active in classical gardens, modern gardens, playgrounds, street green space, residential gardens, parks and gardens. But it does not play a leading role in gardening, only embellishment and accompaniment, that is, the so-called "and thus not inferior, small and not inferior, follow nature, insert its space, take its characteristics, and seek its borrowed scenery". Strive to see nature in the artificial, giving people a wonderful mood, the interest of infection.

Pavilion (pavilion building)

The pavilion as the most basic architectural unit in the garden building, mainly to meet the needs of people in the tourist activities in the rest, rest, cool, shelter from the rain, the eyes look out. Its small size which is also known as garden architecture vignettes.

In the shape of the combination of specific terrain, natural landscape and traditional design and its unique delicate and light, exquisite image and the surrounding buildings, greenery, water features and other combinations and constitute a garden scene. The structure of pavilion can be roughly divided into three parts: pavilion roof, pavilion body and pavilion base. The volume of the pavilion is rather small than large, and the shape is also more delicate, with bamboo, wood, stone, brick and tile and other local traditional materials can be built. Now more is with reinforced concrete or both light steel, aluminum alloy, glass fiber reinforced plastic, mirror glass, inflatable plastic and other new also so material formation and become.

The pavilion is more open on all sides, the space flow, inside and outside the integration, the corridor is also so. Analysis of the pavilion can also be cited in other pavilion hall. Pavilions and other small volume, but in the garden landscaping role is not small, is the indoor outdoor; and in the courtyard is the outdoor indoor. Selection should be measured, the size should be appropriate, that is, there should be just the right proportion and scale, only to focus on a certain aspect are not allowed. Any work only in a certain environment, it is art, science. Rigidly learn the popularity, will lose the charm and spirituality, it can not talk about art and science.

The same is a package, the proportion of different people, different scale occasions, the artistic effect is very different; houses and bird's nest, from the picture, the size of the same size, but once the figure added trees, steps and scale of people, birds and so on a few strokes, the visual effect is very different; even if the same house, the same size of the location of the window hole, the window is only divided into different, but also makes the artistic feeling of the building is different, the scale of the building is different. The artistic feeling of this building is different, proportion and scale also has a relationship.

This section focuses on the introduction of the practice of pavilions, scale and volume design. It has been said that the garden architecture vignette is not because of the beauty of the lovely, but because of the lovely is beautiful. Good, often some of the pavilion gallery is indeed built very beautiful, but the scale of warping practices, color painting seems frivolous and vulgar, as if the love of vanity of the rich and powerful family lady, flamboyant, vulgar. This is the design should be avoided, practice has also proved: the actual accumulation of practice and traditional experience, than just think on paper out of more mature, because the traditional experience of absorbing the colorful traditional practices of various local ethnic groups, you can further inherit and carry forward the motherland's traditional classical pavilion salute practice, the real understanding, but also lies in the "Pavilion is not fixed! "Practice.

(a) the traditional pavilion type and form

1. according to the plane

1) square polygon

positive polygon especially square plane is the most rigorous in the geometric, regular, axis layout of a clear figure. Commonly three, four, five, six, octagonal kiosks.

2) rectangular

Plane length and breadth ratio is close to the golden section 1:1.6, due to the pavilion with the hall, the attic, the hall is different, its volume is small, often visible in its entirety, the proportion of if too narrow and long does not have the beauty of the basic conditions. At the same time the plane for the rectangular pavilion more than with a width of three, three four step frame.

Jiangnan Road Pavilion - commonly used two broad;

Water Elysium - depth of three four-step frame or six-step frame.

Beam layout: Pavilion especially hiatus Pavilion Pavilion with the hall, pavilion, hall of the same work, but more free, Jiangnan more follow the ancient system.

Shanhua - Ming Dynasty and the name is made before the hanging mountain, the Qing Dynasty appeared in the hard mountain mountain flowers.

4) bionic-shaped pavilion

water lily-shaped, fan-shaped (beautiful, gorgeous), cross-shaped (symmetrical, stable), round (clear center, strong sense of centripetal), plum blossom-shaped.

5) multifunctional composite pavilion

2. By facade

3. By style and color tone and charm

4. By pavilion roof

1) save the tip of the type

angle to save easy to express the upward, high, collection of the convergence of the mood;

round save to express the upward both flexible and lightweight feeling;

2) Heshan

Easy to express the strengthening of the horizontal trend of the environment;

3) scroll shed

Scroll shed heshan pavilion roof of the specific easy to express the far-reaching momentum.

4) Road roof and open roof

5) Combination of single eave and heavy eave

5. According to the columns (the volume of the pavilion in general increases with the increase of the columns)

Single columns - umbrella pavilion;

Double columns - half pavilion;

Double columns - half pavilion;

Double columns - half pavilion;

Double columns - half pavilion.

Single column - umbrella pavilion;

Double column - half pavilion;

Three columns - corner pavilion;

Four columns - square pavilion, rectangular pavilion;

Five columns - round pavilion, plum blossom five petals pavilion -round pavilion, plum blossom five-petal pavilion;

six pillars - heavy eaves pavilion, hexagonal pavilion;

eight pillars - octagonal pavilion;

twelve pillars - - Square Pavilion, 12 Month Pavilion, 12 Hour Pavilion;

Sixteen Pillars - Man Pavilion, Heavy Eaves Pavilion.

6. According to materials

Local materials: wood, bamboo, stone, thatched pavilions;

Mixed materials (structure): composite pavilions;

Lightweight steel pavilions;

Reinforced concrete pavilions - imitation of traditional, imitation of bamboo, book cover, thatched plastic pavilions;

Specialty Material (structure) kiosk - plastic resin, fiberglass reinforced plastic, thin shell inflatable soft structure, corrugated board, net frame.

7. By function

Rest and shade - traditional pavilion, modern pavilion;

Ornamental tour - traditional pavilion, modern pavilion;

Memorial, monuments and relics

Memorials, monument pavilions;

Transportation, distribution and organization of people - station pavilions, road pavilions;

Riding on the water - corridor pavilions, bridge pavilions;

Integrated - multi-functional combination of pavilions.

(2) traditional pavilion structure and specific practices

1. Pavilion structure frame practices

1) umbrella method

2) beam method

3) corner beam method

4) picket beam method

5) wiping the corner of the combination of picket beam method

6) leverage method

7) box circle method

(8) cross beam method

2. Pavilion roof structure

1) eave

2) roof

3) hanging

3. Pavilion structure of the local style

Mainly through the following structure to strengthen the performance of local ethnic traditions and characteristics:

Wing corner and the warping.

The eave is diagonally called bracing and out of the pick, mostly seen in the Anhui-style architecture.

Moon beams, mostly seen in Jiangnan Su-style buildings, while the Zhejiang style uses straight beams at the moon beams instead.

Through-double frame and hanging angle tower, mostly seen in the southwest of Sichuan, Hunan.

1) Pavilions

have a tendency to ascend upward, which can produce a sense of high and steep.

2) Round Pavilion

Single-eaved round pavilion are save pointed type, heavy eaves round pavilion is not necessarily, round pavilion is easy to produce lively and bright atmosphere.

3)Heavy-eaved pavilion

4)Pavilion (Pavilion) (Pavilion)

5)Fan pavilion

Easy to protrude from the pool bank, road, corridor, and other terrain of the turning point.

6) half pavilion

is the garden is extremely lively, very rich in personality of the sketches, and often do the entrance to the hall house, looks like a hanging flower door.

7) Grass Pavilion

Can be locally sourced, the practice of friendly and natural, making full use of local materials.

8) Road top pavilion and helmet top pavilion

9) Road pavilion and bridge pavilion

10) Stone pavilion

11) Bamboo pavilion

12) Brick, wood, and stone (including concrete) mixed pavilion

(C) Modern pavilion

1.Plate pavilion

including umbrella plate pavilion, lotus leaf pavilion, the modeling of the simple, fresh, and flexible combination.

2. Wild mushroom pavilion

3. Combination of frame pavilion

1) bamboo, wood combination of frame pavilion

natural interest, low cost, but easy to damage, the use of two years for the limit, you can build a temporary bamboo and wood over the sketches, and then built into the maturity of the permanent building.

2) concrete combination frame pavilion

Plasticity is good, easy to handle the node. But the frame cross-section size design is not easy to weigh.

3) light steel - steel pipe combined frame pavilion

This type of construction is convenient, flexible combination of strong assembly, single and double arm cantilevered can be into the pavilion, but also suitable for use in the sun umbrella kiosk to do activities in the open-air restaurant cafeteria.

4. Class arch pavilion

1) helmet arch pavilion

2) multi-hinged arch giraffe pavilion

Signifies a pair of giraffe kissing the neck of the giraffe, the structure expands the space, is conducive to the indoor activities of the giraffe, the architectural and structural functions in line.

5. Wave plate pavilion

Often can be combined into a rhyme, expressing a certain sense of rhythm.

6. Soft structure pavilion

With air bearing film structure for the pavilion roof or covered with colored tarpaulin roof.

7. Antique combination of umbrella pavilion

Corridor

Corridor is an extension of the pavilion, is the link between the scenic attractions of the architectural ties, with the mountain on the situation, winding, winding. The corridor can guide the perspective of the tour guide traffic routes, but also can be divided into scenic spots, rich spatial levels to increase the depth of the scene, is an important part of the Chinese garden architectural groups.

(a) the form of the gallery

1. empty gallery (double open gallery)

Columns without walls, open and transparent for the scenery of the environment rich in levels, so that the gallery of the two sides of the scenery can be viewed.

When the sub-corridor across the water shelf, that is, the water corridor.

2. Half-porch (one-sided empty corridor)

Open on one side, one side of the wall, the wall is equipped with a variety of colors leakage window doorway or with a publicity cabinet.

3. Complex corridor

Corridor in the middle of the wall without leakage windows, as if the two columns of half-porch composite, both sides of the passage, and easy to corridor on both sides of the different scenic occasions.

4. double corridor

Also known as the compound road corridor, there are two floors, easy to contact different heights of the building and the scenery, increase the momentum of the corridor and the landscape level.

5. Climbing corridor

Corridor along the terrain of the undulating meandering, as if the ambling dragon into the climbing corridor. Commonly fall climbing gallery and vertical curve climbing gallery.

6. Curved corridor

by the wall and away from the wall, and thus between the gallery and the wall composed of various small courtyard, space interlacing, interspersed with the flow, zigzagging method or planting flowers and stones in the middle of it, or slightly add a small scene into a curved corridor, not a curved into the repair of the corridor.

(ii) the volume of the corridor scale.

(C) corridor facade design

(D) structural design of the corridor

1. wood structure.

Favorable to carry forward the traditional garden architecture style of Jiangnan, the shape of exquisite and small, the line of sight through.

2. Steel structure.

Steel or steel and wood combined with the composition of the gallery is also very common, lightweight, flexible, strong mobility.

3. Reinforced concrete structure.

Mostly flat roof with a small sloping roof.

4. Bamboo structure

The trellis and trellis

(Shelf building) trellis is a green space in the garden with plant material as the top of the corridor, it has the function of the corridor, there are closer than the corridor of nature, integrated into the environment, the layout of the flexible and varied as possible and the configuration of the characteristics of plants to the idea of the trellis, the form of strips, circular, corner, polygonal, curved, compound columns and so on.

(A) the form of the trellis

1. According to half of the structural stress

1) simple support

Many used in the terrain of the twists and turns of the staggered, by two with the pillars, a heel of the beams, appear more stable, the terrain is flat, then the staggered itself with the 2-3 steps, will make people more secure.

2) cantilevered

And divided into double and single pick. In order to highlight the center of the composition, around the flower beds, pools, lakes as the center, and arranged into a circular arc of the trellis. With a single, double can, avoid isolated arrangement.

3) arch steel

In the flower corridor, more than this way, premise with a semi-circular vault or door steel frame type, the material is made of reinforced steel, light steel or concrete. Waterfront trellis, not only the plane can be designed into a smooth curve, the fa?ade can also be designed with the corresponding water waves into a continuous arch or zigzag, part of the roof, part of the roof for the shed, the effect is very good.

4) Combination of monolithic trellis

and pavilions, building entrances, kiosks combined with the use of the function of the trellis, in order to achieve a contrast and unity of the composition effect, often pavilions, pavilions, and other buildings for the real, but to the trellis elevation for the virtual, highlighting the changes in the coordination of the real and the virtual.

2. According to the vertical support points

1) columns - independent square columns, rectangular, small octagonal, begonias section columns, variable section columns;

2) compound columns - parallel columns, V-shaped columns;

3) Flower wall style - clear water flower wall, natural red slate wall, water brushed stone or white wall.

(2) Volume scale of the flower wall

1. Height of the planter

2. Opening and depth of the planter

3. The planter and the greenery should be compatible with each other

(3) Structure and construction of the planter

1. Bamboo and wood planter

2. Masonry planter

3. Steel planter

3.

(4) trellis and pavilion innovation

In recent years, the trellis and pavilion and other garden architectural vignettes, innovative ideas, the use of "plus a plus, a joint, change a change, expand a widen, change a change, reverse a reverse, reduce a reduction" of the symbols of the changes in the material and the organic combination of modern building technology techniques, plus the necessary combinations of composition and arrangement, and then the use of the symbols and materials, and the use of the symbols and materials of the modern building technology. Together with the necessary combination of composition and arrangement, the design of a series of rhymes out of the new sound, unique personality, different functions of the innovation of the sketches, thus also reflecting the characteristics of the various nationalities.

Traditional pavilions and other garden buildings from the fertile soil of the Oriental national culture, and breeding and civil engineering structure, and is currently being more modern new materials to enrich the innovation. Traditional architecture to wire-based, modern architecture is the amount of blocks as an outline, conducive to material innovation and structure and construction applications, especially for asbestos cement sheets, metal sheets, plastic sheets, cylinder tiles, glass mosaic veneer panels and other extensibility of the sheet, and more so in the composition to show the wholeness and cleanliness, sharpness, strength, and is conducive to the main body of reflecting the sense of the times to play the advantages of the modeling. In addition to the layout of the conception, interface and its materials, viewpoints and other changes, misperception, light and shadow effects of the intervention, so that the building of the garden vignettes, but also a wide range of things. People more and more like to see the various ethnic groups around the more use and inherit the traditional methods, in the modern building requirements of the multi-variable, multi-functional, **** enjoy the space in the continuous creation of new and interesting garden building sketches, but also enriched the national landscape "green culture" treasury.

(E) trellis pavilion corridor in the ring-shaped components of the bending, shearing, twisting calculations

Garden wall (landscape wall) and landscape garden fence

Garden wall has a partition, the division of the organization of the role of space, but also enclosure, marking, lining the landscape function. It also has the function of decorating, beautifying the environment, creating an atmosphere and obtaining a sense of security and other multifunctional functions. Therefore, the height of the general control in 2M below, become part of the garden landscape, the name of the garden wall thus.

Garden walls and hedges can be used alternately in the design, constitute the peripheral features of the scenic spots, and with the entrance and exit, bamboo, trees, flower beds, running water and other natural environments into one.

Particularly in the current urban greening to improve the cityscape, it has played a new role, major urban greening land tension, in order to organize the sporadic green space along the street residential units to the street greening up, can be through the garden wall leakage window and fence gaps, "lead green out of the wall" to become a part of the city street public **** green space from the visual expansion of the green space, and to expand the green space, the green space, the green space, the green space, the green space. Visually expand the green space, beautify the city.

(A) traditional garden wall and landscape garden fence

Garden wall and fence form a variety of different materials and profiles according to its soil, brick, tile, light steel, hedges and so on. From the appearance of the high and short, straight and curved, virtual and real, smooth and rough, with eaves and no eaves. The important criterion for the distinction of the garden wall is the top of the roof.

1. Traditional garden wall and its structure

1) small green tile, glazed tile roof

2) green tile scroll roof

3) garden window green tile roof

4) leakage window green tile roof

5) long waist green tile roof

6) eight or five bricks vertical tube roof

2. Garden history of the fence

2. p>The difference between the fence and the garden wall space composition is that the fence in the vertical interface of the virtual more solid less, the materials used more widely and freely, local materials, beautiful.

1) with artificial materials (brick, stone, light steel, lead wire mesh, etc.) are:

① brick fence

② mixed (masonry, steel and wood) fence

② light steel fence

④ lead wire mesh fence

2) with natural materials (bamboo, palm, branches, straw, etc.) are:

① bamboo fence

Rich in the wild, inexpensive, unique, but short service life.

② cymbidium hedge

② fence hedge

④ screen fence hedge

⑤ flower bed hedge

⑥ hedge

mostly with vines and flowers and shrubs composed of a strong reflection of the natural vitality and interest, vivid and natural, quite distinctive for the best.

(2) types of garden wall

1. brick wall

2. concrete lattice wall

(3) construction and design calculation of the garden wall

(4) project records -- stone wall and bionic wall

Stone wall and concrete bionic wall, composite wall and so on. Widely used in the garden wall design, it can provoke people's yearning for nature and the pursuit of performance of a certain garden mood, can movement "line", "texture", "volume", "color", "color", "color", "color", "color", "color", "color", "color", "color", "color", "color", "color", "color", "color", "color". "color", "light and shadow", "level", "flower decoration", "rhythm and rhythm" and so on. Rhyme and rhythm" and other techniques, through engineering practice to create a colorful garden stone wall.

1. Line

is the texture of the stone and the direction, often horizontal division, vertical division, rectangular and Ling conical division; diagonal, zigzag line, oblique treatment.

2. Texture

The texture and texture of the material gives a person the feeling of touch, can be divided into natural and man-made processing of two categories.

3. Volume

Visual volume, shape and size, square and round, wide and narrow, concave and convex.

4. Color

To give a sense of intensity, warm and cold, coordination and stimulation.

5. Light and shadow

Visual light and darkness, strength and weakness, lightness and weight, elevation and shaking. In a way, 'light and shadow is also a material, the material of activity". To be used well in design.

6. The organization of spatial hierarchy

Virtual and real, high and low, before and after, deep and shallow, layered and compartmentalized, the formation of spatial sequences of the hierarchy is particularly strong.

7. Flower decoration

Collection of patterns, folk art, craft modeling, fine arts decoration, etc., so that the wall has become a part of the garden and landscaping poke sculpture, to play its specific artistic function.

8. Rhyme and rhythm

The main grain, physical sense, color, light and shadow, line and other elements continue to appear and repeat the combination, showing a certain rhythm and rhythm. It permeates the whole of real life. A set of rhythmic beautiful, rhythmic garden wall and fence can evoke a kind of and in the rhythm of people's thoughts and feelings on the pleasant sense of rhythm. This depends on the shape design of the wall and fence in a great length and height, the texture of the strong and weak, line gathering and dispersing, high and low size, conversion and overlap, alternately, in the regular interval, repeated meandering, alternating combinations, the natural formation of the sense of the garden wall of the rhythm and the rhythm of the natural and man-made environments are integrated with each other to connect and communicate.

Garden doorway and window (empty window, leaky window, view window)

Garden landscape planning and design should include the garden wall, doorway (also known as hole in the wall), empty window (also known as hole in the moon), leaky window (also known as leaky wall or flower wall window), outdoor furniture, entrance and exit signs and other sketches of the design of facilities. At the same time, the garden mood of the space conception and creation, often with the space through them as a separation, interspersed, penetration, accompaniment to increase the depth of change, expanding the space, so that the square inch can be a small place to see the big, and in the art of gardening and skillfully as a frame of the words of the scene, with the step of the scene, cover the line of sight and become a fun and interesting garden barricade.

(a) doorway

1. form

1) geometric: round, horizontal rectangular, straight rectangular, kui-shaped, polygonal, composite, etc.;

2) biomimetic shape: begonias, peaches, plums, pomegranates, fruit-shaped gourd, vase, Ruyi and so on.

2. Construction and practice

(B) window holes

1. empty window

Garden wall below the window mounted sashes of the window holes known as empty windows (moon hole). Both light and ventilation, but also as a view frame, expanding the space and depth.

2. Leakage window

In the garden wall window position, with brick, tile, wood, concrete prefabricated small pieces of latticework, etc. to form a flexible and varied pattern pattern window.

3. Scenic window

That is, the natural form of the pattern of the leakage window.

(C) structural construction

1. Door and window holes over the beam

2. Door and window holes arched scroll design and practice

(D) design examples

Despite the variety of door and window forms and practices, but the net height of the doorway should be designed in the 2.1M or more appropriate to avoid the psychological feeling of touching the head.

(E) garden doorway plan position design

1. requirements

doorway, door frame visitors in and out of the busy, easy to bump and squeeze wear and tear, the need to configure hard wear-resistant materials, especially located in the door alkali door lock part of the material, it should be more so;

If there is a vehicle in and out of the vehicle width should be taken into account in vehicle headroom requirements;

2. doorway entrance Layout and form

(F) garden hole door materials

Local materials, can be used directly thatch, rattan, bamboo. Wood, trees and other more simple natural materials.

(VII) doorway record

Gardening landscape vignettes and outdoor games and service facilities

From the primitive seating on the ground to the modern garden indoor and outdoor facilities and games; from the bamboo and wood, stone tables and chairs to reinforced concrete, ceramics, etc., you can see that the creation of the second interest since the beginning of the people's lives are closely linked together. To beautify our lives with modeling, that is, to meet the basic function at the same time, in the natural environment to create a beautiful visual image, play a role in beautifying the environment.

(A) rest facilities - tables, chairs, stools, etc.

1. Basic dimensions and elements

2. Forms

1) Straight lines - rectangular, square

2) Curves -- ring, circle

3) Straight plus curved forms

4) Polygonal forms -- continuous folded lines, polygons

5) Combined forms

6) Bionic and analog forms

Tables and chairs made from purely Table and chair composed of straight lines: simple production, simple shape, giving a sense of stable balance.

The tables and chairs made up of pure curves: soft and full, smooth, twisting and turning, harmonious and vivid, natural and decent, so as to achieve a variety of artistic effects.

Tables and chairs made up of straight lines and curves: soft and rigid, both God and form, rich in contrast to the changes, the perfect combination, a unique charm.

As for the bionic and simulation, it can produce a sense of lightness and stability in the visual sense.

3. Material decoration

Ming Dynasty furniture is mostly made of Huanghuali and Zitan. Generous shape, scientific structure, moderate proportion, pay attention to the natural texture and color of the wood itself, the line feet carved properly, play the role of eye-catching. Metal accessories exquisite style, soft color, play a supporting role. Qing Dynasty furniture more Shi carving, the introduction of arts and crafts, gold lacquer depiction, rich and beautiful. But in the late Qing Dynasty is popular cumbersome, fragile, ornamental, not practical.

4. Coordination with other facilities

Flower beds, planting holes, pots, garden lamps, stone lamps, swimming gear, garbage cans, ashtrays, lighting fixtures should highlight a "match" word.

(2) ornamental landscape facilities - flower pots, flower beds and three-dimensional flower beds.

1.movable

Prefabricated assembly, can be moved, stacked, spliced, terrain undulation can also be made along the terrain into a sense of steps fall type.

2. Fixed

Mostly used for flower beds and planting holes, generally square, round, polygonal, and can be assembled when needed.

(C) service facilities - water diversion platform, barbecue and road signs

In order to meet the daily needs of visitors and camping and other special needs, in the scenic area should be set up in the water diversion platform and barbecue, as well as picnic tables, road signs, toilets, wastebaskets, garbage cans and so on.

(D) stone lanterns, amazing building, water bowl design examples

(E) intellectual facilities - maze

(F) game facilities

game facilities are more common: swings, slides, sand, climbing poles. Climbing ladder, rope equipment, carousel and so on.

1. Children's body and movement of the basic dimensions

2. The requirements and considerations for the design of play facilities

3. Outdoor play facilities

1) single rod, dense rod play equipment, sand, see-saw.

2) Climbing ladder, deformed climbing ladder, climbing wood

3) Swing, swinging chair, swinging wood, swinging boat

4) Rope, climbing frame

5) Slide

(VII) Garden Lights

1. Light source used in the garden lights and the characteristics of the garden lights

1) Mercury lamps: long service life, it is one of the most appropriate light source in the current garden.

2) metal halide lamps: high luminous efficiency, good color rendering, also used to irradiate the place where there are many tourists, but the scope of use is limited.

3) high-pressure sodium lamps: high efficiency, used for energy saving, high illumination requirements of the field, such as roads, squares, amusement parks, but can not truly reflect the green.

4) fluorescent lamps: due to the lighting effect, long life, in the range of teaching a small courtyard, but not applicable to the square and low-temperature conditions.

5) incandescent lamps: can make red, yellow more beautiful and conspicuous. But short life, maintenance trouble.

6) underwater lighting color lights

2. Garden lighting used in the illuminator and features

1) light thrower: can be projected from one direction to the need to illuminate the object, such as: buildings, sculptures, trees above, can produce a cheerful, pleasant atmosphere. Use in the garden: projected light source can be used in general incandescent lamps or high-intensity discharge lamps, in order to avoid visitors affected by direct light, should be installed in the light source on the baffle or louvered boards, and will be hidden lamps and lanterns. The use of a group of small light throwers, and through precise adjustment, so that the formation of a soft, uniform background light, you can outline the shape of the scene outline, the formation of the outline of the floodlights.

2) pole-head type illuminator: often arranged in a case of courtyard or courtyard corner, with a high pole will be raised to a certain height of the light source, can make the lighting range to expand, in order to illuminate the whole square, pavement or lawn. As the light source is farther away from the ground, so that the light presents a quiet, soft atmosphere. In the past, the light source commonly used high-pressure mercury lamps, currently for high efficiency, energy saving, widely used sodium lamps.

3) low illuminator: the height of the light source is set at eye level, the light source with frosted or opal glass cover protection, or to avoid glare and the upper part of the complete cover. Low illuminator is mainly used for garden paths on both sides, the side of the wall or rockery, etc., can render a special lighting effects.

3. plant lighting

1) lighting method: tree lighting can be used to irradiate the bottom-up method to eliminate the dark shadows in the leaves. Especially when it has the illumination for the surrounding multiples, the illuminated trees can get a sense of the center of the scene. In the general green environment, the illuminance needed for 50-1001X

2) light source: mercury lamps, metal halide lamps are suitable for green lighting, but to see the color of the tree or petals, incandescent lamps can be used. At the same time should be arranged as far as possible does not appear directly to the light source, so as not to produce color deviation.

3) illuminator: generally use the projector, adjust the range of light casting and the height of the lamps and lanterns to achieve the desired effect. For low plants are mostly used to produce only downward light distribution illuminator.

4. Lamps and lanterns selection and design principles

1) the appearance of comfortable and in line with the use of the requirements and design intent

2) artistry should be strong, help to enrich the level of space and three-dimensional sense of the formation of the size of the shadow, dark and light should be measured.

3) Coordinate with the environment and atmosphere. With "light" and "shadow" to set off the beauty of nature, create a certain atmosphere, separation and change of space.

4) to ensure safety. Lamp line switch and even light pole set to take safety measures.

5) the shape of the United States at a low price, with the structure of the lighting effect can be fully realized.

5. Garden lighting fixtures structure

1) lamp post: mostly pillar-shaped, composed of reinforced concrete, steel, bamboo and imitation bamboo wood, column cross-section is mostly round and polygonal two.

2) lamps: spherical, hemispherical, circular and semi-cylindrical, angular, fusiform, circular and angular vertebral, combined. The materials used are: paste, gold-plated metal aluminum, tempered glass, plastic feet, enamel, ceramics, plexiglass and so on.

3) bulb lamps:

Ordinary lamps: daytime light, incandescent;

Fluorescent lamps: daytime light, cool white, warm white;

Mercury lamps: high-pressure, fluorescent mercury lamp;

Sodium lamps: high-pressure and high-efficiency low-pressure sodium lamps.

4) Accessories

The ballast (for high-pressure mercury lamps, fluorescent lamps, sodium lamps)

Automatic igniter (radiant heat, photocell, clock)

Switching device and others

6. Garden lighting standards

1) illuminance: there is no uniform standard in China at present, and in general, it can be used as the illuminance of 0.3 -1.51X, as a guarantee of illumination.

2) light hanging height: generally take 4.5M height. And flower beds require the setting of low illumination of the garden path, the light source set height less than or equal to 1.0M is appropriate.

Floral landscape garden stairs

Garden planning combined with the need for landscape and function, using different general flower color landscape staircase vignettes, some rely on the building reclining on the mountain, some of the sky wings, or hanging sleep and other shapes, not only to meet the needs of the transportation function, but also in its own posture, rich architectural space, the art of landscape effect. Flower color staircase modeling novelty and colorful, and the hotel courtyard environment compatible with the appropriate.

(A) jagged view stairs.

1. Folding board type

1) Composition and transmission line of the scenic staircase

2) Calculation and construction

3) Platform and platform beam

4) Calculation principle of sawtooth wave folding board staircase

2.

1) Calculation of tread plate

2) Calculation of overhanging platform plate

3. Calculation of tipping resistance of ladder section at the top of the floor

(2) Clipped suspended scenic staircase

Generally the staircase is always with a stringer at the platform, which makes its architectural artistic image constrained. And this is under the scenery ladder, permanent even water to eat, distinctive and self-contained a scene.

1. Beam

The beam is scissor-type, the upper diagonal beam is the tension bending member, the lower diagonal beam is the pressure bending member, the platform plate is the suspension of the jumping board, the step is the cantilever board.

1)Internal force calculation

2)Reinforcement

3)Torsion of inclined ladder beam

2.Plate

The upper and lower ladder segments are connected with the platform boards, and all of them are boards without beams, which makes them look more exquisite and dexterous, just like the flying swallows in the air.

1) Mechanical modeling assumptions

2) Case 1 of the internal force analysis method

3) Case 2 of the internal force analysis method

4) the internal force formula is extremely combined

5) Conclusion

Scissor ladder, especially in which the plate ladder, the method of calculating the practical verification of our country is pending.

6) Example

7) Sometimes in order not to have to look up the table, but also can be used in the Southeast University, "Reinforced Concrete Structures" in the proposed approximate formula for direct calculation.

3. Plate hanging view of the innovation of the ladder

Plate hanging ladder, recently evolved ladder section staggered and ladder section back to the loop and other new styles. Calculation method is basically the same as above, only on the structure of the turning part to be additionally reinforced.

(C) spiral view ladder

The courtyard for the space to produce a moving melody and soar, often set spiral ladder, this component to withstand composite stresses, divided into two kinds:

A spiral cantilevered fan-shaped step, around the support in a center column placed, called the center column fan-shaped prefabricated panels assembled spiral ladder, referred to as cantilevered panels spiral ladder.

One for the ladder section itself unfolds as a spiral upward curved rod members, both ends of the bearing on the upper and lower exposed frame beams, that is, beam spiral ladder.

1. cantilever plate spiral ladder

2. beam spiral ladder

beam spiral ladder, beam cross-section of deep beams and shallow beams; from the direction of rotation, atmosphere can be left-rotating or right-rotating type; to support the conditions are divided into articulated and fixed points.

3. Calculation Methods

1) Overview of Calculation Methods

2) Investigation and Analysis of Domestic Particular Instances

3) Analysis of Internal Forces of Spiral Staircase with Hinged Support at Both Ends

4. Analysis of Internal Forces of Spiral Staircase with Fixed Connection at Both Ends

5. Examples of Spiral Staircase Design

1) Data

2) Internal Force Calculation

3) Internal Force Analysis of Spiral Stairs

4. Internal force calculation

3) Section check

4) Calculation of longitudinal reinforcement in the upper half of the staircase

5) Calculation of steel hoops

6) Calculation of the lower half of the staircase

7) Calculation of supports

8) Constructional facilities

9) Test results