The Evolution of China's Ancient Political System from Han Dynasty to Ming and Qing Dynasties.

The Evolution of Political System from Han Dynasty to Ming and Qing Dynasties

First, the evolution of the political work system from Han Dynasty to Yuan Dynasty

(A) the development of centralization

1, the parallel system of counties and counties in Han Dynasty and "Enzhi"

(1) Background: In the early Han Dynasty, local governments inherited the county system of the Qin Dynasty, and at the same time enfeoffed vassal states, and the county system was parallel. Feudal countries are the backers of the imperial court, but sometimes they also confront the imperial court.

(2) Measures: On the basis of Emperor Jing of the Han Dynasty, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty issued a "favor decree", which stipulated that after the death of a vassal, the eldest son would inherit the throne, and other children would share part of the land with Liehou, and Liehou would be under the jurisdiction of the county.

(3) Results: The smaller the kingdom, the more centralized it is.

2. The regime of the buffer region in the middle Tang Dynasty.

After the Anshi Rebellion in the mid-Tang Dynasty, the separatist regime in the buffer region lasted for more than 100 years, which seriously weakened the centralization. (According to the text, guide the students to look at the atlas P6, the map of the separatist regime in the late Tang Dynasty.)

3. Strengthening the centralization of power in the Northern Song Dynasty.

The military, political and financial power was returned to the central government.

(1) Measure value:

(1) military affairs: the military power of major generals will be returned to the central government, and elite soldiers and powerful generals will be transferred from all over the country to enrich the central imperial army.

(2) Administration: The central government appoints a civilian as the local governor, and at the same time appoints a judge to supervise.

(3) Financially, a small part of local taxes is used as local expenditure, and the rest is controlled by the central government.

(2) Role: The implementation of these measures has changed the situation of the separatist regime in the buffer regions since the late Tang Dynasty and the Five Dynasties, and strengthened centralization.

4. Provincial system in Yuan Dynasty

(1) Settings: Except for Hebei, Shanxi and Shandong provinces, which are directly managed by the central government, there are all provincial books, which are referred to as provinces or provinces for short. The governor is appointed by the court. There are prefectures, prefectures and counties in all provinces, and propaganda and appeasement departments in remote ethnic areas for management.

(2) Power: The provinces have economic and military power, but the exercise of power is controlled by the central government.

(3) Function:

(1) The provincial system facilitates the central government to manage local governments and strengthen centralization;

(2) Consolidating the unity of multi-ethnic countries;

(3) Its establishment is a major change in the ancient local administrative system in China and the beginning of the provincial system in China.

(B) the evolution of absolute monarchy

1, Emperor Wudi weakened Xiangquan.

2. The evolution and formation of three provinces and six departments system.

(1) During the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, the system of three provinces was gradually formed.

(2) Three provinces and six departments in the Tang Dynasty.

(1) three provinces and six departments in the Tang Dynasty:

The three provinces refer to Shangshu Province (responsible for implementation) and Zhongshu Province (responsible for drafting imperial edicts). The governors of the three provinces are all prime ministers, restricting each other and being responsible to the emperor. Shangshu Province carries out various decrees and handles daily affairs, and consists of six departments: Li Hu, Libing and Gonggong.

(2) Essence: weakening relative power, strengthening imperial power and maintaining feudal rule.

(3) Role: A. The three provinces and six departments have both division of labor and cooperation, mutual restraint and supervision, which improves work efficiency and strengthens the ruling power of the central government.

B, the right of separation guarantees the exclusive respect for monarchical power and greatly strengthens the autocratic imperial power.

C, is a major change in the history of China's official system. Later dynasties basically followed this system, which had a far-reaching impact on backwardness.

3. Measures to strengthen imperial power in Song Dynasty

(1) Measure value:

Zhongshumen is set as the highest administrative body, and the chief executive exercises the functions and powers of prime minister. In order to restrict the prime minister, later, advisers, Tang envoys and third secretaries were added to divide the executive power, military power and financial power of the prime minister.

(2) Role: The establishment of these officials greatly weakened the power of the prime minister and strengthened the imperial power.

4. China was a big book province in Yuan Dynasty (according to the text)

The Yuan Dynasty established Zhongshu Province as the highest administrative organ. The Chief Executive of Zhongshu Province exercises the functions and powers of Prime Minister. At the end of Yuan Dynasty, the prime minister became more and more powerful, and sometimes even controlled the succession of the throne.

Abstract: The characteristics of the evolution of the central political system from Han Dynasty to Yuan Dynasty.

(1) The development of emperor system and the strengthening of imperial power;

(2) The system is innovative on the basis of inheritance.

(3) Changes in the system of selecting officials and employing people (the first paragraph of this item).

1, the imperial examination system in Han Dynasty

(1) Meaning: It is a system of recommending talents to be officials from the bottom up.

(2) Objective: Collect and manage talents extensively.

(3) The main method of selection: recommending filial piety and honesty.

2. During the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, Jiupin Zheng Zhi came out.

(1) Meaning: It is a system in which quality evaluation officials evaluate talents and then reward officials. Jiupin refers to the nine grades that divide talents into good and bad. It is an evaluator who is responsible for evaluating the level of talents, and is served by an aristocratic family 3.

(2) Selection criteria: family prestige.

(3) Disadvantages: Children from aristocratic families do not pay attention to improving their talents. It is difficult for truly talented people with humble origins to hold senior positions in the central and local governments.

(4) Decline: With the decline of aristocratic families, the Zheng Zhi system based on family selection can no longer be continued.

3. The development of imperial examination system.

(1) Meaning: the system of selecting officials by means of subject examination.

(2) Development and evolution:

When Yang Di was in the Sui Dynasty, the government began to set up the imperial examination system. Tang, Song and Yuan Dynasties inherited and improved the imperial examination system.

(3) Significance:

(1) Closely linking reading and examination with being an official is conducive to breaking the privileged monopoly, expanding the source of official talents and improving the cultural quality of officials;

(2) The imperial examination for officials centralized the power of selecting talents and appointing officials from aristocratic families to the central government, which greatly strengthened the centralization;

(3) To some extent, fair competition in selecting and employing people is ensured.

This system has been used by generations and has far-reaching influence.

Second, the strengthening of absolute monarchy in Ming and Qing Dynasties.

(1) Social development:

From the abolition of the prime minister to the establishment of the cabinet and the establishment of the Ministry of War, the feudal monarchy reached its peak, the late feudal society and the decline period.

(2) Abolish the prime minister system.

1, reason:

(1) Fundamentally speaking, absolute monarchy should be strengthened. In China's autocratic centralization, the contradiction between monarchical power and relative power has a long history.

(2) Ming Taizu thought that the system of Yuan Dynasty hindered the high concentration of imperial power, which would lead to social unrest.

(3) After the abolition of Zhongshu Province, the local power was concentrated in the central government, and the power of the prime minister was expanded accordingly. (P 16 history)

(4) Premier Hu is arrogant, which is his excuse.

2. Purpose: To consolidate and stabilize feudal rule and strengthen imperial power.

3. Abolish:

(1) 1376, Ming Taizu abolished the treasury province, and set up the administrative office, the commander-in-chief, and the inspection department (Minister Qin Qincha, Han Cishi), which is in charge of local administration, military affairs and supervision, and is collectively called the "three departments".

(2) In A.D. 1380, Prime Minister Hu was killed for rebellion. At the same time, the Ministry of Books and the Prime Minister were abolished, and six ministries were established to manage state affairs and be directly responsible to the emperor.

4. Impact: The absolute monarchy was further strengthened. (Instruct students to read P 16 data playback)

Transition: Ming Taizu abolished the prime minister system, and the prime minister was divided into six departments, which were subordinate to the emperor. It abolished the prime minister system of 1000 years since Qin and Han dynasties, and also changed the history of the monarch managing the country through the position of prime minister. The monarch became the highest chief executive of the country, which greatly strengthened the imperial power. "Prime Minister" means to dominate, and "Prime Minister" means to assist. The prime minister "holds the throne, assists the emperor in handling government affairs and makes confidential decisions." However, excessive power threatened the monarchy, hindered the high concentration of imperial power, and caused a profound contradiction between the monarch and the emperor. Now "abolishing the prime minister and dividing the six powers" can prevent the imperial power from falling aside and strengthen the monarchical power, and. But in this way, who will help the emperor manage everything?

The appearance of the cabinet

(1) Reason: You can't live without an assistant minister.

(2) Establishment and development

3. Function: the last item of P 17.

(3) Features:

(1) The cabinet of the Ming Dynasty was not a statutory administrative or decision-making body at the central level, but a Chamberlain institution that provided advice to the emperor;

(2) The rise and fall of cabinet ministers is decided by the emperor, and their power depends on the will of the emperor. Whether the vote is passed or not ultimately depends on the approval of the emperor.

(4) Understanding: The cabinet is the product of the strengthening of The Ming dynasty emperors's autocracy. It only plays an auxiliary role in the emperor's decision-making and handling of state affairs, and it is impossible to play an autocratic role in imperial power. Compared with the western cabinet, the western cabinet is a symbol of right democracy, monopolizing the administrative power of the state and representing the government form in which the head of state is responsible to the parliament.

(C) the peak of the absolute monarchy system

(1) Cause (inevitability):

(1) economic roots: the feudal economy was decentralized and needed strong state power to ensure national unity;

(2) Political root: the landlord class needs strong political power to safeguard its own economic interests and suppress people's resistance;

③ Ideological root: Legalist thought laid a theoretical foundation.

(2) Overall trend

(1) The imperial power is strengthened and the relative power is weakened.

(2) Central power is strengthened and local power is weakened.

(3) The characteristics of centralized feudal absolutism.

(1) The emergence of feudal autocratic centralization of authority was synchronized with the emergence of the feudal system, which was an important feature of the feudal society in China that was different from the feudal society in Western Europe from the beginning.

(2) Power is highly centralized and imperial power is supreme. The local government obeys the central government unconditionally, and the central government obeys the emperor unconditionally.

(3) There are two pairs of basic contradictions under the authoritarian centralized system:

The contradiction between the central and local separatist forces. The trend of its struggle is the continuous strengthening of centralization and the weakening of local separatist forces;

B. the contradiction between imperial power and relative power within the central government. The trend of its struggle is that the imperial power is constantly strengthened, the relative power is constantly weakened, and finally it is cancelled.

(4) with a strong color of rule by man.

(4) The historical role of autocratic centralization.

The influence of autocratic centralization on feudal society is twofold. Generally speaking, in the early and middle period of feudal society, its positive role was the main aspect; In the late feudal society, the negative effects of the autocratic centralization system gradually increased. Specific performance in:

① Positive effects:

A has maintained national unity within a certain range and created a relatively stable social environment;

B is conducive to resisting foreign aggression and preventing division;

C is conducive to effectively organizing human and material resources to engage in large-scale economic activities and building large-scale projects, laying the foundation for Chinese civilization to lead the world for a long time;

D is conducive to economic and cultural exchanges between regions and ethnic groups, and promotes the spread of advanced production technology and culture in a wider range.

② Negative effects:

A economically, it seriously restricts social productive forces, hinders the development of budding capitalism and inhibits the growth of new production relations;

B politically, the unprecedented strengthening of feudal autocratic rule can easily lead to tyranny; For a long time, the people had no political power and status, democratic politics could not develop, and the early bourgeoisie was suppressed and hit; It has formed a long-term tradition of rule by man, derived a huge bureaucratic team and privileged class, and is prone to political corruption.

C ideologically, the autocratic system will inevitably lead to the strengthening of ideological and cultural control, seriously hinder the development of science, and even make many intellectuals afraid to ask about politics, and anti-feudal democratic ideas are absolutely banned and banned.

Abstract: The reasons, general trends, characteristics and functions of the development of authoritarian centralization.