Complete collection of detailed information on biotechnology

Biotechnology uses science and technology to transform agriculture or other aspects. Scientifically use modern genetic engineering te

Complete collection of detailed information on biotechnology

Biotechnology uses science and technology to transform agriculture or other aspects. Scientifically use modern genetic engineering technology to select genes with some excellent characteristics of organisms and transplant them to another species, so that new transgenic organisms have the expected specific characteristics.

Basic introduction Chinese name: biotechnology mbth: the role of biotechnology: transformation and utilization in agriculture or other aspects: science and technology and biotechnology include: gene recombination, introduction of cell fusion, brief history of development, basic application, genetically modified products, genetically modified food, basic classification, transformation methods, genetically modified food disputes, public opinion surveys, doubts, environmental hazards, impacts, market losses, food pollution, books and materials, characteristics, and so on. The National Science and Technology Commission of the United States defines biotechnology as "biotechnology includes a series of technologies that can use organisms or cells to produce the products we need. These new technologies include gene recombination, cell fusion and some biological manufacturing procedures. " In fact, human beings have a long history of using organisms or cells to produce the products we need. For example, agriculture and animal husbandry began before 10000 to provide a stable food source, wine and bread were made by fermentation technology before 6000, wounds were treated by mold before 2000, smallpox vaccine was used in 1797, and antibiotic penicillin was discovered in 1928. Since human beings have been using biotechnology for such a long time, why has biotechnology suddenly attracted people's extensive attention since 1990? This is because since the 1950s, the scientific community has gained a deeper understanding of the cells that constitute the smallest unit of an organism and the genes that control the genetic characteristics of cells, and the technology of gene recombination and cell fusion was developed in the 1970s. Because these two technologies can make cells or organisms produce the substances we need more effectively and contribute to the large-scale production of industry or agriculture, a new biotechnology industry has emerged since the 1980s! Bill Gates said in 1996 that "biotechnology will change the world like computer software". Modern biotechnology industry has developed from 65438 to 0980, and its application scope includes pharmaceutical, agriculture, environmental protection, food processing, special chemicals and other industries. In the field of biomedicine, 155 biotechnological drugs or vaccines have been approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of diabetes, heart disease, cancer and AIDS. In agriculture, transgenic plants have appeared, such as papaya, tomato, corn, soybean and so on. It is characterized by strong resistance to pests and diseases, which can reduce the use of chemical pesticides. A brief history of development The progress of human civilization is from the gathering society of early fishing and hunting life to the agricultural society dominated by agriculture and animal husbandry, and then to the modern industrial society. Due to the increasing population and over-exploitation of industrial land, the area of agricultural cultivated land has decreased; In addition, the greenhouse effect has accelerated the extinction of species other than human beings, making the food problem a very important core issue in the 2 1 century. In a society with limited resources and unlimited human growth, some people have the idea that if food can be increased through high technology, there should not be a day when food will be eaten up. Therefore, with the vigorous development of biotechnology, many things that could not be done before can be done today in the 2 1 century. Many impossible tasks can be achieved by biotechnology, for example, you can affect human body fat by smearing or pasting, so as to achieve the effect of beauty and slimming, or Botox is also an example of biotechnology. Ever since humans came into being, people have tried to transform creatures. In the past, the traditional breeding method was to obtain the required biological characteristics (such as sweet corn with good taste) through seed selection and mating, and to reduce or eliminate the unnecessary characteristics (such as naturally occurring toxicity). On the other hand, food is a necessity for human growth, and the population has increased rapidly recently. In view of the shortage of food, so-called "artificial food" began to appear. But the biggest limitation of traditional breeding is that mating varieties must be the same or similar. In order to break through this limitation, we should scientifically use modern genetic engineering technology to accurately select genes with some excellent biological characteristics and transplant them to another species, so that new transgenic organisms can have the expected specific characteristics. According to the data of American Food and Drug Administration (FDA), 199 1 year, Calgene applied for transgenic tomato and transplanted antisense polygalacturonase (PG) gene into tomato, which delayed the ripening and softening of tomato. From 65438 to 0994, the company's "FLAVR SAVR" tomato was the first genetically modified food approved for marketing in the world. The PG gene produced by soft enzymes to promote ripening in delicious tomatoes is inhibited, so the texture is more solid, which can reduce the damage and deterioration during harvesting, transportation and processing, thus preserving the flavor. However, the commercial production of this tomato has stopped at present. 1994 is even more so. There are 29 applications for soybeans, tomatoes, corn, potatoes, cotton and melons, and Monsanto is one of the big companies. Basic application ● In addition, in terms of environmental protection, some toxic industrial wastes and polluted crude oil have been decomposed by genetically recombinant microorganisms. In terms of food, health foods such as lactic acid bacteria, ganoderma lucidum and cordyceps sinensis have been produced by fermentation engineering technology. In special chemicals, drugs or fibers have been made by recombinant enzymes, or they have been used in detergents to decompose dirt. By 200 1 year, there will be about 1500 biotechnology companies in the world, with an annual output value of $30 billion. Gene recombination and cell fusion technology are the cornerstones of modern biotechnology. In recent years, many new technologies and new application fields have been developed on this basis. For example, protein engineering technology can be used to improve the structure and activity of protein, bio-nanotechnology can be used to manufacture biosensors, biochips and drug delivery systems, tissue engineering technology can use stem cells to repair damaged organs, and animal replication technology can use nuclear transplantation to replicate animals. The purpose of biotechnology development is to treat diseases, improve the quality of life, provide safe and reliable food and protect our living environment. However, if there is no strict monitoring in this high-tech development process, it may also cause harm to human beings or the ecology on the earth. Therefore, in the process of developing biotechnology, we should also pay attention to its impact on human beings, morality or ecology. Because biotechnology is widely used and closely related to our daily life, it is often reported in general newspapers, magazines or news media, so new knowledge about biotechnology should be included in our usual study. The task of biotechnology is to explore the mysteries of life and master the laws of life movement. Introduction of genetically modified products and genetically modified foods The application of science and technology brings convenience, but it also brings unknown fears. When the technology of gene recombination is widely used in the development of biology, medicine, agriculture and industry, and may even enter more fields in the future, which will profoundly affect our lives, we seem to realize that this is an irresistible trend. Therefore, it is more correct to have a positive understanding of genetically modified foods, and then rationally think about acceptability and leave the choice to everyone. The so-called "gene transformation" refers to the selection of specific genes for individual traits of organisms and the change of gene composition and expression of organisms. Scientists use different biotechnology, such as using restriction enzymes to make fragments of the target gene, then connecting the DNA fragments to the "vector" DNA molecules, and then transplanting the vector to the target chromosome. This process is a kind of genetic engineering. Different from the traditional breeding method, that is, trait transfer is limited to individuals of the same species or similar provenance, modern genetic engineering technology has broken through the traditional breeding mode, and foreign genes from different sources can be artificially implanted into plants, and foreign genes can even come from microorganisms or animals. For example, if the cry gene from Bacillus thuringiensis is implanted into corn, corn can also synthesize insecticidal protein dominated by cry gene, so it has insect-resistant characteristics. This kind of corn artificially implanted with cry gene can be called transgenic crop. Generally speaking, genetically modified organisms can be divided into three categories, namely: 1. Transgenic microorganisms (and their products): microorganisms that can be used as fermented foods or used to produce food additives such as enzymes, amino acids, organic acids, vitamins, pigments and spices. Genetically modified crops (and their processed products): This is the fastest growing field of genetically modified organisms, and transgenic crops such as soybeans, corn, tomatoes and potatoes have come out. 13. Transgenic animals (and their processed products): Salmon with growth hormone gene, but most of them are in the research stage at present. Genetically modified foods (GMF=GM foods), also known as genetically modified foods, are processed by genetically modified organisms, so all foods derived from gene recombination technology are called genetically modified foods. How did genetically modified food come into being? Generally speaking, there are two main methods to implant functional foreign genes into plants. For dicotyledonous plants (such as soybean, tomato and cotton), gene transfer is usually achieved by Agrobacterium tumefaciens. Agrocybe aegerita can infect many plants naturally (that is, without any artificial treatment). This infection is realized by directly inserting a section of its own DNA into the DNA of infected plants, so as long as the oncogene in Agrocybe aegerita DNA is removed and the foreign gene to be implanted is inserted into the DNA of infected dicotyledonous plants, the foreign gene can be transferred to the DNA of infected dicotyledonous plants. Cells containing this foreign gene in infected plants can be further screened out, and then complete plants containing this foreign gene can be produced by cell culture technology. As far as monocotyledonous plants (such as corn, wheat and rice) are concerned, the infection effect of Agrobacterium coronaria is not good. Generally, foreign genes to be implanted are coated on the surface of tungsten balls, and then tungsten particles coated with foreign genes are introduced into plant cells by physical means. Some foreign genes will fall off the surface of tungsten particles and become part of plant DNA. These plant cells containing foreign genes can also be screened out and cultured. In addition to Agrobacterium, plant viruses are often used as vectors, but not all plant viruses have the function of vectors, unless viruses can spread from cell to cell through plasmodesmata, foreign genes must be replicated, and the modified virus nucleic acid does not cause symptoms after infecting plant cells, and viruses must be widely parasitic. Generally speaking, the operation of gene transformation takes DNA as the main object, and viruses containing RNA will only be considered if viruses using DNA cannot be effective. Therefore, it is better for plant viruses to contain DNA instead of RNA as vectors. But at present, there are only two kinds of plant viruses containing DNA, namely Korimo virus and dicotyledonous virus, among which the latter is favored by researchers because it can infect dicotyledonous and monocotyledonous plants and has a wide host range. In recent years, biotechnology has been gradually applied to food production, and genetically modified foods derived from it have also been listed one after another. What kind of influence eating genetically modified food will have on human body needs long-term and extensive research, and there are still many controversies from all walks of life at present. In order to understand the public's knowledge and attitude towards genetically modified foods, the Department specially commissioned a private company to conduct a survey on "Public's Knowledge and Attitude towards Biotechnology and Genetically Modified Foods", hoping to understand the public's attitude towards genetically modified foods and their views on the labeling policy, so as to serve as a reference for the government to formulate relevant laws and regulations in the future. Opinion Survey This survey is aimed at people over the age of 20 living in Taiwan Province Province. The investigation time was1September 27-30, 989, and the valid sample was 1.083. The survey results are as follows: 1. Cognition and consumption behavior of genetically modified food: (1) 68.1%people have heard of genetically modified food, but more than half of them don't know the benefits or benefits of genetically modified food. (2) 32% people don't know which products on the market may be genetically modified foods; The answer is that a high proportion of food is tofu, soybean milk and other beans. ⑶ 42.7% people usually don't choose to buy non-GM food when buying food. 1. Views on genetically modified food: ① The safety of genetically modified food is most questioned by the public, and 6 1.6% people are worried about the safety of genetically modified food; 5 1.2% people think that eating genetically modified food may have adverse effects on human body; 66.9% people are worried that eating genetically modified food made of insect-resistant crops will pose a threat to human life safety; Among them, women aged 30-39 have high doubts about the safety of genetically modified foods. But 65.3% people agree that genetically modified food is the trend of human development and the inevitable product of the trend of the times; 49.7% people agree that genetically modified food will make the food taste and appearance better and more suitable for human consumption because of artificial modification. ⑶ 43.5% people think that the current safety evaluation procedure of genetically modified food before marketing is not enough to ensure the safety of genetically modified food; At the same time, 45.7% people think that "there is no evidence that genetically modified food is not suitable for human consumption since 1994 went on the market", which does not reduce their doubts about the safety of genetically modified food. (4) In addition, 67.8% people are worried that genetically modified food may harm the ecosystem. 3. Price acceptance of genetically modified foods: (1) 48.4% people may choose non-genetically modified foods after knowing that those products may be genetically modified foods. 96.1%people can accept the price difference between non-GM food and GM food. ⑶ If the price difference between non-GM food and GM food is about 20%, 69.6% people will buy non-GM food; If the price difference is 50%, 79.3% people will buy non-GM food; If the price difference doubles, 64.9% people will buy non-GM food. Views on the labeling system of genetically modified foods (1) 73.5% people are in favor of the mandatory labeling system. In order to facilitate consumer identification and consumers' rights cannot be ignored, manufacturers will pay attention to the labeling system. ⑶ 63.2% people are in favor of positive labeling, because consumers should know it at a glance and take the initiative to inform. ⑶ 5 1.5% people think that all foods containing genetically modified ingredients need to be labeled. (4) As for the allowable amount, how much is reasonable? 55.6% expressed no opinion, 3% disapproved of the specified tolerance, 22.0% thought that the tolerance of 1% was reasonable, and 14.9% thought that the tolerance above 5% was reasonable. Genetically modified foods have rapidly entered the consumer market in recent years, attracting global attention. Not only do consumers have doubts about the safety of eating genetically modified foods, but the large-scale use of genetically modified foods may also trigger a series of environmental crises. The most obvious example is whether the destruction of genetic species diversity affects the operation of ecosystems. In short, the potential threats of genetically modified food include: people, environment and economy. The influence of genetically modified food on human health has been debated for a long time in the world. Opponents of genetically modified foods mainly have the following considerations: (1) Doubts about whether genetically modified foods directly affect human health, including toxins and allergens. Toxins, that is, do genetically modified foods produce new toxins because of genetic modification, and accumulate in the human body after eating, thus causing adverse effects on human health? In terms of allergens, will allergens be transferred to genetically modified foods? The experimental results show that it is indeed possible for allergens to transfer. For example, Hi-Bred, a pioneer company in the United States, transferred the gene of Brazil nuts to vegetarian soybeans in order to improve the nutrients in soybeans. As a result, of the 9 subjects who were allergic to Brazil nuts, 8 were allergic. ⑵ Question about whether marker genes will migrate to human intestines or cells: The so-called "marker genes" refer to cells that are used to screen genes for transformation and expression in order to regenerate cells into plants, and the most commonly used marker genes are antibiotic resistance marker genes. (3) emergence of new virus: it is still inconclusive whether the virus that originally only acts on plants or animals will become a new pathogen in the process of gene recombination. The threats of environmental hazards to the environment include: (1) non-target organisms and beneficial insects are threatened; (2) reducing biodiversity; ⑶ Gene drift geic drift and gene pollution geic pollution. The main impact on the economy is that although the crops lost in the market will not move, the food based on them can be sold everywhere, which also leads many people to worry about genetically modified crops. In 2000, Nature magazine reported that Star Link Corn, a genetically modified corn that can be eaten by human beings without permission, has entered the food distribution network in Japan. Although Stellaria stellata can be used as feed in the United States, it is still not allowed for human consumption in Japan, mainly because it contains an insecticidal toxic protein called Cry9C, which scientists believe will cause allergic reactions after eating. In the past, about one-third of the corn exported by the United States was sold to Japan, while the European Union bought about 40% of the soybeans exported by the United States. Consumers' doubts about the edible safety of genetically modified corn or soybeans in these areas will pose a great threat to the future exports of the United States. Grain pollution For farmers who grow organic crops, if they are cross-pollinated or mixed with genetically modified crops, they will encounter serious sales problems due to poor quality, especially corn and sugar beet, because these two crops are cross-pollinated plants. In this way, farmers who produce organic agricultural products will have to temporarily withdraw from the organic product market, and their income will drop sharply before they get organic certification again. Book Information Book Name: The Coming Biotechnology Era Author: Richard W Oliver Press: Renmin University of China Press Series: The National New Economic Law Reveals the Biomass Era Barcode: 978-7-300-04618-1isbn: 730-004-618. 38+0 format: 32 format: 2 18 pricing: 23 yuan characteristics This book puts forward timely views on industries that will soon become the most important driving force of 2 1 century; The combination of knowledge economy and breakthrough inventions will bring unprecedented progress to our struggle against diseases and benefit mankind. Biotechnology and its socio-economic impact are hot topics in many media, from the Wall Street Journal to Time magazine to the evening news. Biotechnology and its business, namely the biomass age, will surpass the information age and become a new economic engine. It is predicted that by the middle of 2 1 century, all companies will become biomass companies, and the biomass economy will develop faster, more infiltrated and stronger than any previous economy. As a discussion on the future business development, The Coming Biotechnology Era describes the biotechnology revolution that is taking place in pioneer universities, companies and governments. In this book, Oliver does not use any intimidating academic terms, but provides executives, investors, policy makers and people interested in social derivatives of biomass with what they must know. The coming biotechnology era emphasizes that biotechnology will have a positive impact on the global economy. For example, DuPont, Novartis, Merck and other top chemical companies in the world are all transforming into biotechnology companies, creating new jobs and developing new products together with more than 4,000 biotechnology companies around the world. Although biotechnology is potentially dangerous, very advanced biotechnology has benefited hundreds of millions of people all over the world from new biotechnology products and vaccines; Hundreds of biotechnology products are in the clinical trial stage, and more products have entered the development stage. Catalogue Section 1 Chapter 2 1 Century: Biomass Age Section 1 Sign of the End of the Information Age: Biology Replaces Electronics Section 2 Biomass: New High-tech Section 3 Biomass? Section 4 Gene Bank: Dreams and Funds Section 5 Biomass "Elf" Section 6 Gene Factory: Bio-economy Section 7 Economic Law of Biomass Section 8 Asymmetric Industry Section 9 Changing Technology Section 10 Every company is a biomass company Chapter 2 Conquering substances: exploring the cellular and subatomic world Section 1 Biology beyond physics and chemistry Section 2 Globalization, Large-scale Global Biomass Section 3 Spontaneous Biomass Technology Section 4 Comprehensive Impact of Biomass Section 5 Imaginative Chapter 3 Bioeconomics: New Laws of Biomass Section 1 From Farm to Factory Section 2 From Office to Section 3 New Economic Paradigm of Biomass: Endless Replication Section 4 Atoms and Genes Chapter 4 First Law of Bioeconomy: Knowledge Multiplies Daily Section 1 Section 1 The Role of Patents in the Process of Knowledge Multiplication Section 2 1977 Trends of Biotechnology Patents Section 3 1977 Trends of Knowledge Multiplication Chapter 5 The Second Law of Bio-economy: The Broad Scope and Research Objectives of Globalization. The Third Law of Bio-economy: Accelerated Vertical Growth Rate Curve Chapter VII New Materials: Every Atom is a Factory Chapter VIII Designing Genes: Reconstructing Human Body Chapter IX Biotechnology and "Big Pharmaceutical Factory": Biomedical Complex Chapter 10 Biotechnology and Agriculture: Bioengineering Farmers Chapter 1 1 Funding Dreams: Biocapitalists Chapter 65438+