About the Olympics

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/kloc-the rise of the modern Olympic movement in the 0/9th century is the result of many factors. Since14th century, there have been three major ideological and cultural movements in European countries: Renaissance, Reformation and Enlightenment. From18th century to19th century, Europe completed the bourgeois revolution and industrial revolution, which cleared the ideological obstacles and laid the material foundation for the birth of the modern Olympic movement. The direct motivation of the Olympic movement is the influence of ancient Greek sports tradition, bourgeois education reform, modern sports and the rise of international culture.

After experiencing the prosperity of literature and art in ancient Greece and the Roman Empire, Europe entered the Middle Ages known as the "dark ages". The feudal rule of the aristocratic lords in the church imprisoned people's selling ideas, and the religious philosophy in the Middle Ages advocated "the opposition between spirit and flesh" and "asceticism", which stifled the development of sports. /kloc-in the 0/4th century, the Renaissance rose in western European countries, which impacted the arbitrary rule of feudal lords and churches for the first time. Under the slogan of "vitalizing literature and art", western European countries have made great progress in culture, art and science. Renaissance is an ideological emancipation movement against feudalism and church theocracy in the transition period from medieval feudal society to modern capitalist society in Europe, and it is also the first ideological emancipation movement of modern human beings. /kloc-the religious reform carried out by European countries in the 0 th and 6 th centuries was a new bourgeois movement against Roman church rule. This movement destroyed the spiritual dictatorship of the church and broke the situation that the church monopolized education. 17-/kloc-The Enlightenment in the 0/8th century is called the second ideological emancipation movement of modern human beings. The Enlightenment advocated replacing the autocracy, superstition and deception of churches and nobles with modern ideology and culture, and advocated freedom, equality, democracy and the rule of law. One of the similarities of the three major ideological and cultural movements is to promote the educational thought of harmonious development of body and mind in ancient Greece and praise the ideals and spirit of the ancient Olympic movement. This ideological and cultural movement has aroused people's attention to ancient Greek sports and ancient Olympic Games.

The British bourgeois revolution of 1640, the French bourgeois revolution of 1789 and the European bourgeois revolution of 1848 made capitalism gain a dominant position in major European countries. /kloc-in the 1960s of 0/8, Britain began the industrial revolution in which the handicraft industry was replaced by the machine industry. By the end of 19, Europe had basically completed the industrial revolution. The industrial revolution has greatly improved productivity, not only caused fundamental changes in production technology, but also brought about great changes in social thought and people's lifestyle, and promoted educational reform. The purpose of bourgeois education is to really cultivate social activists and economic and industrial enthusiasts with strong body, rich knowledge and ability, pioneering and pragmatic spirit. The development of personality and personality has become the main goal of education. The education system in ancient Greece and the basic spirit of the ancient Olympic Games come down in one continuous line with the idea of personality liberation advocated by the education countries since the Renaissance, which played an important role in the education reform.

/kloc-after the bourgeois revolution in the 0/7th century, Locke, a famous British educator, put forward the idea of "gentleman education". "Gentleman Education" attaches great importance to physical education. Driven by "gentleman education", British competitive sports have developed rapidly. Rousseau, a French enlightenment thinker, put forward the theory of "natural education" to cultivate people with physical and mental health. He asked the children to "get some knowledge about the ancient Olympic Games through running, jumping and other activities". /kloc-at the end of 0/8, European philanthropists and educators absorbed the advantages of knight sports and folk games on the basis of ancient Greek sports, laying the foundation of modern school sports system. After entering19th century. Britain has carried out extensive educational reforms. Among them, Thomas Arnold has a great influence on the reform of rugby public schools. Arnold established school physical education with competitive sports as the main body, allowing students to manage competitive sports themselves and give full play to the exercise value and educational efficiency of competitive sports. Later, Arnold's method went out of school and spread all over the world in the 1970s. From Locke's "gentleman education" to Arnold's reform, the bourgeoisie has gradually formed an all-round educational thought in the educational reform for centuries, established the position of sports in education and promoted the formation of Olympic movement thought.

In the early days of bourgeois education reform, gymnastics combined with military training prevailed in European countries, while outdoor activities and competitive sports prevailed in Britain. /kloc-In the middle of the 0/9th century, British competitive sports spread to the United States and Canada. By the late19th century, with the rapid development of large-scale industrial production. With the accelerated pace of urbanized life, people need to seek activities with better entertainment functions and effective elimination of tension. Competitive sports can best meet this demand. From this, it developed rapidly and spread to all parts of the world through colonists who flocked to various places, and modern sports were produced in the exchange and integration of different types of sports in the world. 185 1 year, the first international individual sports organization-International Gymnastics Federation was held in London. Under the sponsorship of international individual sports organizations, individual sports in Europe and world competitions emerge one after another. The first European Figure Skating Competition was held in Hamburg in 189 1. The World Speed Skating Championship was held in Amsterdam on 1893. With the expansion of international sports exchanges, it is urgent to establish a comprehensive international sports organization.

Since18th century, some experts and scholars from Britain, France, Germany and other countries have visited and excavated in Olympia successively. After entering the19th century, Europe, the United States and parts of Canada made various attempts to revive the Olympic Games. 1830, Greece gained independence from Turkey, and there was an upsurge of reviving ancient Greek civilization. /kloc-Since the middle of the 0/9th century, with the smooth progress of the archaeological excavation in Olympia, the Greeks have become more and more enthusiastic about reviving the ancient Olympic Games, and they are eager to take this opportunity to reproduce the glorious ancient Greek civilization in history. 1858, the Greek king Otto adopted the advice of a Greek named Sabass and issued the Olympic Order. The first Pan-Greek Olympic Games was held in 1859. The 2nd and 3rd Pan-Greek Olympic Games were held in 1870 and 1875 respectively. Since 1875, the expedition led by German archaeologist Kuziyus has been excavating Olympia for six years and made great progress. 188 1 year, the main facilities of the site of the ancient Olympic Games were finally found out, and then a museum was built in Olympia to display various unearthed cultural relics of the ancient Olympic Games and a railway was built, making the Olympic Games a tourist attraction. The archaeological achievements of the Olympic Games have aroused people's yearning for the Olympic Movement. 1888 and 1889, the Greeks held two Pan-Greek Olympic Games. Many attempts by the Greeks to revive the Olympic Games. Due to the failure to get rid of the nature of folk celebrations and beyond the scope of pan-Greece, although it had a positive impact on the world, it did not succeed.

Among the pioneers who founded the modern Olympic Movement, Coubertin, a French educator, was the most prominent. Through the study of Arnold's educational reform and British competitive sports, Coubertin believes that competitive sports can receive the effects of physical training, moral education and social activity ability training at the same time, which is an appropriate way to educate young people democratically. With his profound knowledge of ancient Greek culture and ancient Olympic Games. Raise the social value of ancient Greek competitive sports to a new understanding, that is, the ancient Olympic Games. Together with citizens with artistic accomplishment and noble morality, they constitute the three pillars supporting ancient Greek civilization. During the period of 1875- 188 1, the archaeological achievements of Olympia were continuously announced, and Coubertin began to brew the revival of the Olympic Games. From 65438 to 0888, he felt strongly that it was necessary to revive the spirit of the ancient Olympic Games as soon as possible and guide sports competitions with the spirit of unity, friendship and peace. The experience and lessons of the Pan-Greek Olympic Games made him realize that the revival of the Olympic Games must be worldwide in order to have vitality. At that time, disputes among European countries intensified and the war crisis became increasingly serious. In this situation, Coubertin hoped to eliminate prejudice, enhance understanding, promote people's friendship and realize world peace through sports. 1889 In July, at the International Athletics Congress held in Paris, Coubertin publicly put forward the idea of reviving the Olympic Games in a modern form for the first time. 1892, he delivered the famous speech "Reviving the Olympics", and formally put forward the concrete idea of reviving the Olympics. Since then, the Olympic Movement has entered a specific preparatory stage.

1893, according to Coubertin's suggestion, an international sports conference was held in Paris to discuss the revival of the Olympic Games. 1894 1 month, Coubertin drew up the concrete steps to revive the Olympic Games and 10 issues to be discussed, and wrote to sports organizations and groups in various countries. 16 June, the "International Sports Congress" opened in Sorbonne Theological Seminary in Paris, with 79 delegates representing 49 sports organizations in 2 countries. 2000 people attended the opening ceremony. The General Assembly adopted the resolution of "Reviving the Olympic Movement". On June 23rd, the International Olympic Committee was established. The establishment of the International Olympic Committee. It marks the birth of the modern Olympic Movement.