List of four crossings from the 1st to the 16th centuries A.D. Asia. Europe. Africa

The Roman Empire (27 B.C.-476 A.D.), official language: Latin, Greek, capital: Rome.

Byzantine Empire or Eastern Roman Empire (395-1453 AD) (actually began in the eighth century).

The Arabian Empire (632-1258), known in ancient China as the Tazi (a translation of the Persian word Tazi or Taziks), and in Western Europe as the Saracenic Empire (which means "Empire of the people of the East" in Latin).

The Ottoman Empire (Ottoman Empire; 1299-1922), founded by the Turks, began with King Ottoman I, who lived in Central Asia at the beginning and adopted Islam as the state religion, then moved to Asia Minor and became increasingly prosperous.