China stone bridge

First, the characteristics of stone arch bridge

Appear ahead of time

Form-elegance

sturdy construction

1, myths compare rainbows to bridges, and poets compare bridges to rainbows. Compared with bridge rainbow. Metaphorical interpretation not only illustrates the shape of the bridge, but also illustrates its beauty.

2. "Being able to cross the river for decades, hundreds or even thousands of years" not only shows that the stone arch bridge appeared earlier, but also shows that its structure is firm.

Paragraph 1 shows that the stone arch bridge is beautiful in form, and paragraph 2 shows that the stone arch bridge is firm in structure, which reflects the writing order from the outside to the inside. "Not only that ... but also ..." The progressive relationship accurately embodies and emphasizes this point.

Second, the characteristics of Chinese stone arch bridge

A long history-a long history

Almost everywhere-huge in number and widely distributed.

Different sizes and forms, many of which are amazing masterpieces-diverse and outstanding.

1. In terms of time, the stone arch bridge in China is in the leading position in the history of bridges in the world.

(1) The word "long history" emphasizes early time;

② The "passenger bridge" may be the earliest recorded stone arch bridge. -For example, the stone arch bridge in China has a long history.

(3) The expressive functions of the words "record" and "earliest" emphasize that this is the earliest in written records, leaving room for interpretation and more in line with the accuracy of the interpretation language.

Zhao Zhouqiao and Lugouqiao are the representatives of this amazing masterpiece. For example, through the introduction of these two bridges, it is better explained that Chinese stone arch bridges have various forms and many amazing masterpieces.

Zhao Zhouqiao, one of the masterpieces of stone arch bridge in China.

1, the fourth paragraph will be briefly introduced first. (general)

(1) and "it has been 1300 years now", indicating that it appeared early;

(2), "it has been used since it was made" and "it still remains the original appearance", which shows that it is solid and beautiful.

2. The fifth paragraph introduces the uniqueness of Zhao Zhouqiao. (argument)

(1), the length and width data of the bridge, with the explanation method of column number, shows its amazing majesty.

(2) It is pointed out that the design is scientific and the technology is ingenious-the construction technology illustrated by Zhang's words is ingenious.

(3) Explain its scientificity and originality from four aspects. Each aspect not only introduces the characteristics, but also explains the principles of this design and construction.

(1) At that time, the world's largest arch with a length of 37.4 meters made bridge opening bow-shaped, and there was no steep slope on the bridge deck, which was convenient for horses and chariots to get on and off.

(2) Designer's creative design, arch up and arch down.

Reduce the weight of the bridge;

Reduce the impact of flood on the bridge body and increase the water flow;

It's beautiful.

(3) The large arch consists of 28 arch rings to form an arc bridge opening, which is really strange and strong.

(4) Zhao Zhouqiao's figure is well-proportioned and beautiful, in harmony with the surrounding scenery, and his artistic value is immortal.

-Quote Zhang Kun's words to illustrate the formal beauty of this bridge.

3. Finally, it is pointed out that Zhao Zhouqiao is the crystallization of the wisdom and strength of Chinese working people represented by Li Chun. (general)

Another masterpiece of Chinese stone arch bridge-Lugou Bridge.

1. Introduce the location, construction time, length and width of Lugou Bridge.

(1) Location: On Yongding River, Yongding River is wider than Weihe River.

In time, it was later than Zhao Zhouqiao, but it has been more than 800 years since now, which is a long history.

This bridge is much longer and slightly narrower than Zhao Zhouqiao. The bridge deck is flatter.

(2) The biggest structural difference is that Lugou Bridge is a multi-arch stone bridge, which relies on stone piers to unite as a whole to resist floods.

(3) It is also very beautiful, especially the stone lions with various stigmas.

(4) Lugou Bridge enjoys a high reputation at home and abroad, and is a memorial site of War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression. -Artistic value and historical significance

Summary: The stone arch bridge in China not only has the general characteristics of stone arch bridge: early appearance, firm structure and beautiful shape, but also has more outstanding characteristics such as a long history, a large number, wide distribution, diversity and Excellence.

5. Reasons for the brilliant achievements of China's stone arch bridge.

The first is the diligence and wisdom of the working people;

Secondly, there is a fine tradition of design and construction-"saving materials, skillful construction and high strength", and Zhao Zhouqiao and Lugou Bridge are outstanding representatives;

Secondly, there are all kinds of stones used in buildings.

The modern development of stone arch bridge in China.

Changhong Bridge is the longest single-arch stone bridge in the world, with an arch length of112.5m, which is three times that of Zhao Zhouqiao.

2. This double-curved arch bridge is the only one in the world, with a total length of more than 200,000 meters. The longest hole is150m. This kind of reinforced concrete arch bridge inherits and develops the tradition of stone arch bridge.

This new development and achievement is attributed to a new reason: the socialist system is extremely superior.

Seven, experience the accuracy of the explanation language.

1, stone arch bridge appeared earlier in the history of bridges in the world. Can you delete the word "comparison"? )

-the degree of "earlier" is lighter, which leaves room for interpretation and better reflects the accuracy of the interpretation language.

This kind of bridge is not only beautiful in appearance, but also firm in structure. (Can you delete "not only" and "and"? Can you adjust the order of "firm structure" and "beautiful form"

-"Not only" and "and" cannot be deleted. If deleted, the relationship between them becomes parallel.

-it is in line with people's cognitive logic to talk about appearance first and then function. For bridges, in fact, the use value is far more important than the form, so the order of the two can not be adjusted.

3. The "Traveler's Bridge" mentioned in the water mirror notes was built around 282 AD, which may be the earliest stone arch bridge on record. (Can bold words be removed? )

-"About" and "Possibility" both mean uncertainty, just speculation. "Well documented" makes the basis of explanation more reliable.

Stone arch bridges can be seen almost everywhere in China. (Can you delete "almost"? )

-"Almost" emphasizes that stone arch bridges are widely distributed, but it does not rule out the possibility that there are no stone arch bridges in some places. This means being more scientific and leaving room.

(Zhao Zhouqiao) The whole bridge has only one big arch, which is 37.4 meters long, and it was the longest stone bridge in the world at that time.

-"At that time" has a time limit, and "can be counted" has a degree limit. This is more in line with the actual situation and more scientific.

Reading practice of stone arch bridge in China

1. Read the excerpts from China Stone Arch Bridge and answer the questions 1-8.

The bridge opening of the stone arch bridge is curved, just like a rainbow. According to ancient mythology, the rainbow is a "bridge connecting heaven and earth" after rain, and you can go to heaven through the rainbow. China poets like to compare arch bridges to rainbows, saying that arch bridges are "lying rainbows" and "flying rainbows".

Stone arch bridge appeared earlier in the history of bridges in the world. This kind of bridge is not only beautiful in appearance, but also firm in structure. It can cross rivers for decades, hundreds or even thousands of years, and play a role in transportation.

Stone arch bridge has a long history in China. The "Traveler's Bridge" mentioned in Water Mirror Notes was built around 282 AD, which may be the earliest stone arch bridge on record. Stone arch bridges can be seen almost everywhere in China. These bridges vary in size and shape, and many of them are amazing masterpieces. The most famous ones are Zhao Zhouqiao in Zhao County, Hebei Province and Lugou Bridge near Beijing.

Zhao Zhouqiao, which spans the Weihe River, is a world-famous ancient stone arch bridge and the oldest stone bridge used since its completion. This bridge was built around 605 AD, and it has been 1300 years now, and it still maintains its original majestic posture. By the time of liberation, the bridge was somewhat damaged. Under the leadership of the people's government, after thorough renovation, this ancient bridge has been rejuvenated.

1. The overall feature of the stone arch bridge is that the "passenger bridge" mentioned in the Water Mirror Notes is _ _.

Judging from the above paragraphs, the order of interpretation is (c).

A. from essence to phenomenon B. from concreteness to generalization C. from general to individual D. from cause to result

In the second paragraph, it is written that this kind of bridge is not only beautiful in form, but also firm in structure. Can the order of "form" and "structure" be interchangeable? Why?

Not interchangeable. The relationship between them is progressive. It is in line with people's cognitive logic to talk about appearance first and then function. For bridges, in fact, the use value is far more important than the form, so the order of the two can not be adjusted.

4. What is the function of the word "almost" in the third paragraph "Stone arch bridges are almost everywhere in China"?

"Almost" emphasizes that stone arch bridges are widely distributed, but it does not rule out the possibility that there are no stone arch bridges in some places. This means being more scientific and leaving room.

5. The main interpretation method used in the third paragraph is (a).

A. such as B. such as C. column number D. for comparison

6. The central content of the fourth paragraph is to introduce the long history, faithfulness and beauty of Zhao Zhouqiao.

2. Read the excerpts of Chinese stone arch bridges and answer question 7- 1 1. ( 1 1)

Zhao Zhouqiao is very majestic, with a total length of 50.82 meters, a width of 9.6 meters at both ends and a narrow width of 9 meters in the middle. (1) The design of the bridge completely conforms to scientific principles, and the construction technology is even more wonderful. (2) In the Tang Dynasty, it was said that it was "made strangely, and people don't know why". (3) The characteristics of this bridge are: (1) The whole bridge has only one large arch, which is 37.4 meters long, and it was the longest stone arch in the world at that time. (4) bridge opening is not an ordinary semi-congratulatory shape, but like a bow, so there is no steep slope on the road above the big arch, which is convenient for horses and chariots to get up and down. 5] (2) There are two small arches on both sides of the big arch. [6] This creative design not only saves stones and lightens the weight of the bridge, but also increases the water flow in the bridge hole and reduces the impact of long-term floods on the bridge due to river storms. Once, adding an arch to the arch at the same time will make the bridge more beautiful. (3) The big arch is composed of 28 arch rings, just like so many bows with the same beginning put together to make an arc bridge opening. Levies: Each arch ring can independently support its weight. If one arch ring is broken, the other arches will not be affected. ⑽ (4) The structure of the whole bridge is symmetrical, which is very harmonious with the surrounding scenery; Even the stone pillars and slabs on the bridge are beautifully carved. ⑾ Zhang Qian in the Tang Dynasty said that this bridge looks like "the moon rises at the beginning of the cloud, and Changhong drinks the stream" from a distance. ⑿ Zhao Zhouqiao's superb technical level and insignificant artistic value fully show the wisdom and strength of our working people. Li Chun, the main designer of this bridge, is an outstanding craftsman, and his name is engraved on the inscription at the bridge head. ⒁

7. Summarize the explanation center of this paragraph. (3 points)

The uniqueness of Zhao Zhouqiao is introduced.

8. This passage can be divided into three levels. Please mark it with "//"below. (2 points)

( 1)⑵ ⑶// ⑷ ⑸ ⑹ ⑺ ⑻ ⑼ ⑽ ⑾ ⑿ //⒀ ⒁

9. Point out the explanation method of underlined sentences. (2 points)

(1) The whole bridge has only one large arch, which is 37.4m long. (column number)

The bridge is not an ordinary semi-congratulatory shape, but like a bow. (symbolically)

10. The architectural technology cited by Zhang is ingenious. (2 points)

1 1. From this article, what features can Zhao Zhouqiao see of Chinese stone arch bridges? (2 points)

Lugou Bridge on Yongding River was built between 1 189 and 1 192. ② The bridge is 265m long and consists of 1 1 semicircle stone arches, and the length of each semicircle stone arch varies from16m to 21.6m.. ③ The bridge is about 8 meters wide, and the road surface is flat, almost parallel to the river surface. ④ There is a stone pier between every two stone arches, which connects 1 1 stone arches into a whole. Because the arches are connected together, this kind of bridge is called multi-arch stone bridge. When the Yongding River flooded, it was very severe. In the past, the embankments on both sides of the river were often washed away, but nothing happened to this bridge, which shows its firmness. ⑦ Slate is laid on the bridge deck, with stone pillars on both sides. Eight lions with different postures are carved on each stigma. Pet-name ruby these stone lions, some mother and son embrace, some whisper, some like to listen to the sound of running water, some like to watch pedestrians, lifelike.

As early as13rd century, Lugou Bridge was famous all over the world. At that time, an Italian named Kyle Poirot came to China. In his travel notes, he spoke highly of the bridge, saying that it is "unique in the world", and especially praised the lions carved on the bridge pillars, saying that they "* * * together constitute a beautiful spectacle". At home, this bridge has been praised by people. It is located on the main road leading to the capital and is beautifully built. Lugou Xiaoyue has always been one of the scenic spots in Beijing.

Lugou Bridge is also memorable in the history of our people War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression. 1July 7, 937, China's army fought against Japanese imperialist aggression here, which opened the curtain of War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression.

1. Taking Lugou Bridge as an example, the first paragraph shows that Chinese stone arch bridges have the characteristics of _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ and _ _ _ _ _ _.

2. In the second sentence, explain the _ _ _ _ _ of Lugou Bridge with the interpretation method of _ _ _ _ _ _;

The sixth sentence uses the interpretation method of _ _ _ _ _ to explain the _ _ _ of Lugou Bridge.

There is a descriptive statement in the first paragraph. Its serial number is _ _ _ _ _ _, and its function is _ _ _

.

4. In what order should the first paragraph be interpreted? -From the whole to the parts

The nine sentences in the first paragraph can be divided into four levels. How should I divide it? And summarize the significance.

( 1) (2)( 3) //(4) (5)// (6) //(7) (8) (9)

6. There are two words in the third sentence that highlight the accuracy of the interpretation language. Please find them out and analyze them briefly.

-About:

-Almost:

7. What are the structural features of Lugou Bridge? Try to explain it simply.

8. What is the main meaning of the second paragraph? What is the connection with the full text?

4. Why did the stone arch bridge in China have such brilliant achievements? First of all, it lies in the diligence and wisdom of our working people. Their stone making technology is very exquisite. They can cut the stone into a whole stone tablet and carve it into various images. There are many creations in architectural technology, and there are even more unexpected methods in hoisting. For example, the Jiangdong Bridge in Zhangzhou, Fujian, was built 800 years ago, and some Liang Shi weighed about 200 tons. How to install it is not fully known. Secondly, the design of stone arch bridge in China has a fine tradition, and the completed bridge has the advantages of saving materials, ingenious structure and high strength. Secondly, China is rich in all kinds of building stones, which are made from local materials, which also provides favorable conditions for building stone bridges.

1, summarizing the center of this text description.

2. Divide the levels of this paragraph according to several key words in this paragraph.

3. In what order should the first paragraph be interpreted?

Logical order from primary to secondary

4. How to explain underlined sentences?

For example, it shows that the working people in our country have unexpected ways to hang them, which shows that,

The wisdom of our working people.

In the past five or two thousand years, numerous stone arch bridges have been built in China. After liberation, various forms of highway bridges and railway bridges were built on a large scale all over the country. There are many stone arch bridges. 196 1 year, the world's longest single-arch stone bridge was built in Yunnan province, named as Changhong Bridge, with stone arch 1 12.5 meters. On the basis of traditional stone arch bridges, we have also built a large number of reinforced concrete arch bridges, among which the "double arch bridge" is a new creation of working people in China and the only one in the world. In recent years, China has built this kind of arch bridge with a total length of more than 200,000 meters, of which the largest hole is as long as 150 meters. The rapid development of China's bridge industry shows the incomparable superiority of our socialist system.

1. Summarize the center of this passage.

Explain the rapid development of axle beam after the liberation of China.

2. What kind of explanation is mainly used in this passage?

Examples and column numbers