Practice materials for oral communication in Unit 2, Volume 2, Grade 6 Chinese

People's education edition, there are many articles to write. Didn't the book say that we should sort out moral customs and write an exercise? There is no rule where folk customs are written. . I want to write about Mongolians, so I found some customs and habits of Mongolians, which can be referred to:

Mongolian customs and habits

Hospitality etiquette

prescribe a diet

Mongolian people live on grassland and take animal husbandry as the main mode of production. Mainly milk and meat, koumiss, braised pork, roast mutton and tea are their favorite drinks and foods in daily life. The Mongolians in western Liaoning engaged in agricultural production earlier, so they not only kept the traditional eating customs of the Mongolians, but also kept some unique foods in eastern Mongolia. Such as whole sheep soup, "hand-grabbed mutton", Mongolian pie, Lama cake and so on.

The so-called whole sheep soup is to mix fresh mutton with the heart, lungs and intestines of sheep. Cut into strips, cook them together in water, and then eat them with various seasonings. It tastes delicious and is very popular with people. Whole sheep soup is a special diet of Mongolians, and now it has become a kind of food for guests in Fuxin, western Liaoning, especially on the day of "beginning of autumn" in the lunar calendar, commonly known as "grabbing autumn fertilizer".

Handheld mutton is one of the traditional Mongolian foods. To make "hand-grabbed meat", you must choose fat and tender mutton, slaughter it on the spot, peel it into the pot, and add seasoning to cook it. It is a delicious food for Mongolian guests. Because you don't use chopsticks, you use your hands directly, so it's called grasping meat with your hands.

"Handmade Meat" and "Whole Sheep Soup" managed by chef Sun Yuguo in Fuxin were selected as the top ten flavor foods in Liaoning Province in 2002.

Mongolian cake is a kind of flavor pasta of Mongolian people in Liaoning, which has a history of more than 300 years. It was first made from buckwheat flour, a local specialty, with beef, mutton and pork as fillings and dried in water. In the late Ming and early Qing dynasties, fried with soybean oil and cream, with white flour as the skin, became a favorite for Mongolian people, and was famous for its thinness, leakage and permeability. Mongolian pie is as big as a gong, tender outside and tender inside, with shiny surface, agate-like meat in the crust and emerald-like dishes. It's really beautiful. Using chopsticks to break the crust of the cake, the hot air rises and the smell is tangy, which arouses people's strong appetite. There is a saying in Han nationality that "delicious food is not as good as jiaozi", and there is a saying in Mongolian nationality that "delicious food is not as good as pie". It can be seen that jiaozi is as good as pie.

Lama series food is unique in Mongolian cuisine in Liaoning, such as Lama meat, Lama porridge and Lama cake. Lama cake is a traditional cake of Mongolian people in Liaoning Province. It is made of refined flour, sugar and eggs as the main raw materials, and melon seeds, shredded green pork and osmanthus as the auxiliary raw materials, and baked in the oven. Its characteristics are white as snow, sweet, soft and elastic, and it is a nutritional product suitable for all ages.

Mongolians regard grand and enthusiastic reception of guests as a virtue. Their hospitality ceremony includes greeting, handing snuff bottles to each other (this kind of ceremony has gradually disappeared after liberation), drinking and so on. Whether visiting guests or passers-by, when guests arrive, they always say hello first. When the guests are seated, the hostess brings a bowl of fragrant milk tea, and puts on all kinds of milk food, fried rice, hand-grabbed mutton and so on. During which toasting is essential. Milk tea with hada, silver bowl filled. When toasting, raise your glass with your right hand, hold your elbow with your left hand, and respectfully hand it to the guest.

Mongolian yurt

Mongolian traditional living room is Mongolian yurt. The yurt has a circular spire, consisting of a circular wall (Hana) and an umbrella-shaped top frame, which is covered with wool felt and fixed with wool rope. The walls and umbrellas are nailed with wooden poles. There is a skylight (Gao Tao Nau) on the top of the bag, which is ventilated and transparent. The doors are small and wooden, mostly facing south or southeast. The yurt can be disassembled and transported, which is very suitable for nomadic life.

Dress

The traditional dress of Mongolians is a Mongolian robe, which is worn on the right, with edges, long and wide, with a high collar and long sleeves, a belt and leather boots. Xia robe is a single-lined robe made of cotton and silk, with red, yellow and dark blue. The winter robe is a sheepskin robe with wool face. The hem of men's and women's robes is not open Red and green ribbons. Men's belts are often decorated with knives, irons and snuff bottles. Women's hats and jewels are often inlaid with jewels and silver ornaments, which makes them look elegant. I like to wear soft and simple cowhide boots, reaching to the knee. Farmers wear cloth clothes, such as open robes and cotton-padded clothes. In winter, there are many felt boots and high boots are rare, and the custom of tying the waist has been retained. Most men wear blue and dark brown hats, and some people tie their heads with silk. Women usually wrap their heads in red and blue headscarves and wear conical hats like men in winter. Unmarried women split their hair from the middle of the front and tied two hair roots with two big round beads decorated with agate, coral and jasper.

Guzhanguan

The high hat popular among Mongolian women in Yuan Dynasty. About a foot long, cylindrical, wrapped in silk fabric. There are different colors and varieties, but also decorated with all kinds of jewelry and beautiful peacock hair. According to the "ancient customs" you wear, you can identify your identity and social status. Women wearing this crown can be seen in the movies Kelpolo and Genghis Khan.

Gutor

Clothing and handicrafts. There are leather boots and cloth boots (mohair boots). Marco Polo's Travels wrote: "You know, Khan Fen 13 times gave12,000 pieces of baron's robes, and a pair of camel leather boots named Burrell, embroidered with silver silk, which is quite ingenious." The burial boots are fragrant cow leather boots, decorated with the intestines of a flower disk. Women's cloth boots are often decorated with floral patterns such as apricot blossom, Shandan and peony, as well as bergamot, D pattern, octagonal colon pattern and cloud scroll pattern.

Wrestling clothes and boots

Wrestling clothes. Including vest, trousers, trousers and colored silk belt. The vest shows the chest. Pants are very wide. There are rich patterns on trousers, such as clouds, plants, longevity and five bats holding longevity. The pattern is rough and powerful, and the color contrast is strong. Underwear is relatively fat, using 10 meter fabric, which is beneficial to heat dissipation, avoids sweat sticking to the body surface, and also adapts to the characteristics of wrestling, so it is difficult for opponents to wrap their legs. Pants are made of tough cloth or flannel. Knee external use of various pieces of cloth stitching combination sewing patterns, generous and solemn, indicating good luck. All parts of the clothing are properly matched and integrated, which has brave national characteristics. Wrestling boots are worn by young people. They are fed to the garden to buy food, climb cliffs and make beds. br & gt

marriage customs

Mongolians practice monogamy, pay attention to ethics and strictly discuss seniority. Pay attention to the marriage engagement system, parents decide that the man will get married at the woman's house. At the wedding, we pay attention to singing and making speeches. The traditional Mongolian family is dominated by men, but the wife's opinion can generally be sought for important matters in the family. After the son got married and had children, he separated from his parents, and the younger son assumed the responsibility of supporting his parents.

Mongolian wedding

It fully shows the unique features of this ancient nation, which is hardworking, brave and good at singing and dancing. Because of its wide distribution, there are similarities and differences in marriage customs in different places. * * * The same point is that the groom wears a sickle, a Mongolian knife, a bow and an arrow, makes a eulogy, wishes and sings. In the eastern part of China, the bride takes a bus, sings at the gate, salutes and congratulates at the entrance of the bridal chamber, and even better, grabs the groom's hat when seeing off guests, so as to test the wit and courage of both sides and the speed of getting on the horse. Ordos wedding is the most lively and complete wedding in western pastoral areas. On the wedding day, relatives and friends of both sides gathered at home in costumes. The bride selection team consists of the groom, the bride selection family and the best man. The bridegroom carries a bow and arrow on his back, and the man's relatives and friends sing at the door to see off the team that picks up the bride. When the groom and his party came to the woman's house, they had to walk around the yurt before they could dismount. At this time, the bridesmaid stopped the groom's team with felt and began to sing. The bridesmaid has to ask the man many questions, and the man's family has to answer them. After some questioning, the woman was satisfied with the pro-team's answer, and the groom could give gifts. The maid of honor took off the white felt and invited the guests into the yurt, and the grand "black tea" (whole lamb mat) in the yurt began. The groom presented Hada to the bride's father in the song. The bride is now dressed up in another yurt to say goodbye to her friends. At the end of the banquet, the bride will go to her husband's house, and her family will sing "Song of Sending a Girl" to see her off. When the bride's team returned to the groom's house, they saw two fires burning in front of the door. The bride wants to pull the whip handed by the groom from the other end of the fire and walk through it. This ceremony symbolizes the constancy of love and implies purity, evil spirits and prosperity. After entering the yurt, the wedding began and the red veil on the bride's head was taken off. The bride worships her in-laws and relatives. The groom holds a copper pot and the bride holds a silver bowl to toast the guests. The person who is toasted must drink it in one breath and wish the new couple happiness. The wedding reached its climax, with a rich banquet, mellow wine and guests singing and dancing, including heartfelt wishes to the couple.

Funeral custom

Generally, there is no spiritual bed, no offerings, no mourning, no paper money, no funeral music. There are three traditional funeral methods: celestial burial, cremation and burial. At present, burial is widely carried out, and the dead are dressed in new clothes or wrapped in white cloth, and some clean people coated with ghee are put in coffins together with the things of the dead before they go in, and then lamas are invited to recite scriptures. Then go to the cemetery for burial.

taboo

Since ancient times, Mongolians have advocated fire, so they have formed some taboos related to fire, such as being a guest in a yurt, not sprinkling water or throwing things into the fire, spitting or stepping on fire extinguishing species. Mongols also avoid pointing at the stars in the sky, which is related to the primitive belief in worshipping heaven. When entering the yurt, the whip should stand by the door and not be brought into the bag. Never hit a cow or a horse on the head.

Clothing taboo

Hats are sacred headdresses of Mongols, so they are most taboo to throw them everywhere or touch and play with them with other things. It is considered unlucky that the hat on your head suddenly falls to the ground. For Mongolian men, girding the waist is a symbol of authority and masculinity. Therefore, Mongolian men are forbidden to wear robes without belts. Wearing a hat and a belt is one of the social etiquette.

Residential taboo

In the Yuan Dynasty, people were not allowed to step on the threshold when entering or leaving the palace. If someone violates the ban, he will be severely punished. Stepping on the threshold is regarded as stepping on the master's throat. Now Mongolians still avoid stepping on the threshold. Secondly, the number of seats in yurts has strict habits and regulations. Mongols are flat and fashionable, but in the felt bag, the middle is the top, the right is the second, and the left is the bottom. The host or distinguished guest sits among the elders, the man sits on the right and the woman sits on the left. Sitting around is a no-no. This custom has been passed down to this day.

Mongolian herders prefer double to single, so if you give gifts to your master, it is best to give each item in pairs. When you go to the herdsmen's house, please say hello to the owner first, and then ask about the weather and livestock. Even if there is something unpleasant at that time, say something auspicious. Don't sit at the kang table as soon as you come in. If the host is modest, of course, you don't have to be too polite. However, you must sit with your legs crossed, although this sitting position is very uncomfortable for you. Remember not to sit on the stove, even if it is cold, don't warm your feet on the stove or stove fire. When the host makes a toast, he should answer it with both hands. Don't pass things to your master with your left hand. At a banquet, whether you accept wine or toast, you should put down your rolled-up sleeves.

Take the same road when you leave the bag. When bidding farewell to the master, the master returns to the yurt before getting on the bus or getting on the horse. When the host serves tea, the guest should bend over and pick up the tea with both hands. When sleeping, don't stretch your feet to the northwest. If there is a patient in the bag, tie a rope to the right outside the door, and one end of the rope is buried underground, indicating that the host can't entertain guests. You can't point your pipe or finger at others. Mongols are forbidden to sit in the northwest corner of yurts. Mongolian women can't go home to visit before the full moon. The sign they made at the door was: Give birth to a boy, and branches (like bows and arrows) wrapped in hada or cotton cloth hung on the right side of the door. If it is a girl, the red cloth is hung on the left side of the door. Guests are strictly forbidden to beat and scold dogs. It is absolutely forbidden to use livestock tied with red cloth. Pay attention to visiting religious ceremonies: don't intervene rashly; Don't comment or make noise when visiting; Don't imitate; No smoking, no walking.

Date taboo

Mongolians attach great importance to the first, eighth and fifteenth days of the first lunar month. This is related to some Buddhist theories. Generally, there are no weddings these days, and patients will not travel far. People who have recovered from illness should be alert to the recurrence of old diseases.

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