What are the farming systems of agriculture in history?

First, the primitive society-abandoned land system

Agricultural tools are mainly stone tools, and wood and bamboo tools, bone horns and mussels are widely used. The application of cutting tools such as stone axe and Shi Mao is one of the characteristics of primitive agriculture, as well as bamboo poles for sowing and stone knives and sickles for harvesting. Hoes and shovels, a kind of digging tools, appeared relatively late, especially in Lei Lei, which are the most distinctive tools in China and are completely operated by hand.

Cultivated land may be mountainous at first, and then it will develop into relatively flat areas on both sides of the river. The abandoned farming system was implemented, initially uncultivated, and then cooked. The farming techniques in this period were characterized by slash-and-burn cultivation. Later, the original closed farming directly combined with sowing came into being, and the focus of production technology gradually shifted from cutting wood and burning trees to land treatment. There is a primitive calendar used to master the farming season. Livestock were released into the wild, and then simple fences were created. Cultivating wild animals and plants in training laboratories is the greatest achievement of agricultural production in this period. The main crops and livestock used by human beings today were successfully cultivated and domesticated in the primitive agricultural era.

Second, the slave society-leisure system

During this period, wood tools were still widely used, but bronze tools were the main tools, because the widely used wood products were processed and manufactured with bronze tools, and bronze farm tools were more and more widely used in agricultural production. Compared with the primitive agricultural period, the types of farm tools have not changed much, and plows may have appeared, but thunder and hoes were undoubtedly the main farm tools at that time, although many of these farm tools had been equipped with metal blades. In the later stage of this stage, iron farm tools and Niu Geng appeared.

The cultivated land in this period was mainly in the relatively low-lying areas such as the North China Plain and the banks of rivers. At that time, there were many swamps in North China. In order to develop agriculture in relatively low-lying areas, it was necessary to ditch and drain water first, and the resulting gully agriculture was the dominant form of Chinese agriculture in the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River. Gully agriculture originated at the end of primitive society. Dayu controls water, and the function of gullies is drainage rather than irrigation. Gully agriculture is dryland agriculture, not irrigated agriculture. Adapting to the gully agriculture, the abandoned land system was basically replaced by the leisure system. "Harmony, Xin and She" in The Book of Songs Erya and "Yi Tian" in Zhou Li all reflect the leisure system. In the south, paddy fields are widely used in low-lying areas, except in some areas where slash-and-burn cultivation is carried out in mountainous areas.

Gully agriculture is a kind of dryland agriculture in the form of ridges. At that time, agricultural labor adopted the coupling farming method of simple cooperation between two people. This form has achieved initial results in the selection, arrangement and regulation of cultivated land, the mastery of farming time, the breeding, sowing, management, weeding and pest control of varieties. Paddy fields in southern China are cultivated extensively by hydroponics, which is not completely equivalent to slash-and-burn cultivation. In some places, simple water storage projects are often combined. A more complete astronomical calendar in this period replaced the original calendar. I have also accumulated a lot of knowledge about distinguishing and using different seals. In animal husbandry, several technologies have appeared or developed, such as house feeding, castration, animal husbandry, pregnant animal protection and pasture management.

Third, feudal society-continuous cropping system, multiple cropping system and multiple cropping system

From the Warring States period, through Qin, Han, Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, the farming system changed from leisure system to continuous cropping system.

The popularization of iron plough and Niu Geng is the main feature of agricultural production tools and power in this period. Great changes have taken place in the materials and shapes of farm tools. Iron farm tools have a wide range of uses, not only shovels, shovels, but also iron plows, harrows, hoes, rickshaws and other tools. Agricultural power develops from manpower to animal power, as well as water power and wind power. This change in agricultural tools and power has changed the whole agricultural production and social economy.

In the north, gully agriculture has declined due to some changes in natural landscape, the destruction of well field system and the popularization of cattle plough. In the south, rice fields have been further developed. These conditions have prompted the emergence of the climax of water conservancy construction, and a number of large-scale water conservancy irrigation projects have been built one after another. However, in the north, dryland agriculture still occupies a dominant position. The farming system changed from leisure system to continuous cropping system. After the Warring States period, although the leisure system did not disappear in some areas and certain periods, continuous cropping was always the main farming system in agricultural production. In order to meet the needs of continuous cropping system, farmers in China have created a variety of rotation and stubble cleaning methods. At this time, multiple cropping system appeared in some areas.

During the Sui, Tang, Song, Liao, Xia, Jin and Yuan dynasties, crop rotation and multiple cropping were developed in this period, and the most prominent thing is that the double cropping system of rice and wheat in southern China has become quite common.

During this period, agricultural tools continued to develop significantly. For example, it includes eleven parts with complete structure, portable bending plough, iron pole for deep tillage, manure tillage, sickle pushing, water-to-water continuous grinding and other efficient agricultural tools. , suitable for paddy field operation in southern China. Agricultural tools in dry land and paddy field have been fully equipped, which has reached a near-perfect level within the scope of traditional agriculture.

During this period, the agricultural technology in the northern dryland continued to develop, but it was relatively slow. The most remarkable achievement of agricultural technology is the formation of intensive cultivation technology system in southern rice fields. A whole set of measures such as ploughing, harrowing and ploughing have been formed in soil farming. Rice seedling raising, transplanting, baking and ploughing have been further developed. In order to meet the needs of double cropping a year, more attention should be paid to fertilization to supplement soil fertility, increase fertilizer types, and attach importance to retting and application techniques.

Ming and Qing Dynasties before the Opium War. The rapid development of multiple cropping became a remarkable symbol of agricultural production in this period.

In Jiangnan, double-cropping rice began to spread. In southern China and parts of Taiwan Province Province, a cropping system of three crops a year has emerged. In the north, a two-year planting system was developed. In some places, there has even been a method of intercropping grain and vegetables three times a year to maximize the use of land.

Intensive agricultural technology has been developed again. Further emphasis is placed on deep ploughing, and the tillage method is more detailed. In order to make up for the shortage of farming tools, methods such as interplanting and rotation tillage have appeared. The variety, brewing and application of fertilizers have made great progress, which is close to the limit that traditional agriculture can reach.

Cultivated land system

First, primitive society: land clan commune ownership. Land belongs to clan commune, and clan members work together and enjoy the fruits of their labor.

Second, the slave society: the state-owned land of the slave owners and nobles-the Jingtian system, is essentially the private ownership of the king, that is, the so-called "land of the world, is it the land of the king?" It existed in the Shang Dynasty, but it was further popularized in the Western Zhou Dynasty. Land ownership belongs to the king, and princes can only enjoy it from generation to generation. Slave owners drove slaves to collective farming and deprived them of the fruits of their labor. In the late Spring and Autumn Period, with the emergence and development of private ownership of land, the well-field system gradually disintegrated.

3. Feudal society: land ownership by landlords, land ownership by feudal countries and land ownership by yeomen.

(1) Landlord land ownership (the most important land system in China feudal society, occupying a dominant position)

1. Establishment: During the Warring States Period, Shang Yang's reform marked the establishment of private ownership of feudal landlords' land (Shang Yang's reform stipulated that the farmland system should be abolished, private ownership of land should be established in legal form, and land should be freely bought and sold).

2. Impact: It played a positive role in the development of feudal economy and social and economic prosperity in China, but its closed and self-sufficient characteristics seriously hindered the development of commodity economy, especially the development of capitalism in the Ming and Qing Dynasties, which caused the long-term poverty and backwardness of China society.

3. Scrap: 1950, New China promulgated the Land Reform Law of the People's Republic of China, completely abolishing feudal land ownership.

(2) Land ownership in feudal countries

1. Farming system: the farming system was implemented in the Western Han Dynasty, the Eastern Han Dynasty, Cao Wei, Shu, Jin, Yuan, Ming and early Qing Dynasties. The implementation of the farming system has resettled a large number of landless farmers, promoted the recovery and development of agricultural production, and is conducive to stabilizing social order and socio-economic development.

2. Wang Tian system: (implemented when Wang Mang was in power): Similar in form to Jing Tian system, but still feudal in essence. The purpose of Wang Mang's implementation is to reform the system, limit mergers and ease class contradictions, but the result is counterproductive.

3. Land equalization system: It began in the Northern Wei Dynasty (Emperor Xiaowen's reform), prevailed in Sui and Tang Dynasties, and was absorbed by Japan, with far-reaching influence. Later, with the serious land annexation, during the reign of Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty, the land equalization system collapsed (which was also one of the reasons for the implementation of the two tax laws).

4. Renaming Tian: 1669, Emperor Kangxi announced that the original land of the Ming Dynasty belonged to the current cultivators, which was called "Renaming Tian".

(3) The owner's land ownership (individual farmers' land ownership): characterized by men plowing and women weaving and self-sufficiency. This form of land ownership is not dominant. During the Spring and Autumn Period, some slaves, civilians and declining nobles cultivated this part of the land themselves and became small landlords and self-employed. This small-scale peasant economy, like the landlord's land ownership, is an important foundation for the establishment and long-term existence of authoritarian centralization.