Why is psychology divided in science and engineering?

Psychology is the science of the study of mental activity and behavioral manifestations in humans and animals. The word psychology is derived from the Greek word meaning the science of the soul.

Soul also means gas or breath in Greek, because in ancient times it was believed that life depended on breathing, and when breathing stopped, life was over. With the development of science, the object of psychology changed from the soul to the mind. It was not until the early 19th century that the German philosopher and educator, Herbart, first proposed psychology as a science.

The origin of psychology

Psychology is the product of biological nervous activity, and the study of the origin of psychology is mainly carried out from the two aspects of comparative psychology (the study of the level of neural function and psychological development of each biological species) and developmental psychology (the law of human individual psychological development). The emergence of the animal nervous system is the material basis and necessary conditions for the origin of psychology.

Psychology is the science of human behavior and mental activity. Psychology in the pre-scientific stage belongs to the philosophical category, the scientific psychology of the cobwebs is in 1879 Feng Te in Leipzig University established the Institute of Psychology as a symbol, the use of empirical research methods is the discipline to become a turning point in the science. In the following 100 years, psychology has been highly developed and the system of the discipline has been further improved.

Whether psychology is a social science or a natural science is a matter of perspective and stance, since it has characteristics of both.

The origin of psychology, especially the emergence of higher mental processes such as thought, language, emotion, will, and higher mental characteristics, is a product of the neurological basis and the socialization process of human beings, so we can not study this proposition from a purely biological point of view.

The Historical Roots of Psychology

A Historical Roots of Psychology: The Product of the Long-term Development of the Reflective Characteristics of Matter

Matter in nature has the characteristic of reflecting, and will reflect when it is subjected to external effects. And material reflective properties with the evolution of nature and evolution, the more in the advanced stage of the material, its reflective properties of the more developed and more complex. The reflective properties of substances at higher stages are derived from the reflective properties of substances at lower stages through a long history of evolution. In the world grasped by human beings at present, the reflective properties of matter go through the following stages: the reflection of non-living things (physical, chemical and mechanical), the stimulus sensibility of the lower organisms (including plants), the sensation, perception and representation of the higher animals, and the imagination (including memory) and thinking of human beings. ( ? ) It is thus clear that: psychological phenomena are phenomena derived from the long-term evolution of the material world, are the higher forms of material reflection of external stimuli, and are manifestations of the highly organized nature of matter. Mental emergence is rooted in the high degree of development of the reflective properties of matter. Mental phenomena are material reflection phenomena that arise in response to specialized stimuli.

Reflective properties manifest their existence only when they are stimulated, and in the absence of stimulation, reflective properties lie dormant and do not manifest themselves. The psyche has the same ****ty. It is only when stimulated that psychological phenomena are manifested, demonstrating the existence of the psyche. Without the stimulus, the psyche disappears. The psyche arises, exists and develops on the basis of stimuli. The psyche is a highly organized substance that responds to stimuli

Signs of the emergence of the psyche

The signs of the emergence of the psyche: sensation

At the logical level, mental phenomena include sensation, perception, representation, memory, thought, imagination, emotion and will, etc. Which one of these mental phenomena signals the emergence of the psyche? What is the sign of the emergence of the psyche? What kind of mental phenomenon is it that announces the birth of the psyche?

The phenomenon must have its essence, psychological phenomena are produced, there will be psychological production. Among all the psychological phenomena which is the first and the most basic psychological phenomena, and can be reasonably launched the development of other psychological phenomena? Obviously it is feeling. The fact that only the senses are the first to arise and can develop other psychological phenomena should be a sign of the birth of the psyche. This can be reasoned from three aspects: (1) feeling is the basis of all other psychological phenomena, there is no feeling without all other psychological phenomena. Feeling was born, other psychological phenomena will be developed on the basis of feeling, feeling is the source and "germ" of all other psychological phenomena, other psychological phenomena are developed, expanded and matured on the basis of feeling. Feeling is the "foundation" of other psychological phenomena, other psychological phenomena are built on the basis of feeling. (2) Individual psychology shows that a newborn baby has only unconditioned reflexes and simple sensations, while perception and representation are not yet developed, but we cannot deny that babies have no psychology. In this way, we subconsciously recognize that babies, who have only sensations, also have a psyche! The psyche is born with the birth of sensation, and as soon as there is sensation there is also a psyche. The mere existence of sensation marks the birth of the psyche, and all other psychological phenomena are developed from sensation as the "germ", which is the different stages of germ growth. With the development of the baby, its psychological development, psychological phenomena more and more complex. (3) The evolutionary history of animals also shows that sensation is the symbol and "germ" of mental development. When did sensation arise? That is to say, in what kind of animals did sensation begin to appear in the history of animal evolution? In the history of animal evolution. The first animals to develop psychological phenomena were coelenterates. With the reticular nervous system of the cavernosaurs with simple sensory response to external stimuli, the cavernosaurs have the simplest and lowest level of psychological phenomena, that is, there is a psychological, psychological in the cavernosaurs was born, and later with the evolution and development of animals, the psychological is also in the gradual development of the enrichment of the gradual emergence of perception, perception, imagination, and thinking, and so on. The evolutionary history of the psyche is the attachment of the evolutionary history of animals, and evolved with the evolution of animals. Psychology is also developed with the evolution of living creatures from the animals which only have sensation. On the basis of sensation, psychology is enriched with the evolution of living creatures, and perception, representation, imagination and so on appeared, until the emergence of consciousness and thinking and other high-level psychological phenomena.

The objective tool of psychological generation

Three, the objective tool of psychological generation: the nervous system

Psychology is not unique to the human brain. For example: the head of the worm can be regenerated; frogs and toads remove the brain hemisphere still have conditioned reflexes; remove the brain of the pigeon still have instinctive unconditioned reflexes, can still walk and fly. In the absence of a brain, these animals still exhibit mental phenomena. Thus, the brain is not necessary for mental existence.

The history of animal evolution suggests that the psyche arose when animals evolved into coelenterates, at which point they produced the most primitive nervous system ---- the reticular nervous system. In the biological evolutionary chain, there is no psychological phenomenon before the emergence of the nervous system, the psychological is produced at the same time with the nervous system. And then as the nervous system became progressively more complex, psychological phenomena were also enriched step by step. Behavior, which is a part of the appearance of the psyche, has become more and more complex. No matter what stage an animal is in, if all of its nervous system is removed or destroyed, the psyche will disappear. And if a part of the nervous system is damaged, the psyche is bound to show a number of abnormalities.

The psyche is induced by stimulation, as a result of the propagation of stimulus-induced electrical impulses through the nervous system, by the propagation of biological currents through the nervous system, and by the conduction of stimulus-induced currents through the nervous system at the cell membrane. It is the nervous system that is produced by the action of the stimulus. Thus, the nervous system is the instrument of mental production.

Mechanism of mental generation

Four, the mechanism of mental generation: membrane potential changes in nerve cells

From the starting point of a single mental generation, first of all, the stimulus is acting on the nerve cells and cause the mental, this single stimulus is how to cause the mental? Nerve cell cell membrane polarization phenomenon, the inner side of the cell membrane to gather negative charge, the outer side of the cell membrane to gather positive charge, the membrane on both sides of the equivalent of each of the existence of a polar plate, the membrane is equivalent to the inner side of the equivalent of the negative plate, the membrane is equivalent to the outer side of the equivalent of the positive plate, so that the cell membrane is equivalent to the existence of an electric field, the cell membrane is not subject to any stimulus, the membrane on both sides of the relative immobility and the existence of a static potential, once the membrane is subjected to a certain level of intensity stimulation, the static potential will turn into an electric field. Once the membrane is stimulated by a certain intensity, the resting potential will become an action potential, the membrane on both sides of the charged particles and recombination, the formation of the membrane to gather a positive charge and the membrane outside the collection of negative charge electric field, when the stimulus disappeared, the cell membrane was adjusted, and restored to the state of the unstimulated land, this time, the membrane within the collection of negative charge outside the membrane to gather a positive charge, so that in the membrane on both sides of the field will be two directional changes, that is, the electric field has undergone a significant change, the change in the The electric field produces a magnetic field, at this time the formation of an electromagnetic field, which is equivalent to electromagnetic shock. The result of this change is that the cell membrane at the stimulus is restored to its original state, so all the energy exerted by the stimulus on the cell is transferred out. How is this energy transferred? This stimulus in the cell membrane caused a change in the potential of the cell membrane, resulting in an excitation point, causing the neighboring unstimulated cell membrane potential also changes, the formation of new excitation points, the specific process is: the electric field of the excitation point and the neighboring unexcited point of the electric field between the potential difference between the charged particles will move, so that the neighboring unexcited part of the excitation, the electric field occurs in the direction of the direction of the change in the potential of the place from the original resting The electric field changes direction, the potential of the place from the original resting potential into action potential, producing an electric field that gathers positive charges inside the membrane and negative charges outside the membrane, which is opposite to the direction of the electric field when it is unexcited, and the energy of the original excited part is transferred to the unexcited part, so that the unexcited part is excited to carry out an electromagnetic oscillation, which generates an electromagnetic field. Similarly, this new excited part of the next unexcited part of the electromagnetic field propagation in turn, the mechanism lies in the flow of charged particles on both sides of the membrane, however, if we compare the excited points that have been excited far away from each other, we will find that there is no exchange of particles between the two points, the same is only that the two points are experiencing a continuous change in the electric field, and electromagnetic fields, which is caused by what? The root cause of this is actually the propagation of the stimulus-induced electromagnetic field across the membrane. The cell membrane of the nerve cells to stimulate the "code" into a certain frequency and intensity of the electromagnetic field, along the nerve fiber propagation, thus giving rise to the human senses, resulting in psychological, electromagnetic field in the nervous system is the activity of psychological activity, electromagnetic field conduction in the nervous system and processing of the phenomenon caused by the phenomena is the psychological phenomena (electromagnetic field through the nerve traction) (electromagnetic field through the nerve traction muscle cells and thus manifested as changes in the body, so we can speculate on the psychological changes by examining the changes in the body). The psyche is this electromagnetic field, and the orderly expansion and movement of the electromagnetic field within the nervous system is mental activity.

Electromagnetic field is human can not use the senses to directly perceive the invisible, can not touch, can not smell, which is caused by the limitations of the human senses, and the psychological only in the stimulus can be produced, so people feel mysterious and fathomable, the psychological is difficult to understand the grasp of the human is not surprising, but the human psyche as a human response to the stimulus of the product of the human life occupies an extremely important position, play a very wide range of roles, and the mental activities are the most important. However, as a product of human response to stimuli, the human psyche occupies an extremely important position in human life, and plays a very wide range of roles, due to human ignorance of his huge role and his inability to control, but human beings must make a seemingly reasonable explanation of the psychological phenomenon, so they mystify him, and produce all kinds of hypotheses.

Plants and lower animals do not have a nervous system, the electromagnetic field generated on the cell membrane can not be realized in the cell membrane to achieve long-distance propagation, not to mention the realization of directional propagation, the membrane in the stimulation of the electromagnetic field produced by a small range of proximity to the diffusion of the electromagnetic field can not be realized in the electromagnetic field of the specification of the orderly propagation, so this electromagnetic field is not psychological. Only under the directional conduction and constraint of the nervous system, the electromagnetic field generated in the membrane is mental. Leaving the nervous system, the psyche will not arise and exist.

In short, the essence of the psyche is the electromagnetic field formed by the nervous system under the effect of stimulation and orderly change.

The unity of mental phenomena and mental processes

V. The unity of mental phenomena and mental processes (the establishment of sensory psychology)

Sensation is the "channel" through which a certain characteristic of a stimulus enters the nervous system, and it "codes" the stimulus into different frequencies and intensities. It "encodes" the stimulus into electromagnetic fields of different frequencies and intensities that "travel" through the nervous system, causing corresponding physical changes (including behavior and speech). Human senses are very limited, in terms of variety, there are only five senses, human beings lack of pigeons have a sense of magnetism. In terms of sensory amplitude, can only feel a certain intensity range of stimuli, too high or too low stimuli can not be directly caused by our senses, human beings are not as sensitive as the dog's sense of smell (there must be a world that we can not feel).

Perception is the synthesis and reflection of several material properties "collected" through sensation, representation is the summary of the overall understanding of the material from the past to the present, and imagination is the prediction of the possible forms of the material on the basis of the past representations. In four-dimensional space and time, a visualization of matter is formed at the stage of imagination. This is figurative thinking in thinking, and abstract thinking is thinking about the abstract features of things. Thinking is the "processing" of the characteristics of things. It can be seen that the feeling is the "foundation" of other psychological phenomena, other psychological phenomena are built on the basis of feeling.

Memory is the process of "recording" the characteristics of things into the brain; some of the contents of the recording have established a link with other original contents, and have taken root in the performance of the "long term memory", and the memory that does not take root is divided into short term memory according to the length of time that it can be recalled. The short-term memory and temporary memory are categorized according to the length of time they can be recalled.

The conscious and subconscious mind are the "repositories" of the characteristics of things that have been memorized. The content that can be recalled is the content that exists temporarily in the conscious mind, and the content that cannot be recalled is the content that is stored in the subconscious mind. The relationship between the two is as follows: (1) There is no clear boundary between the conscious mind and the subconscious mind, but there is a transitional period and a transitional space. (2) In the natural state, the conscious mind always transitions to the subconscious mind. (3) With external intervention, people can also transform the subconscious into the conscious, for example, through psychological interviews to know their own bereavement of father or mother. (4) The subconscious mind, though difficult to arouse, still functions and unconsciously changes one's behavior. (5) The inventory of the subconscious mind is much larger than that of the conscious mind. The role of the subconscious mind is far greater than that of the conscious mind, and the conscious mind is only the "tip of the iceberg" of the subconscious mind and the conscious mind.

Language and behavior are a kind of human "body", only highly organized. The mind regulates the external muscles of the person through the nervous system to form the "body". (1) Explanation of language: language is highly organized through the vocal cords and the mouth and tongue and other related muscles, sending out regular sound waves, different sound waves are given different meanings, constituting oral language; written language is the different meanings of the sound waves recorded in symbols, the symbols are written language. (2) Behavioral interpretation: behavior is a variety of actions produced under the psychological domination, these actions have a certain meaning and play a certain role. In addition to language and action, there is a very rich content, the most obvious is the human "window of the soul" ---- eyes. People mainly through the physical changes to speculate and explore the psychological changes and role of people, he is the appearance of psychological movement.

Ability is a reflection of the psychological function in the behavioral results, the results of the behavior to achieve the desired purpose shows that the ability is high, the psychological function is strong, and vice versa, it shows that the ability is low and psychological weakness.

Intelligence is the reflection of mental functioning on the results of thinking, and the production of high thinking results indicates high intelligence. Conversely, it indicates low.

Temperament is the reflection of psychological state on the human body. A good mental state results in a good temperament, and different mental states are characterized by different temperaments.

Need is the psychological reflection of the continuous development and perfection of the creature itself. Animals always tend to save and perfect themselves, once the reality can not immediately provide the conditions for saving and perfecting themselves, the psychology will produce to meet the requirements of this condition, the demand is thus generated. The creation of needs is the biological self-survival and development needs.

Motivation is the goal to be achieved by psychological guidance behavior. Needs are the prerequisite for the creation of motivation.

Emotions are psychological phenomena arising from the collision of new cognition with existing knowledge, when new cognition clashes or even contradicts existing knowledge, the psyche causes negative emotions (through the endocrine system?). , with the intensity of the size, the intensity of the emotions also increase or decrease accordingly, and vice versa, cause positive emotions.

Emotion is the cognized condensation of emotion on something. As soon as the thing is felt it is actively perceived as good or bad, flying over the conflict process to produce a fixed emotion. It is also possible to change these emotions or feelings by regulating cognition at another higher level.

Learning is an active, systematic and specialized memory process.

Personality is a stable disposition of the psyche. It is manifested visually in the treatment of people.

Personality is the stable tendency of psychological traits to manifest themselves in social relationships. In contrast to personality, which focuses on a person's body of knowledge and the values determined by it, character focuses on the characteristics of the psyche itself.

Psychological processes and phenomena are all based on sensation, and sensation is the logical starting point of psychological processes and phenomena, which are all developed from sensation. If the feeling is compared to the "baby", psychological processes and psychological phenomena are various types of "adult", feeling is the psychological "germ". Therefore, all psychological processes and phenomena can be reasonably explained from the senses, and the basis of the unity of psychology lies in the senses. The essence of the psychology of feeling is the psychology of great unity.

The reasons for the complexity of psychological phenomena

Sixth, the reasons for the complexity of psychological phenomena

(a), the psychology of the inability to directly perceive. Psychology as a kind of electromagnetic field, the limited five human senses can not be directly perceived. Can only realize its maximum ****ness ---- objective reality, while other specific properties can not be directly grasped.

(ii), the psychological function of the powerful and omnipresent nature. Where there are people, there must be psychological role, there must be psychological to play its unnamable function. Psychological domination of human behavior, complex behavior can be reasonably explained from the psychological point of view. All human activities are behaviors, and the psychology determines all, so we can see that the psychological function is how powerful! And psychology itself has a high degree of complexity. However, due to the limitations of social conditions, people are unable to directly grasp the psychological substance, the reality requires a seemingly reasonable explanation of human behavior. So people "deify" it, and name "psychology" as "soul" or "mind", and treat it as the "masterpiece" of God. The name "psyche" was given to "soul" or "mind", as the "work" or "will" of God, and the Greek word for psyche was "soul". This deification of the psyche has led people astray, and the psyche is even more foggy in their thinking.

(3), the nervous system's powerful self-organization. In the psychological dependence on the nervous system to play its function, the nervous system itself can be constantly constructed and perfected, so that the psychological function of the better play and more powerful, and make the psychological phenomenon more complex. This actually epitomizes the relationship between function and structure. Frequently used hands make the structure of the hand more capable of engaging in regular activities. People who are engaged in heavy physical labor for many years have broader and more calloused hands; people who run a lot tend to have well-developed thighs. These are all examples of function promoting structural development, and the developed structure in turn enables better function.

This relationship between structure and function in the nervous system is even more prominent and obvious. The constructs of the nervous system depend heavily on the degree and kind of nervous system play. The more and the more kinds of roles the nervous system plays, the better it is structured and the more conducive it is to function (the more the brain is used, the more it works). The more advanced an animal is, the more developed its nervous system is, and the more powerful the contribution of function to structure. In the case of humans, a newborn baby's brain weighs half as much as an adult's, and how well the other half develops depends largely on the social environment to which it is exposed after birth. An environment that is conducive to the functioning of the nervous system can greatly improve the structure of the brain and increase its weight, and the brain of India's "wolf child" weighs considerably less than that of a normal human being, not to mention its structure.

Brain science also shows that: often engaged in some kind of activity, the regulation of the activity of the brain parts tend to be more developed; and seldom engaged in some kind of activity, the regulation of the activity of the brain parts tend to atrophy, and even disappeared in the growth of people!

The psychology of memory suggests that long term memory is a change in the direction, size and even connections of neural protrusions and axons. Temporary and short-term memory is just changing the nerve cells in an inconspicuous way.

Psychology is supposed to work through the nervous system, but at the same time, the nervous system "changes" to be more conducive to the play of psychological effects. This interaction, mutual refinement and promotion makes the psychological phenomenon more complex, as confusing and difficult to distinguish as whether the chicken lays the egg or the egg lays the chicken.

Stimulation is also a kind of action, a kind of force, and all the actions of nature can be reduced to the action of four kinds of force. Different intensities and kinds of stimuli contribute to the development of the nervous system and also to the powerful functioning of the psyche. Thus children exposed to more stimuli are more intelligent.

(iv) The complex interaction of the five senses. What is it about the five senses that creates such complex psychological phenomena. This is because the nature of seemingly complex things was originally pure and simple, only in the process of development complex. This law exists in the development of many things, the ability to carry out complex calculations and change the graphics of the computer, is built on the basis of simple binary; "the first of ten thousand scriptures" of the I Ching, its generation is only the interaction of the yin lines and yang lines; natural world of millions of living organisms of the genetic material are the five kinds of base pairs of the different sequences connected with the Pairing. Sight, pain, touch, taste and hearing can make the psychological complexity, dazzling.

The Unity of Psychological Schools

VII. The Unity of Psychological Schools

The schools of psychology are: behaviorist psychology, psychoanalytic psychology, existential psychology, humanistic psychology, Gestalt psychology, cognitive psychology, functionalist psychology, and structuralist psychology. These schools focus on the exploration of the nature of the psyche as its basic theoretical part. The following is an analysis of each of these schools of thought, the actual schools of thought are focused on a certain part of the psychological phenomenon, process or function, and neglect the other parts of the cause, is one-sided, partial or linkage research, did not carry out a holistic, comprehensive or the essence of the study.

Behaviorist psychology focuses on the study of a manifestation (behavior) of psychological externalization. The psyche works through the nervous system to innervate muscle contraction and diastole to produce action, and thus behavior. This way of functioning of the psyche is the main and obvious channel through which the psyche functions. There are many other channels through which the psyche works, such as conversation, written language, and looking. In fact, the whole phenomenon in which the psyche manifests itself through the nervous system is the body, and behavior is a branch of the body that develops from the body, and which is developed in preference to the other branches and is so prominent as to overshadow the whole body. The other branches of the body are like the stars, while behavior is like the sun, and behavior obscures the light of the other branches, and people tend to study from the obvious and prominent part, so behavior is highlighted in psychological research. Even the study of behavior to replace the study of psychology, the positioning of psychology as the study of behavioral science, which is the direction of the study of divergence and expansion. Behaviorist psychology is only the study of an external phenomenon of the psyche, the psychological expression of the whole is the body, the body has other forms ---- speech, written language and eyes, etc., in recent years the rise of the psychology of language is a clear evidence.

Psychoanalytic psychology research focuses on the direction of the subconscious function of the inquiry, precisely on the repression of the subconscious damage to the consciousness of the research. Other aspects of the psyche are rarely addressed. In fact, the boundary between the subconscious mind and the conscious mind is not as clear as Freud claimed. For example, if you ride a bicycle while looking at the scenery, the behavioral control of riding a bicycle can go in and out of the subconscious mind at any time depending on the situation. Essentially the conscious mind is also the subconscious mind, and the content of the conscious mind is pressed into the subconscious mind and becomes the content of the subconscious mind once it goes unnoticed. The vast majority of human behavior is controlled by the subconscious mind, and the behavior controlled by the conscious mind only accounts for a small percentage. This is conducive to a person engaging in multiple sports at the same time, and more profoundly, it is conducive to human beings adapting to nature, and human beings' basic physiological activities, such as heartbeat, respiration and blinking, are controlled by the subconscious mind, which helps to alleviate the pressure on the conscious mind. If a person had to be aware of and control these activities at the same time, the person would be exhausted by them, let alone survive and thrive. As soon as these movements, which are repressed in the subconscious mind, become abnormal, they return to the conscious level and are re-regulated by the conscious mind in a proactive and positive manner.

Humanistic psychology starts from the fact that all people have the need to exist and develop, and believes that all people want to develop and perfect themselves, and all have the psychology to develop in a good direction. It is a reflection of normal and reasonable human needs. This psychology sees human beings as a whole and focuses on the process of realizing human developmental needs, i.e., it aims to explore the psychological course of human nature's self-actualization. The main viewpoint of this psychology is that all people have the potential to pursue the meaning of life and create a better life, which is actually a reflection of human developmental needs. In a word, humanistic psychology is a psychology that focuses on human needs for survival and development, which is only a very small aspect of psychology.

Existential psychology is the exploration of the relationship between the independent individual psyche and the world from the perspective of the human being as a whole, favoring the independence of the individual psyche and exploring the overall experience of the existence of the independent individual. The essence of this psychology is to favor the study of the individual psychology in the world environment of the whole of the law of change.

Complete psychology adopts a holistic view to explain perception, and considers perception to be a supersensory holistic experience based on sensation. Its core concept is that "the whole is not equal to the sum of its parts". This is actually the process and result of self-organization of the structure and function of the human body. The person who eats and grows is not equal to the superposition of the original person and the meal; the person who acquires knowledge is not the sum of the person and the knowledge, but the knowledge is reorganized by the existing knowledge, and then incorporated into the existing knowledge system; the structure of the nervous system is also altered, either implicitly or explicitly, under the effect of stimulation. Perception is the formation of several senses through similar organization, is the overall reflection of several senses, although not equal to the sum of the senses, but the senses are the necessary material and "raw materials" for perception. The result of this self-organization is the expression of wholeness, i.e., completeness. In a word: Completion psychology focuses on the self-organization of the psyche, the study of the phenomena and results of the self-organization of the psyche.

Cognitive psychology focuses mainly on the study of human cognitive processes, that is, the study of how people acquire knowledge, is the study of the process of knowledge acquisition, the study of emotions, abilities and personality and other psychological phenomena less, not to mention the phenomena of will, motivation and needs.

Structuralist psychology focuses on experimental methods to study the structure of consciousness, which is the result of the influence of material structure theory. Due to the extremely high fluidity, complexity and high degree of self-organization of the psyche, it is simply impossible at the current level of science to pinpoint the structure of consciousness by mere experimentation. However, this psychology has given full play to the role of "bricks", triggering a broader and more profound study of psychology and leading to many "jade blocks" in psychology.

Functionalist psychology emerged as an antithesis of structuralist psychology, focusing on the psychological functions of individuals as they adapt to their environments. With the decline of structuralism, the school also disappeared on its own

(Contact: Dong Xiaowei, Box 613, Heze City, Shandong Province, 274000)

Psychology: is the study of the occurrence of human psychological phenomena, the development and the process of change, and based on this then the laws of human psychological activity is a science.

A short summary:

1, the emergence of the nervous system is the material basis and necessary conditions for the origin of the psyche. (Not the brain)

2. The psyche is a highly organized substance of matter responding to stimuli. (Another necessary condition of the psyche)

3. The sign of the production of the psyche is sensation. (An outward sign of psychic quality)

4. The essence of the psyche is an orderly changing electromagnetic field formed by the nervous system in response to a stimulus. (Biophysical analysis of the psyche)

5. The complexity of psychological phenomena stems from the complexity of the nervous system.

6, The complexity of psychological phenomena is unified in the senses (and their systematization and organization.)

7, the starting point of the study of various philosophical schools can not be separated from the nervous system and sensation.

Psychological effects of color

The relationship between color and personality analyzed by color-testing psychologist M. Lusher

Colors:

1. Red 2. Blue 3. Yellow 4. Green 5. Teal 6. Purple 7. Gray 8. Black

Personality tendencies:

1. Red Represents a person's Red is the color that represents man's desire for conquest and manliness. People who like the color red are ambitious and will actively fight for what they want, and are action-oriented people. They are also very enthusiastic about their work, but when they get too excited, they may be aggressive towards those around them.

2. Blue The symbol of the sea, is the representative of calm and femininity of the color. People like blue character are very calm and steady, and honest, and attaches great importance to the relationship of trust between people, can take care of the people around them, and courteous interaction with others.

3. Yellow represents lively, bright and warm colors. People who like the color yellow are cheerful and outgoing, and they have ambitious ideals. They want to show their character, but sometimes they do things a little reluctantly.

4. Green The color of self-confidence, stability and superiority. People who like the color green are more stable and have a strong sense of patience. They are careful to harmonize with their surroundings, but when it is necessary to follow through with their ideas, they are able to express them calmly.

5. Teal is the color that represents family, home, a warm environment and a sense of security. People who like the color teal are gentle and generous, and are the type that has coordination. They are very good at handling relationships between people, and generally speaking you can go and talk to this type of person when you are troubled.

6. Purple This color represents sensual, mysterious and erotic things. People who like purple are very romantic, are rich in sensibility type, delicate character, rich in personality. In some aspects will show the characteristics of self-absorption.

7. Gray is a color that represents silence, elegance and loneliness. Most people who like gray are self-centered and not interested in others. Sometimes they appear to be indecisive and dependent on others.

8. Black is the color that represents the idea of break, submission, rejection, and abandonment. People who like black are independent and have a strong desire to change the status quo. They are very hard to get ahead, but sometimes there is no regularity.