What were the inventions of ancient China

Creative inventions in ancient China is mainly a general term for all inventions in ancient China. Represented are: papermaking, printing, gunpowder and compass.

Construction Industry

Yu Hao Architecture Early Northern Song Dynasty The Wood Scriptures Yu Hao - also known as Pre Hao - was a Chinese architect in the late 5th Dynasty and early Northern Song Dynasty. Born in Hangzhou, the most outstanding building he designed was the Inspiration Pagoda in the Kaibao Temple in the Anyuan Gate of Bianliang, the capital of the Northern Song Dynasty (present-day Kaifeng, Henan Province). He also wrote a book on the craft of carpentry, the Wood Scriptures,*** 3 volumes. He is known as Luban, the tower builder.

Li Chun Bridge Design 605~617 Zhaozhou Bridge Li Chun - In 605~617, he was the first to create an open-shouldered arch bridge with a small belly arch over the main arch plan. The famous Zhaozhou Bridge was designed by him.　

DING HUAI Inventor Han Dynasty: The incense burner, the ever-full lamp, and the rotating fan Ding Huai - Han Dynasty, born in Chang'an in 180. His inventions included the incense burner in the quilt, the ever-full lamp, and the rotating fan, and he was known as a skillful craftsman in Chang'an.

Mathematics

Zu Chongzhi of the Southern Dynasty used Liu Wei's cuttings to calculate π more accurately - 3.1415926 〈π〈3.1415927

Liu Wei Mathematics 225 ~ 295 Years of the cuttings Liu Wei - Liu Wei in the Wei and Jin Dynasties invented the method of cuttings. He took the value of л to be 3.14. He also invented a new method of partitioning a system of meso-linear equations. He proposed the problem of indeterminate equations and established the formula for the first few terms of an equivariant series. Liu Wei should be compared with Euclid and Archimedes.

Zhu Shijie Mathematics Yuan Dynasty The Siyuan Yujian Zhu Shijie - a mathematician of the Yuan Dynasty of China. 1299, he compiled China's first book of arithmetic enlightenment, which formed a more complete system from the four rules of arithmetic to tianyuan, and in 1303, he wrote The Siyuan Yujian, which popularized the tianyuan technique as the "quadratic technique", a method of solving higher equations (higher equations). This was a method for solving higher equations (up to four unknowns). It was not until 1775 that the same method of solving equations, the elimination method, was introduced in Europe. Sutton, the American historian of science, rated his book "Quaternionics" as one of the most outstanding mathematical works in the entire world.

Qin Jiushao mathematics 1202~1247 created called grandfather a day a iiygjhgjjjyhj to solve a congruent formula of the "great derivation to find a technique" and the numerical solution of higher equations of the positive and negative square Qin Jiushao -- 1202~1247, Chinese mathematician. 1247, Chinese mathematician. He wrote Nine Chapters of the Book of Numbers.

Mathematics of Li Zhi (李治) Measurement of the Garden and Sea Mirror Li Zhi (李治), a Chinese mathematician, wrote Measurement of the Garden and Sea Mirror (測園海镜), which is the first book in China to systematically reorganize Tian Yuan (天元术).

Sun Tzu Sun Tzu's book "Sun Tzu's Reckoning" (孙子算经), written by Sun Tzu during the Three Kingdoms period, is a systematic exposition of the "Chip Counting System" (筹算记数制), which is a system of counting numbers in China. The system of counting and notation.

Astronomy

Zhang Heng Astronomy Eastern Han Dynasty Leakage of water to turn the armillary sphere, the wind and geodesic instrument Zhang Heng - is a Chinese astronomer of the Eastern Han Dynasty. Zhang Heng was one of the representatives of the Hundred Days' theory of the structure of the universe. He believed that the sky is like an egg shell, the earth is like the yolk of an egg, the sky is big and the earth is small, and he believed that there is an infinite universe beyond the sky shell. Zhang Heng designed and manufactured the Leaky Water Turning Armillary Meter and the Waiting Wind Earth Motion Meter, and made many observations and analyses of the sun, moon and stars. He measured the angular diameters of the sun and the moon to be 1/736 of the circumference, i.e. 29'24'. He counted about 2,500 stars visible in the central plains of China. The International Astronomical Society named a crater on the Moon "Zhang Heng's Crater" in honor of Zhang Heng's outstanding contributions to astronomy.

Guo Shoujing Astronomy Yuan Dynasty Gao Meter, Linglong Meter, Observatory 16 Instruments Guo Shoujing was an outstanding astronomer of the Yuan Dynasty in China. He created a high table, Linglong instrument, observatory meter 16 kinds of instruments, instruments specializing in measuring the use of celestial bodies. He also made a simple instrument, which is now in the Purple Mountain Observatory. Guo Shoujing determined the angle of intersection of the yellow and red. The French scientist Laplace put forward the theory that the angle of intersection between the yellow and the red has become smaller, citing Guo Shoujing's theory as the basis. The Danish astronomer Diya made similar measurements 300 years later than Guo Shoujing.

Shi Shen Astronomy Warring States period, the first astronomical masterpiece "Tianwen" Shi Shen - astronomer of the Warring States period, Shi Shen first astronomical masterpiece "Tianwen". After the Western Han Dynasty, people honored the book "Astronomy" as "Shi's Star Classic". The position of 121 stars is marked in the book, and the operation of the five planets, namely, water, wood, gold, fire and earth, as well as their eclipses, are also recorded in the book. Shi Shen compiled the earliest star catalog. He called it "Shaoyang" and recognized that it could emit its own light.

Liu Cheok Astronomy Sui Dynasty "Imperial Calendar" Liu Cheok - Sui Dynasty astronomer. Created the Imperial Calendar, he first took into account the unevenness of the sun and moon visual motion, the creation of the equal spacing quadratic difference interpolation method. Calculated the speed of the apparent motion of the sun and the moon. At the same time, he changed the difference in years to 75 years and one degree.

A line of astronomy Tang Dynasty "Dayan Calendar" A line - Tang Dynasty astronomer. He compiled a new calendar, the "Dayan Calendar", which consisted of ten books and was a very advanced calendar in ancient times. As early as the 13th century B.C., the Chinese created a yin-yang calendar based on the movements of the sun and the moon.

Yang Zhongfu, Literature, Southern Song Dynasty, The Unified Celestial Calendar Yang Zhongfu - an astronomer during the Southern Song Dynasty in China. He created the "Unified Celestial Calendar", in which he determined that the length of the regression year was 365.2425 days. He also found that the length of the regression year has the phenomenon of lengthening and lengthening.

Luoshi Ma-tek Astronomy Han Dynasty Equatorial Instruments Luoshi Ma-tek - Chinese astronomer during the Han Dynasty. Invented the equatorial instrument and defined the basic structure of the equatorial armillary sphere.

Su Song Astronomy Song Dynasty Celestial Instrument Su Song - Chinese astronomer in Song Dynasty. He collaborated with Han Gonglian to make the planetarium and the Water Transportation Observatory, which was the first planetarium in ancient China. It was the first celestial instrument in ancient China. It was 8 people high, with doors on each floor, and when the time came, the doors opened and the wooden man came out to tell the time. (There is a funnel pot and mechanical system at the back).

Mechanical

Xin Qiniang 10th Century Kongming Lantern, Horse LanternXin Qiniang - in the 10th century - invented the turpentine lantern (Kongming Lantern) as a signal light for fighting battles, which was the earliest use of balloons by the Chinese. At the same time invented the horse-walking lantern, which is the originator of the aviation gas turbine.

Ma Jun's Mechanical Designs Three Kingdoms Era Keeled Waterwheel (also known as overturning wagon) Ma Jun - a native of the State of Wei, an outstanding mechanical designer and creator. Three Kingdoms era created the keel waterwheel (also known as overturned car), he can continuously lift water, irrigation water machine tool - orange pulley. The structure is very ingenious, with the world's famous skill.

Geology

Pei Xiu 224~271 Founded the theory of drawing planar maps "Cartography six styles" Pei Xiu - the first in China to create the theory of drawing planar maps "Cartography six styles Pei Xiu - the first in China to create the theory of drawing plane maps "Six Forms of Cartography". and drew the "Yugong Regional Map".

Shen Kuo (沈括) Scientist, Song Dynasty, first proposed the naming of petroleum Shen Kuo (沈括)-- 1031~1095, a scientist of Song Dynasty, first proposed the naming of petroleum. Shen Kuo discovered the use of a thin thread tied to the center of a magnetic needle (compass) and hung it. After observation and discovery, it was written into his book "Mengxi Bianan". Later people made needles made of magnets into compasses, and there were also compass tables. Marco and Polo, Italians who traveled to the East in the 13th century to play, saw the compass and spread it to Europe.

The Four Great Inventions

Cai Lun 62~121 Paper Cai Lun - In 62~121, Cai Lun succeeded in making paper by using bark, hemp, rags, and old fishnets as raw materials. He reported this invention to the emperor in 105. In 114, he was named Marquis of Longting by the emperor. At that time, people called paper as Cai Hou paper. In the 12th century, papermaking was indirectly spread to Europe. In the 13th century, the Mongols used Caihou paper to issue the first paper money in Persia. In the 14th century, paper money was also used in Korea, Vietnam and Japan. Paper cards then traveled to Europe via the Arab countries.

Bi Sheng 1041~1048 Printing with movable type Bi Sheng - 1041~1048, a native of China's Northern Song Dynasty. Invented movable type printing.

Ming Song Yingxing (宋应星) said in "Tian Gong Kai Wu (天工开物)-Gunpowder"："All gunpowder is made of saltpeter and sulfur as the main ingredient, and grass and wood ash as the supplementary ingredient. Nitrate to the yin, sulfur to the yang, yin and yang two gods meet in the gap can be accommodated in its out, the character of the person, the soul dispersed and the spirit of the shock of the powder." Qing Dynasty and Bang'ei, "Night Tans with Record - Beacon": "(I) took the gunpowder under the lead, and sent it to the women." Mao Zedong, "The Chinese Revolution and the Chinese Communist Party," Chapter 1, Section 1: "At a very early stage, the compass was invented in China. Eighteen hundred years ago, paper-making was invented. Thirteen hundred years ago, engraved printing was invented. Eight hundred years ago, movable type printing was invented. Gunpowder was also used before the Europeans.

Physics

Du Shi 91 ~ ominous Hydraulic Blower Du Shi - 91, Henan. Pioneered the hydrodynamic blower device water row. That is, the use of water power to push the fan to blow air. Is the world's first water-powered blower, 1100 years before Europe.

Urakimoto, Three Kingdoms Period Hardening technology Urakimoto - 300 years, Three Kingdoms Period. Pioneered hardening technology, making steel knives strong and flexible.

Mo Zi 400 B.C. Made the argument that light travels in a straight line Mo Zi - 400 B.C. The book Mo Zi discussed lever balancing and made the argument that light travels in a straight line