Information about China Drum

Drum, drum face forward, right hand holding mallet to play. Used for singing and dancing. ③ Fishing drum, also known as bamboo harp or drum. On a bamboo tube with a length of 65 ~ 100 cm and a diameter of about 13 cm, one end is wrapped with pigskin or sheepskin. When in use, the left hand holds it vertically, and the right hand slaps the eardrum downward. It is an accompaniment instrument for folk music such as Taoist music, fishing drum and bamboo piano.

Hoop drum ① octagonal drum. Named after the octagonal drum rack, it was popular in Beijing in the Ming Dynasty. The drum body is flat and small, seven of them have a pair of small bronze bells, and the other one is a spike, and one side is covered with python skin. When in use, the left hand holds the drum frame, and the right hand flicks, slaps or slaps with fingers and palms. Elastic line typesetting music used in Beijing and Tianjin. ② Taiping Drum. Wrap the iron ring with donkey skin, horse skin or sheepskin, which looks like a round fan. Put a handle under it and decorate it with iron rings or cymbals. Tap the drum surface with rattan and shake the hoop. Used for folk songs and dances of Manchu, Mongolian and Han nationality. ③ Dabu. The tambourines of Uygur, Tajik, Uzbek and other nationalities. The round wooden frame is covered with sheepskin or donkey skin and decorated with several small iron rings. When playing, put your hands on the drum frame, center of gravity of your left hand, hit the drum surface and shake the drum body. (4) Shaman drum, also known as grasping drum, tambourine and single drum. Popular in Manchu, Mongolian, Daur, Ewenki, Oroqen, Hezhe and other ethnic groups. Disc-shaped drumhead, covered with donkey, horse, cow, sheepskin or deerskin, roe skin, and criss-crossed with belts or iron bars on the back, tied with more than 0/0 pieces of copper coins/kloc. When in use, the left hand holds the belt or iron bar, the right hand holds the drumstick, and the head or body of the drumstick is used to strike. Used in shamanism rituals.

Pot drum (1) nagra. Iron drums of Uygur, Uzbek and other ethnic groups. The drums are large and small, and are wrapped in sheepskin or donkey skin. The diameter of the big drum surface is 27.5cm, and the diameter of the small drum surface is 20cm. Often two pairs are played on the ground, two hands are hammered, and the pitch of the two drums is four degrees. (2) drum, also known as Hua Pengu. It evolved from the hall drum, also known as the south hall drum. The drum frame is made of wood. The drum body is large and small, and there are skins on both sides. It looks like a flowerpot and is hit with two hammers. According to legend, Liang Hongyu played drums to help out in the Southern Song Dynasty. Now it is widely used in national instrumental ensemble and opera accompaniment. Sometimes solo. After the founding of the People's Republic of China, the timpani Hua Pengu was developed with reference to the structural characteristics of western timpani.

a surname

China plucked a stringed instrument. Popular in today's Shaanxi Province during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period.

History is called Qin Zheng. Zheng is flat and rectangular, mainly made of phoenix tree. The piano has been wound,

Each string has a column that can be moved to adjust the pitch and tone modulation. At first, it was 5 strings, and after the transition of 9 strings, it developed to 12 strings at the end of the warring States period. After the Tang Dynasty, it was 13, and after the Ming and Qing Dynasties, it was 15 and 16. In 1960s, it gradually increased to 18 string, 2 1 string and 25 string, and the traditional silk string was changed to steel wire string or nylon wound string. Later, the fast-tuning Zheng with sound changing device and the butterfly Zheng with twelve average laws (see the new secret method) were trial-produced.

Traditional Zheng has a pentatonic scale, and the range is: 13 string Zheng G ~ C2, 16 string ~ A2, 18 string ~ D3, 2 1 string Zheng D ~ D3, and 25 string Zheng G ~ E3. Today, 2 1 string Zheng is commonly used.

Guzheng's performance is widely spread among the people, blending local folk music and forming local schools with different musical styles and playing techniques. Modern schools such as Henan, Shandong, Chaozhou, Hakka and Zhejiang are famous. Henan Zheng Music is divided into two parts: ditty and Bantou, with representative tracks such as Great Harmony in the World, in my heart forever and Xinkaiban. Shandong Zheng music originated from Shandong Qin music, Shandong aria and folk tunes, and its representative tracks include Autumn Moon in Han Palace, Biography of Hongyan and Fengxiang Song. Chaozhou Zheng music can be divided into two categories: divertimento and ditty, and the representative tracks include "Playing in the Water in Western Western jackdaw", "Pink Lotus" and "Zhao Jun Complain". Hakka Zheng music can be divided into three categories: major, cross-tune and minor. The representative tracks are Water Lotus, Cliff Mountain Mourning and Xunfeng Song. Zhejiang Zheng music is mainly composed of folk music and minor tunes, and its representative tracks include Yun Qing, Mountain Flowing Water, Swan Sea Qing and so on.

erhu

Traditional fretting stringed instruments in China. Because Zhang has two strings, it is named. Also known as Hu Qin, Er Xian, Omzi, Hu Hu, etc. Its predecessor may be Xiqin in China in the Tang Dynasty, which is a musical instrument of Xixi, a northern nationality in the late Tang Dynasty. In the Song Dynasty, it was also called Ji Qin and Erxian. During the Tang and Song Dynasties, the Western Qin Dynasty (Ji Qin) had two ways of playing: plucking and plucking. When playing, rub bamboo pieces between two strings to pronounce. It was not until the Northern Song Dynasty that the Huqin with ponytail bow appeared, and gradually replaced Ji Qin with bamboo pieces. After the development of Yuan and Ming Dynasties, in addition to the original two-stringed huqin, Hu Si, Jinghu and Banhu appeared in Qing Dynasty. In order to meet the needs of traditional Chinese opera and other local instrumental music, different forms of Huqin stringed instruments have appeared, such as Yuehu in Guangdong, Dagu in Hunan, Magu Lake in Henan and Zhuang nationality.

Erhu is composed of tube, rod, string, string, jack, string horse and bow. There are many kinds of piano tubes, such as round, hexagonal and octagonal, and most of them are made of mahogany, rosewood or ebony. One end is covered with snake skin or python skin, and the other end is provided with a carved sound window. The chord axis connects the inner and outer chords. Silk thread was used before, but now it is wrapped with metal thread or nylon thread. One thousand catties is the fixed point of the effective chord length, and a slightly thick soft silk string is wound around the strings and the piano rod, which is generally 2/3 of the distance from the piano barrel to the upper shaft. There are active and fixed. The bow is made of thin bamboo with a ponytail, and the bow hair is sandwiched between two strings. Fifth-degree tuning is often used. The inner chord can be set from G ~ E' ′ and the outer chord from D ′ ~ B ′? . Special requirements, but also four degrees or eight degrees. Sitting playing, the piano barrel is placed on the left leg, the left hand holds the piano and presses the string, and the right hand holds the bow.

erhu

A Bing, a modern national musician, and Liu Tianhua, a national musician, have made great contributions to the development of erhu music. Erhu solos include Two Springs Reflecting the Moon and Listening to Song, Liu Tianhua's Yin in the Patient, Good Night, Bird in the Empty Mountain, Walking in the Light, etc.

Since 1950s, there have been many varieties of erhu reform, such as high-pitched erhu (Gao Hu), alto erhu, bass erhu (Hu Da), double-kilogram erhu and three-stringed huqin.

Bamboo Flute

Blow a hole to make the instrument sound. Bamboo, also known as bamboo flute or flute; It is also called the flute because it blows horizontally. Widely used in China opera, Quyi accompaniment and instrumental solo and ensemble. The bone flute unearthed in Hemudu, Yuyao, Zhejiang, China has a history of 7000 years. Among them, the one with a length of 10 cm and a slightly thicker diameter has six holes in the transverse direction, which is similar to today's flute. Two bamboo flutes more than 2,000 years ago were unearthed from Mawangdui Han Tomb in Changsha, Hunan. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty called the flute transverse blowing, which was widely used in drum music. During the Wei and Jin Dynasties, flutes were widely circulated in northern China. In the Tang Dynasty, Tudi appeared, its expressive force was expanded, and many famous pipers emerged. During the Song and Yuan Dynasties, the flute became an important accompaniment instrument for Ci, Qu, Opera and Quyi. The dragon flute in the Yuan Dynasty is exactly the same as the 6-hole bamboo flute today.

Flute playing

There are many kinds of flutes, among which Qu Di and Bangdi are the most commonly used. Qu Di was named for accompanying Kunqu Opera. Because it is abundant in Suzhou, it is also called Su Causeway. The pipe is thick and long, and the tone is soft. It is very popular in southern China. It is an important instrument in China traditional opera music, such as bamboo and silk in the south of the Yangtze River, percussion in the south of Jiangsu, percussion in Chaozhou flute sets, and Kunqu opera. The range is A 1 ~ D4. Bangdi, named after the accompaniment of Bangzi cavity, has short pipe and bright timbre. It is mainly popular in the north, and is used to sing concerts, Ju Ping operas and Bangzi operas. The range is D2 ~ G4. In addition, there are 12 adjustable flutes, 10 flutes arranged by semitone,10 flutes, keyed flutes for easy modulation, oral flutes with adjustable vocal range, two-tone flutes with two blowholes on one flute, flutes tied together in different vocal areas, and so on.

After the Ming and Qing Dynasties, a large number of flute tunes were circulated in the form of traditional opera tunes, and some traditional instrumental tunes were preserved in folk percussion music. Famous flute solos include Flying Partridge, Welcome, 357 and Selling Vegetables.

pipa

China plucked a stringed instrument. At first, it was named "Paiba" by playing, that is, the right hand popped forward to say "Pai" and bounced back to say "Ba". Any musical instrument played in this way in your arms was called pipa in the early days.

In the history of China, pipa has two kinds: round horn and semi-pear-shaped horn. According to legend, the pipa with a round horn was strung on the Liao drum (playing the Lang drum) and changed to a plucked instrument in the Qin Dynasty, which was later called Qin Pipa. In Han dynasty, it was shaped as 4 strings 12, and it was plucked by hand. In the Han Dynasty, Princess You Jie brought it to the Western Regions, also known as the Han Pipa. Ruan Xian in Jin Dynasty was famous for playing this instrument, and later generations also called Ruan Xian Pipa, or Ruan for short. Qin Qin, Yueqin, Sanxian and Shuangqing all belong to this system. Pipa with a semi-pear-shaped speaker was introduced from India in the 4th century. Bend the neck, there are four phases on the neck, and play with a pick. In order to distinguish it from the round pipa with straight handle in China at that time, it was named Qujing Pipa. Because of its introduction, it is also called Qiuci Pipa. Five-string, six-string, two-string pipa (Lei Hu) and fire thinking all belong to this system. After the Song Dynasty, the curved-necked pipa was named Pipa, and the Chinese pipa was named Ruanxian.

pipa

During the Sui and Tang Dynasties, the pipa with curved neck was very popular. By the Ming Dynasty, it had developed into four phases with nine grades, from 10 in the early 9th century to 12 in the early 20th century, and the scope was expanded to three octaves. The playing method is also changed from horizontal playing to vertical playing, and five fingers are used instead of plucking, which expands the playing technique and expressive force of this instrument. In the early 1930s, 6-phase 18 was added, and now it is 6-phase 25 with complete semitone. It is widely used for accompaniment of songs, dances, folk arts and operas, as well as instrumental ensemble, ensemble and solo.

Pipa solo is divided into Daqu and Xiaoqu. Daqu, also known as Daqu, is mostly a compact organic whole or a combination of Xiaoqu in multi-stage form. There are differences between literature and Daqu creation. Beautiful and elegant styles, such as "Sunset Flute and Drum" and "Autumn Moon in Han Palace"; Martial arts are heroic, such as House of Flying Daggers and Swan in the Sea. Xiaoqu, also known as Momo, usually has a 68-disc structure.

References:

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Respondent: Yuan Xianlu-Scholar Level 2 6-3 2 1:57

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