What ethnic groups are there in southern China?

The Zhuang nationality, which is famous for its beautiful scenery, has the custom of singing fairs. Every year on the third day of the third lunar month, everyone gathers on the hillside to set up a music scene. Young men and women who take part in folk songs will sing "greeting songs" and "welcome songs" first. If a young man takes a fancy to a young woman, he will sing "begging songs" and "inviting songs" to her. After the woman received the song, the two sides began to contest the song, asking and answering each other, and improvising lyrics. If young men and women love each other, they will quit the meeting and meet again. After singing folk songs, we began to throw hydrangeas, touch eggs, grab fireworks and other entertainment activities. Thousands of people attended the grand concert. The local people sang folk songs to pray for good weather and good harvests.

Zhuang nationality used to have 20 appellations. After 1949, they were collectively called gelao nationality, and 1965 was changed to Zhuang nationality. Zhuang is the most populous minority in China, mainly living in Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region and Wenshan Zhuang and Miao Autonomous Prefecture, with a few distributed in Guangdong, Hunan, Guizhou, Sichuan and other provinces. Zhuang people have their own language. In the past, vernacular Chinese was composed of square characters, and 1955 created Zhuang language based on Latin letters.

Zhuang nationality has created brilliant culture and art in the historical development process of two or three thousand years. The ancestors of Zhuang nationality drew a large number of cliff faces on both sides of Zuojiang River in Guangxi, among which more than 65,438+0,300 figures were drawn on a steep wall of Huashan Cliff, with simple and rough brushwork and exciting artistic conception. Since the Warring States Period, Zhuang people have been able to cast bronze drums. It is both a musical instrument and a symbol of power and wealth. Zhuang brocade is a famous textile handicraft of Zhuang nationality, which has a unique national style and is exported at home and abroad.

Zhuang people like to eat sour food pickled by Yi people, and sashimi is their delicacy. Women have the habit of chewing betel nut. In the past, most marriages were arranged by parents, but love before marriage was free. After marriage, the bride goes back to her mother's house, and only stays in her husband's house for a short time during major festivals and busy farming seasons, and only stays in her husband's house after pregnancy. This custom is called "staying at home" or "sitting at home".

Zhuang people believe in polytheism. In addition to offering sacrifices to their ancestors, they also worshipped boulders, mountains, rivers, land and dragons and snakes at the earliest. After the Tang and Song Dynasties, Buddhism and Taoism were passed down. In modern times, Catholicism and Christianity have been passed down. Mid-Autumn Festival and Cattle Soul Festival are unique festivals of Zhuang nationality. Mid-Autumn Festival, also known as Ghost Festival, is held on July 14 every year. Sacrificing ancestors and ghosts. Cattle Soul Festival is held after spring ploughing, which gives cows food and fresh grass and arouses their spirits.

Zhuang people live in mountainous areas and are mostly engaged in agricultural production. After the founding of People's Republic of China (PRC), agriculture developed in an all-round way, basic industries were established, foreign trade was carried out, and people's lives were greatly improved.

Batik is a traditional handicraft of Yao nationality and enjoys a good reputation at home and abroad. As early as the Song Dynasty, Yao people could dye beautiful patterns on white cloth with indigo and yellow wax. Yao people especially like to make clothes, quilts, headdresses and other supplies with batik cloth.

Yao people have different names such as Pan Yao, Hualan Yao and Guo Shanyao, which are mainly distributed in Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Hunan Province and Yunnan Province. Guangdong, Guizhou and other provinces. Distribution is characterized by large dispersion and small settlements, mostly living in mountainous areas. Yao nationality has its own language, commonly used Chinese and Zhuang language, and commonly used Chinese.

Yao people have many festivals, such as Wang Pan Festival, Spring Festival, Danu Festival, King Snake Festival, Tomb-Sweeping Day and so on. And small festivals are held almost every month. Yao people generally like singing, and Long Drum Dance and Bronze Drum Dance are traditional dances. In festivals, young men and women can build up feelings by singing and dancing, so as to get married.

Yao's clothing styles are rich and colorful. Men's and women's clothing is mainly blue homespun. Men wear short shirts with double-breasted collars and long shorts. Men in Yaozhai, Nandan, Guangxi like to wear white pants with embroidered edges, so they are called "White Pants Yao". Yao men in Liannan, Guangdong like to tie their hair in a bun, insert pheasant feathers and wrap their heads in red cloth. They are very brave. Women like to wear collarless tops, skirts and trousers, and decorate cuffs and skirts with embroidery. There are many headdresses of Yao women, and they like to use ribbons such as silver hairpin, silver flower, silver bead and curved silver plate as headdresses, which is unique. Girls, unmarried or married women can be distinguished by their headdresses.

Yao people live on corn, rice and sweet potatoes. The bird jar was produced in Dayao Mountain, Jinxiu, Guangxi, and was preserved by catching migratory birds in a "bird basin". Some Yao people in northern Guangxi drink "Camellia oleifera", that is, they fry tea leaves in oil and cook fried rice and beans while they are hot, which is full of flavor.

The Mulao people who have festivals every month have festivals almost every month. On the third day of March, every village will hold a sacrifice. On the eighth day of April, let the scalpers who have worked hard for a year rest; On the Dragon Boat Festival on the fifth day of May, everyone patrolled the fields with paper boats on their backs to repel insects, so as to ensure a bumper harvest: after the festival on August 15th, young men and women engaged in social activities of "walking on slopes". Especially once a year, once every three years, the "Fan Yi" Festival is very lively. According to the "auspicious day" after beginning of winter every year, the Mulao shanzhai began to play drums and sing songs early in the morning. People take pigs and sheep to the ancestral temple to pray for the safety of people and animals. Watch the lion and dragon dances during the day and light a torch to watch the play at night.

About 90% of the Mulao people live in Luocheng Mulao Autonomous County, Guangxi, and a few are scattered in more than 20 counties and cities such as Yishan and Liucheng. Mulao people have their own language, and most of them can use Chinese fluently.

Mulao people love to use cyan on their clothes. Women in the Qing Dynasty wore full skirts, but now they wear clothes, trousers, braids, earrings, bracelets and rings with large rows of buttons. Men wear double-breasted clothes. The diet is mainly rice, corn and potatoes. I like to eat Chili and glutinous rice, but I don't eat cat and snake meat. Most of them live in bungalows with mud walls and tile roofs, and there is a ground stove burning coal in the house.

Mules are good at singing folk songs. Walking on slopes is not only a social activity for young men and women, but also a way of love. In the past, the woman had the custom of "staying at home" and didn't live in her husband's house until she gave birth.

Maonan people who are good at bamboo weaving and carving are ingenious. The flower and bamboo hats they weave are called "Maonan Hat" and "Top Card Flower" by the people. Maonan women often wear it home. The wooden masks they carved are lifelike, and the carved stone pillars and tablets are lifelike with dragons, phoenixes, Kirin, cranes and Shousong, which shows the artistic talent of Maonan nationality.

Maonan people call themselves "Anan", which means "people in this place". They are mainly distributed in the mountainous areas around the rivers in the northwest of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region. They are mainly engaged in agricultural production and run various sideline businesses. Their beef cattle are exported to Hong Kong and other places.

The costumes of Maonan nationality are very similar to those of Zhuang nationality. Both men and women like to wear blue and cyan tops and double-breasted shirts. Women wear right-handed tops with two shoelaces, piping pants, bracelets and other accessories. The diet is mainly rice and corn, and I like to pickle sour meat, sour snails and sauerkraut. They are polite, hospitable and meet each other like brothers. When eating, regardless of the size of the guests, invite them to sit with their elders and entertain them with the best meals at home. Maonan village is built on the mountain and is inhabited by people with the same surname, usually a small village with more than ten families. Houses are generally covered with mud walls and tiles, which are divided into two floors. People live above, livestock are raised below and sundries are piled up.

Maonan people have their own language and use Chinese characters. Singing is Maonan's favorite entertainment. The love songs sung by young men and women outdoors are called songs, the congratulations songs sung at festive weddings are called "Huan", and the narrative songs describing historical stories or ancestral legends are called "Paijian". Most Maonan people believe in Taoism and worship various gods, and there are many superstitions and taboos. "Dragon Boat Festival", also known as "May Temple Fair", is a unique festival of Maonan nationality, which is mainly used to worship gods and ancestors.

After 65438+5th century A.D., Jing people who lived in the hometown of pearls moved from Viet Nam to Jiangping District, Fangcheng Autonomous County, Guangxi, China, which was called "the hometown of pearls". The three islands of Shanxin, Liwei and Wutou, where the Jing people live together, have always been called "the three islands of the Jing people". There is a national language, which created "Zi Nan" (meaning Southern script) with Chinese characters in history, and now Chinese characters are widely used.

The most solemn festival of Jing nationality is "Ha Festival" (Song Festival). Every year, the whole village gathers in the "Hating" to worship the gods, ancestors, feast and entertain, and listen to Ha Mei's singing. The ancient piano created by the Jing nationality has beautiful timbre and charm. Jing women wear diamond bra cloth, narrow sleeves and tight collarless tops, and like to wear earrings. The man's coat is knee-length with narrow sleeves and a belt. Now only some elderly women still keep their original clothes. The diet of Jing people is mainly rice, and the meat is mostly fish and shrimp. The Jing people cooked glutinous rice flour, mixed with sesame seeds, and dried it on fire to make Ciba, which is a national flavor food.

The Jing people mainly fish in shallow sea, and agriculture and salt industry are the supplements of fishery. Now an artificial pearl farm has been established in the port, which, combined with natural breeding, has greatly increased the output of pearls. They also built a seawall to connect the three Beijing islands with the land.

"Xilangkapu" woven by Tujia nationality "Xilangkapu" (meaning Tujia bedding) is one of the two artistic flowers of Tujia nationality. It is beautifully woven and brightly colored, with more than 100 patterns. Tujia girls began to learn knitting at the age of eleven or twelve. When they grow up and get married, they must have their own hand-woven quilts. Another artistic flower of Tujia nationality is waving dance. It is an ancient dance popular among Tujia people. It is simple and beautiful, with a strong flavor of life, and thousands of people can participate in the performance.

Tujia people are mainly distributed in the northwest of Hunan Province, Enshi area of Hubei Province and the east of Sichuan Province. Tujia people have their own national language, but most people use Chinese except those in Xishui Valley. No mandarin, common Chinese.

Tujia women wear large sleeve jackets with left sleeves, rolled lace, long skirts or trimmed trousers, and have a bun on their heads. They like to wear silver ornaments such as ears, necklaces, hands and feet. Men wear double-breasted jackets with many buttons. Taking cloth or linen as material, it is called creek cloth and hole cloth in history books. Tujia people used to take the same surname as their marriage, and the aunt's daughter had to marry her uncle's son, which was called "returning the bones". Tujia people mostly believe in ghosts and gods and worship their ancestors. There are many taboos, such as not breaking ground on May Day and not saying unlucky things on auspicious days.

During the Tang and Song Dynasties, tin cloth, mercury and cinnabar produced by Tujia people were well-known and became tributes. During the period of the Republic of China, warlords were in melee, opium cultivation was rampant and people were deeply poisoned. After the founding of People's Republic of China (PRC), various undertakings in Tujia areas have developed rapidly and people's lives have been improved.

Li people living in the "Tianya Haijiao" live in the southernmost "Tianya Haijiao" in Hainan Province. They have their own language, and many people are fluent in Chinese. 1957, Wen Li written in Latin letters was born.

Li women tie a bun at the back of their heads, and use porcupine hair or metal and ox bones as hairpins, embroidered headscarves, unbuttoned tops with open chests, and embroidered braided skirts. Wear a collar, hand tin, anklet and earrings when dressing up. In some places, women's earrings are numerous and heavy, hanging from the roots of their ears to their shoulders. In some areas, Li people keep the custom of tattoos and tattoos. The man put on a collarless double-breasted dress and hung two pieces of cloth on the front and back. Li people like rice. Roast or marinate the meat, eat it raw, mix the bacon with rice flour and wild vegetables, and preserve it for a long time after pickling. Women have the habit of chewing betel nut. In Wuzhishan area, Li people live in boat-shaped houses with bamboo frames, thatched roofs and rattan or bamboo floors.

Li nationality is a nation that can sing and dance well. Traditional folk musical instruments include nasal flute, oral bow, water flute and cave flute. Qianling's double knife dance, firewood dance, rice beating dance and other dances have a unique national style. In the past, ancestor worship and nature worship prevailed in Li nationality, and chicken bone divination and egg divination prevailed. In some areas, people are buried with wooden coffins after death, without building graves or offering sacrifices after burial.

Li women are good at textiles, especially kapok textiles. At the end of Song Dynasty and the beginning of Yuan Dynasty, Huang Daopo, a famous female weaver, lived in Li nationality area for more than 40 years and learned superb textile technology.

Li nationality area is dominated by agricultural production. In addition to planting rice, potatoes, corn and other crops, it is also rich in rubber.

Legend has it that a long time ago, a young man named Tiger Pan volunteered to lead the troops to resist the enemy's invasion and soon defeated the enemy. The emperor appreciated his cleverness and bravery and married his third daughter to him. Tiger Pan married the princess and returned to live in the mountains, giving birth to three men and one woman. The eldest is Pan, the second is Lan, the third is Lei, and the son-in-law is Zhong. They have lived together for generations and formed the She nationality.

She people call themselves "Shanha", which means "customers who live in the mountains". Mainly distributed in mountainous areas of Fujian, Zhejiang, Jiangxi, Guangdong and Anhui. Among them, Fujian and Zhejiang provinces have the most, accounting for 96%. She nationality has its own language, and most of them speak a language close to Chinese Hakka, but they have no mother tongue, so Chinese is widely used.

Folk songs are a pearl in the treasure house of She culture. She people not only sing in festivals and festive occasions, but also often answer with songs in daily life and mountain labor. In some areas, large-scale "Pan Shihui" is held regularly every year. In addition to solo, duet and chorus, there are two duets called "Double Fall". "Double Falling" is a rare form of folk songs in China. One singer sings two or four words first, and then another singer sings again. The clothing of the She people is the same as that of the local Han people. The collar, cuffs and right lapel of women's clothes are all inlaid with lace, and the waist is tied with colored strips, so there is a habit of wearing shorts wrapped in leggings. Women comb their hair in a spiral or truncated top hat bun. When getting married, a woman wears a hat badge and a silver tube.

The living characteristics of She nationality are large dispersion and small settlement. Generally, several dozens of households gather in villages, and there are also villages where she and Han people live together. In the past, the same close relative was a "family". People living in the same room lived together, never married with the same surname, and generally did not marry with the Han nationality.

She nationality is mainly engaged in agricultural production, mainly planting rice and sweet potatoes. The "towel belt" (flower belt) and hat they knitted are very distinctive. This hat is made of thin bamboo strips and decorated with ribbons and pearls. Very beautiful, it is a favorite ornament for women.