Problems currently facing Dongguan (generating structure. Environmental resources. Temperature)

The prominent problems facing the urbanization process in Dongguan Since the reform and opening up the urbanization process in Dongguan has been steadily advancing, the level of urbanization has been gradually increased, but Dongguan in the process of building a modern city is facing urban planning is not perfect, the reform of the rural collective property rights system is lagging behind, the urbanization is lagging behind the industrialization and the respective rural-type management system of the four prominent problems. To achieve the coordinated development of Dongguan city, should take into account the overall situation, increase the management, increase the rural institutional reform and innovation. Since the reform and opening up, Dongguan has formed a self-subordinate rural grassroots community-driven urbanization path under the influence of decentralized rural industrialization policies such as "leave the land but not the countryside" and "enter the factory but not the city". Coupled with the mixed use of urban and rural land use, rural household registration, land, administrative and other management system reform lagging behind and other factors, resulting in the spatial transfer of population and non-agricultural industries lagging behind the non-agriculturalization of their industries, urbanization lagging behind the industrialization, presenting a semi-urbanization state of "villages like towns and cities, towns and cities like the countryside". First, Dongguan urbanization process facing four problems Dongguan urbanization process, the problems faced by the following four aspects: (a) urban planning is not perfect Dongguan's urbanization development is a typical town-based relatively decentralized rough development mode, with the unrestricted expansion of the city's scope of the extension of the spatial spread of the disorder as the main feature in the land-use planning is very difficult to do the overall coordination, forming a kind of starry-eyed, scattered and scattered. In addition, a kind of scattered urbanization cluster has been formed, and the boundaries between rural and urban areas are very blurred. On the one hand, there is a strong demand for self-built properties for profit in rural areas. Affected by the collective ownership of rural land, rural industrial development follows the land management system of agricultural production, the countryside in their own way in the territorial construction of industrial plants, the number and scale of the trend of continuous expansion, showing a "village fire, township smoke" pattern, it is difficult to realize the scale of industrial agglomeration, and lead to unclear ownership Induce disputes and other problems, which is very unfavorable to the intensive use of rural land and the healthy development of the rural assets trading market, and urgently need to be regulated and guided; on the other hand, the rural residential buildings to the boundaries of the residential base, the building volume is small, the building layout is broken, the land use is not economic. Farmers tend to build new buildings without abandoning the old, making the old and new buildings mixed, the lack of planning and guidance, residential and industrial land mixed, poor living environment, becoming a typical "village in the city". (ii) Rural collective property rights system reform is lagging behind in the rapid urbanization process, Dongguan, the emergence of the expropriation of rural land is difficult, rural collective assets operating efficiency is difficult to sustainably improve the rural construction of dense and disorderly and difficult to transfer the employment of farmers and a series of new "Three Rural Problems", to a large extent, is due to the existing rural management system, especially the rural collective property rights system can not adapt to the rapid urbanization of the city. Rural collective property rights system can not adapt to the requirements of rapid urbanization. 1, the rural collective economic organization management is not standardized First, the vast majority of rural collective economic organizations to take the form of joint-stock cooperation system, in which a considerable portion of the village did not solidify the equity, the number of shareholders constantly adjusted, triggering the "married woman" and other disputes. The shareholders of the share cooperative system is limited to the farmers in the cooperative organization, the shares are not transferred to the outside world, restricting the improvement of asset mobility, hindering the optimal combination of rural capital across regions and industries; Secondly, the management personnel of the economic organization is basically limited to the village cadres of the two committees, the village cadres also serve as the management personnel of the village enterprises, the management of the social and administrative affairs of the enterprise business management into a single entity, resulting in a serious problem of the lack of separation of the government from the enterprise. 2, land expropriation contradictions highlighted Rural collective land is an important part of the rural collective assets, the expropriation of a large amount of rural land, how to compensate for the value of rural collective assets actually involved in the assessment and transfer of income, and triggered the government and farmers in the expropriation of the issue of the interests of the larger contradictions arising from the farmers for the expropriation of the land compensation and petitions are still more serious problems. The contradictions have become even more pronounced, especially since the State Council implemented the land market order regulation. Although the government has indirectly compensated farmers by reserving land for rural development, constructing housing for farmers, and helping farmers purchase social insurance, the issue of how to rationalize compensation standards for expropriated rural collective land remains to be resolved. (iii) Urbanization is lagging behind the process of industrialization The rapid development of the externally-oriented economy has led to great changes in the industrial structure and employment structure of Dongguan, but the level of urbanization is far lower than the degree of non-agriculturalization. 1. Local farmers have great difficulties in transforming themselves into citizens. On the one hand, factors such as the monopoly operation of special zones have substantially increased the collective and farmers' income from land rents. Farmers not only get high cash income, but also the collective accumulation fund has greatly improved the villagers' education, medical care, employment, old age and other welfare and security, which makes a large number of farmers rely on "sitting on the land to collect rent" for a living, lack of entrepreneurial consciousness, and reduced to the "second generation". Coupled with the generous benefits and added value behind the local rural hukou, a large number of non-farming practitioners in Dongguan City still retain the status of farmers, and some have even moved to the city, but also asked to transfer their hukou back in an attempt to share the collective benefits and enjoy the treatment of villagers, which directly led to the urbanization of Dongguan City, the level of the local population is far lower than the level of local non-farming; on the other hand, due to the passive urbanization of the rural community in the cultural concepts, On the other hand, due to passive urbanization of rural communities in the cultural concepts, social relations have maintained the characteristics of the original village vernacular society, most of the rural labor force cultural level, vocational skills level is low, very difficult to go to the city to find employment, so that there is no existential crisis, with the quality of the traditional peasantry and the economic level of the urban residents of the "rural" lack of incentives to go to the city, which has hindered the process of urbanization even more. The process of urbanization is further hindered. 2, migrant workers are outside the mainstream of urban society For a long time, the household registration system makes migrant workers settle in the city with many restrictions and high threshold, and they can only exist in the way of urban "marginal people", outside the mainstream of urban society. Politically, because of their "temporary residence" status, they are unable to exercise the rights of citizens to elect and be elected, and because of the lack of vertical mobility channels, there is no spokesperson for the interests of this group at the decision-making level of the city government. Therefore, the benefits of social insurance systems such as medical care, old-age pension and unemployment, as well as those of the housing and education systems, are not available to the foreign population, making them an unaffiliated group and de facto "second-class citizens" in the city; economically, they are also in a disadvantaged position. Because of their "temporary residence" status, foreigners are confined to the secondary labor market in the city as a whole. Those with high incomes, good working conditions, good treatment and excellent benefits are limited to the local population. The gap between the rich and the poor and the segregation of living space make a large number of foreigners lack a sense of social identity and become a special group outside the mainstream urban society. (iv) Rural-type management system of separate administration Through more than 20 years of rapid development, Dongguan's industrial structure has basically completed the process of non-agricultural structural adjustment, and the urban-type economy has basically taken shape, but the administrative management is still along the lines of the management of the townships. In order to attract foreign investment and promote local economic development, the competition between towns is extremely fierce. In order to promote themselves, enhance their influence and gain a competitive advantage, they tend to consider only local interests, each working on their own, forming their own systems, independently preparing master plans, independently constructing public ****service facilities and social service facilities, resulting in the construction of infrastructure not up to the appropriate scale, spatially difficult to converge, not enough functional grade, and it is difficult to form a more complete town water supply, sewage, power supply, and other infrastructural facilities and commercial, Science and technology, education and other social services, service system, not only a waste of funds and resources, but also affect the overall investment environment, resulting in urban development and construction of a serious lag and shortage. According to the survey, in order to improve the investment environment, Dongguan towns are competing to improve the level of infrastructure and services in their own districts, and it is difficult to achieve uniform coordination even within the same town, and the phenomenon of "villages governing themselves and groups governing themselves" is more prominent. Second, the coordination of Dongguan urbanization development countermeasures to "village to residential" as the entry point of rural urbanization is a huge systematic project, should be taken into account, and increase management efforts. (a) Establish a planning system with clear positioning and complementary functions In conjunction with the "four projects" implemented in Dongguan, establish a planning system with clear positioning and complementary functions among economic and social development planning, urban planning and land planning. Economic and social development planning should strengthen the function of spatial constraints and provide a basis for the preparation of urban planning. Urban planning should be in accordance with the requirements of the new round of master plan, on the one hand, to further improve the urban infrastructure, water, electricity, gas, roads, ports as the focus, to promote the infrastructure construction moderately ahead; on the other hand, to do a good job of the city capacity, the city's internal residential areas, industrial zones, business districts, green space systems, such as functional zoning, to provide a basis for the preparation of land planning. Detailed planning should be done for new development zones and residential areas, etc. identified in the master plan. On the basis of good planning and construction, in accordance with the standards of modern civilized communities to strengthen the transformation of old cities and villages and "village to residential" work, the basic realization of the transformation of rural residential condominiums, promote the urbanization process to the depth of the development of rural areas into a new highlight of urban development. Dalang, Huangjiang and Tangxia Town, Lin village construction of agricultural (residential) apartment residential practice has proved that the change in attitudes is driven by the interests of the interests of a good guide, farmers from worry, wait and see very quickly changed to support. (B) accelerate the reform of the rural collective property rights organization system First of all, the separation of government and enterprises, quantitative shares, the establishment of the company system. Accelerate the implementation of rural collective share cooperatives equity curing, the formation of village-level collective asset management company, as the main body of the collective economic operations, independent accounting, self-financing, the village "two committees" members do not also serve as the company's legal representative, but rather the formation of the Supervisory Board to oversee the company's business operation, the village committee and the work of the committee to focus on social management and community service transfer function. The functions of village committees and neighborhood committees have been shifted to focus on social management and community services. Secondly, we should speed up the improvement of the "direct election" system. In the short term, it is not realistic to delink the management of collective assets from the village "two committees", and what can be done now is to improve the system of "direct election" of villagers. On the one hand, the villagers' direct election of village committees has greatly stimulated the villagers' sense of ownership, strengthened the supervision of the management of rural collective assets, and promoted the democratization of rural management; on the other hand, "one term out of three years" tends to lead to the short-term behavior of village committees, which adds more uncertainties to the social stability and the long-term benefits of the rural collective assets, and may even lead to a decrease in the number of village committees. On the other hand, "one term of three years" tends to lead to short-term behavior of village committees, which adds more uncertainties to social stability and long-term benefits of rural collective assets, and may even bring "rent-seeking" behaviors of black evil forces and clan forces. It is recommended that the following measures be taken: First, through legislation by the National People's Congress at the national or provincial level, the term of office of each village committee should be extended to five years, in line with that of the township government. The second is to speed up the implementation of openness in village affairs, and to further refine the management of collective assets, so as to increase villagers' understanding of the performance of village committee teams. Third, the eligibility to stand for election to village committees should be appropriately restricted. By taking the above measures, a more stable environment will be created for the reform of the rural collective property rights system, which will lead to more long-term and stable returns on rural collective assets. (C) Implementing market-oriented allocation of land development rights The current system of collective land ownership by farmers is not only detrimental to the intensive management of land, but also hinders the process of urbanization because of the system of land revenue distribution. Therefore, the current land system must be reformed. First of all, the current administrative allocation should be replaced by the market allocation of land development rights, so as to promote the spatial agglomeration of industries and the protection of basic farmland. Drawing on the theory of transferability of development rights, development rights should be separated from a bundle of powers and allowed to be transferred through a market mechanism from land holders in place A (rich in resources but poor in development conditions) to land developers in place B (good in development conditions but subject to planning constraints). In this way, the landowner in land A receives compensation, and the land developer in land B can increase the development density of the original land, thereby increasing economies of scale. This practice not only protects the arable land in place A, but also promotes the agglomeration of land development in place B without paying any fees, thus receiving a "win-win-win" effect. Secondly, the transfer and agglomeration of rural collective construction land should be accelerated. Dongguan land expropriation and the establishment of the transfer system involves the biggest problem, lies in how to reasonably determine the value of rural collective land, so as to provide a theoretical basis for the development of compensation standards and transfer prices. Compared with urban state-owned land, rural collective land in the property right is not complete, rural collective land and state-owned land should not be "the same land, the same price, the same right", if the compensation price of expropriation is allowed to rise to the market price of urban land, will constitute a huge obstruction to the advancement of urbanization, the development of the region and the villagers' own long-term interests is not conducive. It is also unfavorable to regional development and the long-term interests of the villagers themselves. The entry point for reform is to standardize the compensation for land expropriation and the price of collective land transfer as soon as possible, so as to avoid excessive bargaining and friction between the government, farmers and land enterprises in the process of land expropriation and land transactions. Operationally, a unified assessment can be conducted by the land department, dividing the area into zones according to the different levels of regional economic development, and formulating a benchmark land price system for agricultural land and collective construction land by taking into account a number of factors, such as the price of land in neighboring cities and towns, the value of crop production, and infrastructure inputs. The same benchmark land-price system should be used for both land acquisition for public welfare projects and compensation for land acquisition for business projects, but complementary methods of compensation for land acquisition may be adopted, such as reserving land for village-level development, compensation payments and shares in the reserved land, so as to allow the rural collective economy to retain a certain percentage of land or shares in the new land projects. In addition, it is necessary to actively guide the clustering of rural collective construction land. When building industrial and commercial clusters, consideration should be given to clustering together as much of the scattered construction land in the surrounding countryside as possible by means of replacement, etc., which would not only reduce the work of land requisitioning but also be conducive to the coordination and balancing of the interests of all levels of government and villages, and the related land use approval work should be accelerated to formulate special policy norms. Rural villages have a strong incentive to utilize collective land for illegal construction and trading, and if the government fails to provide timely guidance, the waste of social resources will be quite serious. (d) Reform of the household registration system The slow "urbanization of the foreign population" is ostensibly due to the obstacles of the household registration system, but the deeper reason is the urban-rural division of social security, medical care, education, and urban infrastructure behind the household registration system. From the perspective of the city government, the increase in population means an increase in expenditure on public ****services and a heavier financial burden on the city, so it is reluctant to accept migrant workers to become citizens. For Dongguan City, reforming the household registration system means gradually weakening the identity orientation function of the household registration system, gradually stripping away a series of unreasonable social benefits attached to the identity label of "urban household", and gradually realizing the equality of the main body of the population residing in the community; to this end, the government should adopt the strategy of individual exclusion rather than collective exclusion. Through a certain assessment mechanism, so that those who have reached a certain knowledge, skills requirements of the floating population to enjoy the treatment of urban workers, which is not only in line with the principle of social fairness, but also conducive to the improvement of the overall quality of the foreign population, thereby promoting the coordinated development of the urban population and society.