(II) Physical geological data of the Xinjiang Tuya-Yandong Copper Ore Enrichment Area

The Xinjiang Tuya-Yandong Copper Ore Enrichment Area includes three copper deposits, namely, the Tuya Copper Mine, the Tuya East Copper Mine and the Yandong Copper Mine. Tuya Copper Mine is located about 80 km southwest of Hami City, Xinjiang, 210° direction, the main traffic artery Lanxin Railway and 312 National Highway in the northern part of the mine area 80 km through, there are two simple highway to Hami City and the dun railway station, respectively, from the city of Hami, through the South Lake Township, the South Lake Coal Mine to reach the mine area of the highway mileage of about 120km, the mine area can be passed by the loaded trucks, the traffic is very convenient. Yandong Copper Mine is located 6 km west of Tuyao Copper Mine. Since the geological survey was carried out, breakthrough progress has been made in the geological prospecting of the mine. The discovery and exploration of the Tooya-Yandong Copper Ore Enrichment Zone has attracted extensive attention from geologists at home and abroad.

1. Geology of the mining area

The mining area is located in the Carboniferous accretionary collage island arc belt on the north side of the collision and buttress suture zone between the Tarim plate and the Junggar plate. It is 2km away from Kangurtag Deep Fracture in the south and 4.6km away from Dacaotan Fracture in the north, and the outcrop north of Kangurtag Fracture is mainly composed of calc-alkaline island arc volcanic rocks and endogenous clastic rocks, which is the product of accretionary spreading of Junggar Plate at the southern margin, and the ones related to the mineralization are the middle basal lava, with a small amount of endogenous clastic rocks. The exposed strata south of Kanggur Tag Fracture are mainly a set of ophiolite-rich deep-sea complex marble construction, with strong ductile shear deformation superimposed in the later stage. The intrusive rocks in the area are widely developed, with a complete range of rock types, from normal series of basaltic rocks to acidic rocks are exposed, with acidic deep-forming intrusive rocks dominating. The shallow plagioclase granite porphyry and porphyrites formed in the Late Carboniferous-Early Permian are related to copper mineralization.

(1) Stratigraphy

The main stratigraphy exposed in the Tuya Copper Mine Area is the Carboniferous Penguishan Group, which consists of three informal formations. The first group consists of endogenous clastic rocks and sedimentary tuffs, locally interspersed with a small amount of biotite and conglomerate. The lithology of the second group is gray-green-purple-red labradorite basalt, andesite, basaltic andesite, etc., which are interbedded with angular andesite, volcanic (agglomerated) breccia, complex compositional conglomerate and sandstone. Volcanic rock series are mainly calcium-alkaline, alkaline and lappet series are second, with transitional characteristics, the rock combination is basalt- andesite- andesite. The third group of rock combinations are gray-green-gray sandstone, conglomerate sandstone, moderate acidic volcanic conglomerate, basalt, and a small amount of tuff, andesite, andesite, and Yingan rock. Copper deposits are distributed in the division of the second and third groups.

(2) Intrusive rocks

There are only two types of intrusive rocks in the mining area, diorite and dioritic granite porphyry, which are shallow intrusive bodies formed in the Late Carboniferous-Permian, and all of them have strong copper mineralization. The porphyrites are irregularly spread in the NEE direction, with an exposed area of more than 4km2, most of which is covered by middle Cenozoic sediments. The characteristics of the rock body are similar to those of the basal volcanic rocks in the Penguin Mountain Cyclone, which should be the upward intrusion products of submerged volcanic (or shallow-forming) magma at the end of the volcanic eruption. The plagioclase granite porphyry is irregularly and sporadically distributed, and the exposed area is very small, and most of the section is covered by the third group of conglomerate remnants of the Penguin Mountain Group. The rock body has strong malachite, belongs to alkaline aluminum oversaturated type I granite, and was formed later than the amphibole porphyritic body.

(3) Tectonics

The mine area is generally a compound dorsal tectonics with an axial direction close to the EW direction. The dorsal dyke is wide and slow like a box, consisting of two dorsal dykes and one dyke, the core is occupied by ore-bearing amphibolite body and granite porphyry body, and the two flanks are fine sandstone and tuff of the first rock group of Penguin Hill Group and basalt of the second rock group in turn. Fractures are mainly developed near EW interlayer fracture zones and NS concealed linear fracture zones, the intersection of the two control the spatial distribution of the rock bodies and ore bodies. The fracture zones are characterized by fractured rock, silicification, sericification, kaolinization and lapillarization. There are a small number of NE-directed fractures in the local development.

2. Geological Characteristics of Ore Deposits

(1) Tuya Copper Deposit

1) Morphology, production and scale of the ore body. The main ore body of Tuya Copper Deposit is produced in greenish-gray porphyritic and grayish-white dioritic granite porphyry. The surface ore body is 1400m long and 4.0-87.2m wide, and the ore body is vein-like, locally lenticular or ophthalmic in plan. The strike is near EW and tends south. The average thickness of the ore body is 174m, and the depth of the ore body is more than 600m. The ore body has a slight lateral trend to the east, and it is in the shape of "trumpet" which is narrower at the top and wider at the bottom, and the upper plate of the ore body is slower, with the dip angle of 50°-60°, and the lower plate of the ore body is steeper, with the dip angle of 70°-75°.

2) Ore characteristics and grade. The ore has low sulfide content, few types of useful minerals and simple composition. The main metal minerals are chalcopyrite, followed by porphyry and pyrite, with trace amounts of chalcopyrite, blue chalcopyrite and magnetite; non-metallic minerals are mainly quartz, sericite, chlorite, smectite and a small amount of actinolite, green cordite, zoisite, calcite, etc.; secondary alteration minerals are malachite and limonite. Copper-containing minerals are mainly chalcopyrite and porphyry copper ore, which are irregularly granular, with a grain size of 0.02-0.06 mm, distributed in the quartz veins in the quartz interstitial space or between the quartz and other minerals, and are easy to dissociate from the monomer. The structure of the ore is medium and fine-grained semi-autogenous - he-shaped granular structure. The structure of the ore is mainly vein-dipping, vein-like and star-dot-sparse dipping. According to the degree of oxidation of the ore, it is divided into two types of ore: oxidized ore and primary ore, with primary ore dominating and oxidized ore in small quantities. The results of several analyses of the ore show that the useful components, except for copper, the content of gold, silver and other associated components is high, which has comprehensive utilization value. The grade of copper on the surface is 0.86%, and the grade of deep ore body is 0.72%, the associated gold reaches 0.34×10-6, and the average grade of silver is 4.32×10-6.

3) Peripheral rock alteration and zoning. Touya copper deposit peripheral rock alteration development, type complete, alteration zoning obvious, manifested in the face type of green granite rock and near mine hydrothermal alteration. These alterations have a certain order in time, and both zoning and superposition in space, mainly including lapillarization, sericitization, silicification and black mica. Taking the ore body as the center to the two sides, due to the difference in temperature, there are more obvious "central" symmetrical surface type alteration zones, which are quartz core (strong quartz-sericite zones), black mica zones, quartz-sericite zones, mud zones, and lapis lazuli zones in order. Among the above alterations, silicification, sericitization, chloritization and smectization are closely related to copper mineralization, and lapillarization is a prerequisite for mineralization and plays an important role in copper activation and migration. Copper is obviously enriched at the strong superposition of black micaization and silicification alteration.

(2)Tuya East Copper Deposit

The mineralized body is 1300m long, 32.16m wide on average, and the maximum width is 84.15m. The surface morphology of the ore body is in the form of a long and narrow narrow belt with the east and west widths, and the preliminary section morphology is in the form of an inverted wedge which is narrower at the top and wider at the bottom. The ore body dips steeply to the south, with a dip angle of 65°~80°. The average grade of copper in the surface mineralized body is 0.30%, and the average grade in the drill holes is 0.35%, with a slight increase in the local ore grade, and the thickness of the ore body is increasing, showing that there is a lateral trend to the east. The mineral composition of the ore is comparable to that of the Tooya Copper Ore, with pyrite and chalcopyrite as the main metal minerals, porphyritic copper ore, copper blue and molybdenum pyroxene as the secondary minerals, and the metal minerals are distinctly zoned. Plagioclase granite porphyry copper ore is mainly sparsely dipping, and there are two kinds of fine vein dipping and thin film in amphibole porphyritic copper ore. The alteration types of the ore body are glauconitization, mud-gypsumization and quartz-sericite.

(3) Yandong Copper Deposit

Yandong Copper Deposit surface control ore body 840 m (two ends of the Jurassic system covers), width 30 ~ 136 m. The average grade of copper ore surface is 0.36%, the depth of the Cu grade up to 0.59%. The trace elements of the ore are characterized by the distribution of high concentration of sulfur-friendly elements at low and medium temperatures, and the elements closely related to the copper ore body are Au, Ag, Mo, Sn, As and Sb. Among them, Au, Ag, Mo, etc. are associated useful components. Ore minerals are mainly chalcopyrite, followed by pyrite, pyrrhotite, molybdenite and magnetite, pyrite and chalcopyrite is an anti-correlation, mainly produced in the top of the copper ore body of the plagioclase long granite porphyry, or a single pyrite vein interspersed in the cryptoexplosive breccia, pyrrhotite and magnetite and chalcopyrite are closely related to the relationship between the ****-born, mainly developed in the body of the mineral-bearing porphyrites. The vein minerals are sericite, chlorite, green cordite, feldspar, quartz, carbonate, etc., and a small amount of residual minerals from the original rock.

The structure of the ore is medium-fine-grained semi-autogenous to other-shaped granular structure. The ore structure is mainly vein-like, followed by vein dipping and clumping, and the dipping structure is mostly seen in the dioritic granite porphyry on the top plate of the ore body. The (oriented) vesicular facies developed in the main ore body is the main microstructural space for ore.

The surrounding rocks of the ore body are mainly diorite, followed by dioritic granite porphyry and mixed cryptobreccia at the contact of the two rock types. The ore body has complete types of alteration, obvious alteration zoning, the surface development of quartz-sericite and kaolinization, amphibole porphyritic weak greenstone; from the drilling data, from bottom to top, the formation of black mica belt, quartz-sericite belt and gypsum-kaolinization belt, of which the black mica belt is the largest, is the center of the distribution of the main ore body.

3. Analysis of genesis

According to Rui Zongyao et al. study, it is considered that the characteristics of the deposits such as Tuya and Yandong as porphyry deposits are very obvious. The evidence is summarized as follows:

1) The ore structure is a typical fine vein dipping type. The whole mineralization consists of two distribution forms: one is dipping and speckled chalcopyrite, porphyry and pyrite mineralization; the other is fine vein chalcopyrite, porphyry and pyrite mineralization. The two often form a unity.

2) High-salinity fluid inclusions containing daughter crystals are found everywhere in various ores. This indicates that there is an independent fluid phase involved in the mineralizing fluid, otherwise it is difficult to form high salinity daughter crystals in fluid inclusions.

3) Black mica mineralization can be used as a marker mineral for potassium silicate accounted rocks; a large amount of sodium feldsparization can be used as a marker for accounted reaction with the participation of independent fluid phases.

4) The appearance of independent fluid phases in the top of sodium feldspar granite porphyry (plagioclase granite porphyry) and volcanic rocks (amphibolite porphyritic rocks) caused the sharp expansion of the volume of the residual silicate melt and the independent fluid phases themselves, so that the internal pressure of the metallogenic system increases, and when the mechanical energy of the expansion is sufficient to make the above rocks produce microfissures, the metallogenic fluids will be able to take advantage of the opportunity along the microfissures, the occurrence of the account of the account and infilling, the formation of Corresponding vein-dipping alteration and mineralization.

5) In terms of ore construction, it can be categorized as Cu (Au) construction (Tuya) and Cu (Mo) construction, which is also unique to porphyry type.

6) the peripheral rock alteration development, type complete, alteration zoning obvious, manifested in the face of the type of green granite rock and near-mineral hydrothermal alteration. These alterations have a certain order in time, and are characterized by both zoning and superposition in space.

4. The discovery of deposits and their significance

Xinjiang geologists as early as in the 20th century 50 ~ 60 years began to porphyry copper ore research and search for minerals, but there has been no major breakthroughs, and only found more than 10 small deposits and ore points. In recent years, Xinjiang Geological Exploration Bureau attaches great importance to the secondary development of information, especially to strengthen the target area of the preferential selection, and the rational use of excitation, magnetic method and other conventional physical exploration methods, the discovery of anomalies in a timely manner to analyze and justify the bold use of drilling projects for deep verification.

Tuya copper mine is the first geological brigade of Xinjiang Geological Exploration Bureau in 1994 in the process of carrying out 1:50,000 eight joint surveys of the district survey found in the same year on the site of the surface of the preliminary inspection and evaluation, circled the range of mineralization and alteration. 1996 through the secondary development of the information that the Tuya copper ore site has a good prospect of prospecting, and then in September 1996 to put forward the project. The Xinjiang Geological Exploration Bureau organized relevant experts to carry out a comprehensive demonstration of this project, and considered that the Tuoya Copper Mine site had similarities with domestic and foreign porphyry copper deposits, and possessed good conditions for searching for similar deposits, so it approved the establishment of the project and issued a mission statement of the copper mine census. 1997 Geological Team 1 selected the anomalies of lines 0 and 7 and the development of mineralization to carry out drilling for verification on the basis of the exposure of the surface trenching, and the measurement of the exciting electric and magnetic methods. In 1998, the former Ministry of Geology and Mining listed it as a key project under the control of the ministry, and in 1999, the China Geological Survey listed it as a major geological survey project, and increased its investment, with a cumulative drilling workload of more than 2×104m, which confirmed that the Tujia Copper Mine is a porphyry-type copper deposit with a large-scale or larger scale through a few years of work.

In 1998, we carried out census evaluation and peripheral prospecting for the Tooya Copper Mine. Along the west of Tuya mine area, 30.88km2 of 1:20,000 electrostatic survey, 21.6km2 of magnetic survey, 10.28km of 1:10,000 high-precision gravity and magnetic survey, and 9 electrostatic bathymetry points have been completed. In the Tujia copper mine west 6km Yandong found a clear surge anomaly, anomaly length of 3800m, width of 40 ~ 246m, charging rate is generally 5% ~ 7%, the highest 8%. There are amphibole porphyrites and granite porphyries on the surface in the center of the anomaly, and there are sporadic malachite distributions on the surface, and malachite development is revealed by channel exploration. The drill holes at point 292/1957, the center of the anomaly, were drilled, and a total of 557.55m of ore was intersected, with a copper grade of 0.594% and a molybdenum grade of 0.03%. Therefore, the Yandong copper mine was discovered.

The discovery of the Tujia copper deposit provides applicable experience and models for the search for porphyry copper ore in Xinjiang, and is of great significance in guiding future geological searches in the region. With the discovery and exploration of the Tujia copper mine, we have broadened the idea of ore search and clarified the regional metallogenic law. Under the guidance of the metallogenic law, a number of new copper deposits such as Chihu, Linglong, Weiquan, YaMansu and Karatag have been discovered.

5. Reasons for Physical Geological Data Collection and Collection Program

Through the above discussion, the reasons for collecting physical geological data in the copper-rich area of Tuoya-Yandong can be summarized as follows:

1) Copper is a strategic mineral resource, and it is a kind of mineral in short supply in our country, and it is very significant to collect physical geological data of copper mine;

2) East Tienshan is an important copper and gold ore-forming area in our country, and it is very important to collect physical geological data of copper mine. The East Tien Shan region is an important copper and gold mineralization area in China, and porphyry copper ore is the main type of copper ore in the East Tien Shan region, and the collection of physical geological information on porphyry copper ore is of great significance in guiding the geological search for minerals in the region;

3) The copper deposits of Touya, Touya East, and Yandong are the major exploration projects that have made breakthroughs in the major investigation and resource evaluation projects, and the collection of physical geological information on the deposits can fully reflect this major achievement;

4) The Tuya-Yandong copper ore enrichment area has controlled a considerable amount of reserves, and the area is expected to become a super-large mining area with reserves exceeding ten million tons. Therefore, it is of great significance to collect the physical geological data of important ore deposits in this area.

Three drill cores were selected through screening and collected to be kept in the National Museum of Physical Geological Data.

(1) Drill hole ZK703 of Tuya Copper Mine

Drill hole ZK703 is the representative drill hole of Tuya Copper Mine, in which malachite diorite, crushed altered diorite, altered Cu-bearing diorite, and plagioclase granite porphyry are seen. Mineralization can be divided into oxidized zone, mixed zone and primary zone. A small amount of malachite can be seen in the oxidized zone, star-spotted-sparse dipping chalcopyrite and a small amount of pyrite can be seen in the mixed zone, and the metal minerals in the primary zone are mainly chalcopyrite, followed by porphyry.

The final hole depth is 564.07 m. 100.77-230.67 m is low-grade copper ore body, with an average grade of 0.32% copper (depending on the thickness of 129.90 m), and 230.67-540.67 m has an average grade of 0.68% copper (depending on the thickness of 310 m).

(2) Drill hole ZK4801 of Toiyadong Copper Mine

Drill hole ZK4801 is a representative drill hole of the Toiyadong Copper Mine, in which altered andesite, sillimanite, and altered sillimanite as well as altered fracture zones are seen. The oxidized zone ore body is produced in altered andesite, and the metal minerals are natural copper and malachite. Mixed zone ore bodies are produced in altered andesite, and the metal minerals are chalcopyrite, pyrite and a small amount of molybdenite. The primary ore body is produced in amphibolite, and the metal minerals are mainly chalcopyrite and porphyry, with small amounts of pyrite and pyromolybdenite.

The hole final hole depth 523.25 m. 37.55 ~ 219.67 m copper average grade 0.26% (depending on the thickness of 182.12 m), 219.67 ~ 240.20 m copper average grade 0.53% (depending on the thickness of 20.53 m), 240.20 ~ 262.70 m copper average grade 0.29% (depending on the thickness of 22.50 m). 262.70～276.15 m average copper grade 0.52% (depending on thickness 13.45 m), 276.15～307.85 m average copper grade 0.42% (depending on thickness 31.70 m), 307.85～358.60 m average copper grade 0.60% (depending on thickness 50.75 m), 358.60～447.00 m average copper grade 0.31% (depending on thickness 88.40m).

(3) Drill hole ZK1501 of Yandong Copper Mine

Drill hole ZK1501 is the representative drill hole of Yandong Copper Mine, in which volcanic breccia, pyroxene hornblende andesite, altered volcanic breccia, altered andesite, altered andesite amphibole porphyrites, plagioclase long granodiorite porphyries, copper-bearing amphibole porphyrite and so on, and at the same time can be seen in oxidized zone ore body, mixed belt ore body, and primary belt ore body. The metal minerals in the oxidized zone are extremely undeveloped, a small amount of limonite mineralization and granular malachite can be seen in the mixed zone, and the primary zone is dominated by chalcopyrite, pyrite, and a small amount of pyroxene molybdenite.

The final hole depth of this hole is 836.20 m. 335.16～355.81 m copper average grade 0.36% (depending on the thickness of 20.65 m), 355.81～392.35 copper average grade 0.63% (depending on the thickness of 36.54 m), 392.35～520.84 m copper average grade 0.28% (depending on the thickness of 128.49 m). 520.84～542.27 m copper average grade 0.5% (depending on the thickness of 21.43 m), 542.27～836.20 m copper average grade 0.28% (depending on the thickness of 293.93 m).

6. Relevant information

1) Geological compilation of drill hole ZK4801;

2) Geological compilation of drill hole ZK703;

3) Geological compilation of drill hole ZK1501;

4) Table of results of analysis of samples from the exploration line of the Tuya Copper Mine 7;

5) Cross-section map of the exploration line of the Tuya Copper Mine 8;

6) Profile of exploration line 15 of Yandong Copper Mine;

7) Profile of exploration line 48 of Tooya East Copper Mine;

8) Columnar diagram of drill hole ZK703;

9) Columnar diagram of drill hole ZK4801;

10) Columnar diagram of drill hole ZK1501.