1Early 8th century-1Late 9th century British social system and cultural background.

Queen Victoria 18 19 was born in London, and 1837 succeeded to the throne and became the Queen of England. By the end of 19, she was known as the "grandmother of Europe" and became the best and longest-serving queen in British history. During her reign in Britain, through excellent governance policies, Britain became a world-leading country in terms of economic development, social stability, world conquest and wealth accumulation, and expanded its territory to a global scale, becoming an "eternal empire". 190 1 year 65438+1October 22nd, Victoria passed away, but "Victorian thinking" has continued to this day. ...

1st: Mary I

Mary I, (Mary I,1516+08 February 2006 ~155811October 17) Queen of England and Ireland (in theory, she Her main story is that she tried to restore England from Protestantism to Roman Catholicism (1555). To this end, she executed almost 300 opponents. So it's called "bloody Mary". Since then, bloody Mary has become synonymous with witches in English. But her religious policy was largely reversed by her successor Elizabeth I.

Second place: Elizabeth I

Elizabeth I (Elizabeth I,1was born in Greenwich, today's Greenwich, London, and died in Surrey on March 24th, 603),1558+01kloc-0/7 years/kloc. She never married, so she was called "virgin queen". When she ascended the throne, England was in a chaotic state of internal religious division, but she not only successfully maintained the unity of England, but also made England one of the most powerful and wealthy countries in Europe after nearly half a century of rule. British culture also reached a peak during this period, and famous figures such as Shakespeare and Bacon appeared. British colonies in North America also began to be established during this period. Her rule is called the "Elizabethan period" in English history, and it is also called the "golden age".

Third place: Queen Anne

Queen Anne (also translated as Queen Ann, 1665 February 6th ~ 17 14 August 1), Queen of England. Anne is the second daughter of James II and Queen anne hyde. 1683 married Prince George of Denmark. 170 1 year, the British Parliament passed the inheritance law, and Anne became the heir of William III. 1702, Anne ascended the throne of the Queen of England. 1707, the Parliament of England and the Parliament of Scotland merged, realizing the real union between the two countries. Because Anne was weak and worried that there would be no heir, Viscount Boleyn Brock, leader of the Tories and Minister of State, contacted Anne's younger brother, james edward, an old throne covetous, hoping that he would give up his Catholic faith in exchange for the right to inherit the throne, but was rejected. 17 14, before her death, Queen Anne appointed the Duke of Shrewsbury as the most important finance minister in the government, which ensured that the throne was inherited by the Protestant Hanova elector George.

Fourth place: Queen Victoria

Queen Victoria (May 24th, 2009 ~18190165438+1October 22nd) is the longest-serving monarch in Britain and the first British monarch to be called "Queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland" and "Queen of India". Her 63-year reign (1837 June 20th ~19011October 22nd) was the most powerful so-called "empire that never fell" in Britain. Her rule lasted until her death and the beginning of World War I (19 14).

Fifth place: Elizabeth II

Elizabeth II (1926 April 2 1 ~), whose full name is elizabeth alexandra mary windsor, is currently the British monarch, the head of state of Britain, the Commonwealth and 15 member countries, and also an Anglican. Her full name is "God bless, Queen Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and its territory, head of the Commonwealth, protector of faith.". She was crowned on February 6, 1952, and is the second longest-serving head of state at present. About1250,000 people live in her country as heads of state.

[Edit this paragraph] Elizabeth II

Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II (1926 April 2 1 ~), formerly known as Elizabeth Alexandra Mary Winsor, is currently the British monarch, the head of state of Britain and the Commonwealth 15 member countries, and the supreme leader of the Church of England. Her full name is "King of England and his land and territory, head of Commonwealth, protector of (Christian) faith". She was crowned on February 6th, 1952. She is the third longest-serving head of state at present, and the country where she is the head of state is about 654.38+25 million people.

Elizabeth II was born in London by her grandparents. Her great-grandmother was Queen Alexander and her grandmother was Queen Mary. Her father, the Duke of York, was the second son of George V, who was not the heir to the throne at that time.

Therefore, Elizabeth was born as Her Royal Highness Princess Elizabeth and was educated at home under the supervision of her mother, the Duchess of York. Her history teacher, C.H.K. Martin, is the dean of Eton College. Besides, she studies various languages (she speaks French fluently). The Archbishop of Canterbury gave her theological advice, and she has always been a devout member of the Anglican Church.

1936 Elizabeth's uncle Edward VIII abdicated, her father succeeded to the throne, and she immediately became the heir to the throne. When World War II broke out, Elizabeth 13 years old. She and her sister Princess Margaret took refuge in Barmore. At that time, it was suggested that the two princesses take refuge in Canada, but their mothers objected: "The children can't leave me, I can't leave the king, and the king can't leave under any circumstances." 1940, Princess Elizabeth made the first broadcast, which was aimed at all the children who were taken in.

1945 princess Elizabeth persuaded her father to allow her to participate directly in helping win the war. She joined a women's group supporting the war. Her number is 230873, Lieutenant elizabeth windsor. This is the first time she has been trained with other children. It is said that she liked this experience very much, and it was because of this experience that she later sent her children to school instead of letting them study at home.

1947 Elizabeth visited abroad for the first time. She went to South Africa with her parents. 2 1 On her birthday, she broadcast to the Commonwealth and the Empire, vowing to devote her life to serving the people of the Commonwealth and the Empire.

On February 20th, Elizabeth married Prince Philip of Greece. Philip is the third cousin of Queen Elizabeth, and their great-great grandmothers are both Queen Victoria (Prince Philip swore off the right to inherit the Greek throne before marriage, and he didn't have any title before the title of Duke of Edinburgh, so he was called Captain philip Mountbatten). This kind of marriage is very suitable for the woman who is about to inherit the throne, because her husband has received royal training, but he will not inherit the throne of another country. However, the marriage was not deliberately arranged, and the relationship between the two went through many tests, including rumors about Philip's infidelity.

After their marriage, the couple lived in Clarence House in London. They have four children (see below). Although the English dynasty was called the Windsor dynasty, the couple agreed that their children should use Mountbatten Windsor as their surname.

From 195 1, King George's health deteriorated, and Elizabeth began to attend public activities instead of her father. That year she visited Greece, Italy and Malta (when Philip was stationed here with the army). In June+10, 65438, she visited Canada and Washington. 10 Elizabeth and Philip went to Australia and New Zealand again. When they visited Kenya on February 6th, they learned that Elizabeth's father had passed away. She was in a tree hotel when she ascended the throne. Her coronation ceremony was held in Westminster Abbey on June 2nd. 1953.

After the coronation, Queen Elizabeth II, wearing a crown and holding a scepter, moved to Buckingham Palace in central London with her husband Philip. But like all kings before her, Elizabeth doesn't like living in Buckingham Palace. For her, Windsor Castle in west London is her home. She also spent quite some time in Balmoral Castle in Scotland.

Queen Elizabeth is the monarch who has visited abroad the most times in history. From 1953 to 1954, she and Philip spent half a year traveling around the world, and she became the first incumbent monarch to visit Australia, New Zealand and Fiji. June 1957 paid a state visit to the United States and June 1959 visited Canada. Her first visit to India and Pakistan was in 196 1. She visited most European countries and many places outside Europe, and often attended Commonwealth summits.

Elizabeth is very conservative in religion, moral standards and family affairs. She takes her religious responsibilities very seriously and her coronation oath very seriously. This is one of the reasons why she is unlikely to abdicate. Queen Elizabeth, like her mother, never forgave Edward VIII for choosing to abdicate, because in her view, he abandoned his duties and forced his father to bear them, which was regarded as the chief culprit in shortening his father's life.

In Victorian times, people usually didn't have their own houses, except nobles who could inherit land and real estate. Most middle-class families in cities and towns live in rented houses for three, five and seven years. The typical middle-class housing model is basically as follows:

At the entrance to the main entrance to the first floor, there are usually steps several steps higher than the road surface, all the way to the first floor. A room, such as a study or reception room, usually with a porch, dining room and a host. Professional men such as doctors are used to receiving patients or clients on the first floor of their residences.

There are stairs on the porch leading to the second floor. The most beautiful room in the whole house is on this floor, and the noise in the street or kitchen will not affect it. The living room occupies most of the area on the second floor, and is sometimes divided into two or three rooms by arches or folding doors, which are used as recreation rooms, studios or greenhouses. When guests come to visit, the servant will invite them in first, help them take off their coats, and then take them to the stairs leading to the living room. At this time, the hostess will greet the guests at the top of the stairs.

Above the third floor is the family bedroom. There are dressing rooms for men and women on both sides of the master bedroom, which are used to store clothes and personal belongings. The children's dining room, activity room and bedroom are separated. Children under the age of seven or eight usually live with nannies. If you are older, you will share a room with your same-sex compatriots. Only when you are an adult will you have a separate bedroom. Families with good housing conditions also have classrooms where tutors teach their children.

The top floor or attic is a lower place used as a storage room and servants. In addition to the front stairs leading to the second and third floors, there are generally back stairs connecting the basement and attic, which are the main channels for servants to transport daily necessities or enter and exit the lower floors.

The middle class is well-off, and it is understandable for housewives to pursue fashionable home style. Elegant Japanese-style layout was once popular, complicated Middle Eastern style and simple ancient Greek style also dominated, and the most lasting influence was the finely carved Gothic classical style furniture. In real life, what is the indoor layout of middle-class families in Victorian England? 188 1 provides a standard family layout model:

The porch is paved with stone floors, carpets made in the East, an umbrella stand and one or two high-backed chairs. In the dining room, a round or oval dining table with a bracket and several leather chairs in the middle will make everyone feel very comfortable. There is a thick round table in the middle of the living room, surrounded by comfortable benches, chairs, pianos, etc. The wall of the living room is generally covered with patterned light-colored wallpaper, the floor is painted dark brown, and there is a patterned rug in the middle. Bedroom layout is relatively simple, mainly including bed, wardrobe, dresser, washbasin, fireplace and so on. /kloc-after the middle of the 0/9th century, bedroom ventilation has been paid more and more attention, and the copper-iron frame bed has replaced the traditional hanging curtain four-legged bed.

Compared with the living conditions of middle-class families, workers' families are obviously dwarfed. In the early days of the industrial revolution, large areas of workers' residential areas were built in a back-to-back mode, that is, the left, right and back of each house were the walls of another house, and only one window was open forward. A typical worker's residence is two rooms distributed up and down. Wooden tables and chairs, several hooks on the wall, a small suitcase, two beds for parents and children to sleep in, and some simple kitchen utensils. This is all the property.

The housing of the middle class is divided into private space and family space, while the poor working families can't even put a table for the whole family to eat together. Many parents have to send their children to empty nesters' homes for the night, in order to prevent their nearly adult siblings from sharing the bed. The living conditions of farmers are almost the same as those of urban workers.

/kloc-Since the middle of the 0/9th century, the living conditions of workers have been generally improved due to the cancellation of the original housing model for workers, the promulgation of health and building regulations and the growth of social wealth. The housing of the working class and the middle and lower classes is arranged separately, with front and back doors. The back door leads to a small courtyard surrounded by a brick wall, where you can plant some plants, hang clothes and pile up sundries. The number of rooms has also increased. The first floor is usually the kitchen and living room, and the second floor is the bedroom where parents and children are separated.

By the 1960s, skilled technicians and craftsmen could use their savings to buy necessary furniture before marriage and some second-hand daily necessities within one or two years after marriage. The indoor layout of workers' families in this period is as follows: the living room on the first floor is an important place to receive VIPs and family dinners on Sunday, so it is the most elaborate. Besides sofas, chairs, carpets and books, some families will also be equipped with pianos. The living room is also a dining room and family activity room, with a wooden table covered with linoleum and several benches or stools in the middle, several comfortable seats scattered around the fireplace, and a kitchen cabinet for tableware and kitchen utensils.

Living facilities Although many British people still live in houses built in the19th century, the original ways of heating, lighting and cooking no longer exist. There is no doubt that the living facilities of British people in Victorian era are not the same as today. Even in wealthy families, there are few bathrooms and heating facilities. The indoor light is dim and fires often occur.

The climate in Britain is wet and rainy, so it is difficult to cope without heating equipment. In Victorian times, a wealthy family had a fireplace in every room. Sometimes people use wood as fuel, which is especially common in rural areas, but fireplaces were originally designed for burning coal. Coal will not splash when burning, which is relatively safe, and it burns slowly, so it doesn't need constant attention. Unless there are bedridden patients, the average family rarely uses the fireplace in the bedroom, and only the rich can enjoy the luxurious life of heating in the fireplace in the bedroom. 65438+ After the invention of gas in the 1980s, people put the gas stove in the fireplace of the bedroom, lit it for a while, and drove away the cold before going to bed.

/kloc-In the early 20th century, although beeswax burned for a long time and had high brightness, most families still used candles for lighting because of its high cost. In the countryside, people use the light of sunlight and fire. In the oil paintings reflecting the daily life of this period, there are often scenes of peasant women sitting at the door spinning and knitting sweaters. This is not a simple pose of the painter, but a portrayal of real life.

1In the 1940s, oil lamps, which are safer and better than candles, gradually entered people's homes. Since then, trimming the wick, cleaning the lampshade and refueling regularly have become new chores. Among fuels, whale oil is expensive and kerosene is relatively cheap. 65438+In 1980s, after the invention of efficient and clean gas system, gas lamps began to be popularized in new residential buildings in cities.

Because the British people wear complicated clothes and use a lot of indoor decorative cloth, washing has become a heavy housework. Families with financial ability will generally hire specialized laundry women, otherwise laundry will become a heavy burden for servants and even hostesses.

It's a good idea to suggest six sheets for each bed at home. If you have a lot of sheets, bedspreads and underwear, you only need to wash them thoroughly eight or nine times a year to keep the room clean and personal hygiene. But laundry day is really tense and busy. The servant will boil hot water on the stove early in the morning. At that time, the washing effect of soap was not ideal, and clothes had to be scrubbed and boiled to be thoroughly washed. It is also tiring to wring out and flatten a lot of heavy clothes by hand. Whether the washed clothes can be dried outdoors depends on the weather. If the weather is bad, it must be dry indoors, and the room will be wet and cool for several days.

During the Victorian era, British people's bathing habits gradually formed. In working-class families, fathers and daughters who go out to work usually take a bath in the public bathroom regularly, while other family members scrub their bodies in the tin bathtub in the kitchen every week. Children generally do not change water when taking a bath, but only heat the water to maintain a suitable temperature.

Those middle-class families who employ servants bathe in their own bathrooms or changing rooms. There are washbasins, kettles, mouthwash cups, soap boxes and other toiletries on the washstand in the bathroom. About an hour before breakfast, the servant will knock on the door to prepare hot and cold water for the host's daily morning bath. If it is cleaned thoroughly, the servant will put the bathtub in front of the fireplace in the bathroom and block the screen to prevent dust. When the master takes a bath and dresses, the servant is responsible for carrying water and pouring it. Because the bathtub is very small, people are used to sitting on a small stool next to it instead of taking a bath in the basin. By the mid-Victorian era, the rich could already enjoy the convenient bathroom facilities, but with so many servants calling around, who was in a hurry to update the labor-saving bathroom facilities?

Supplemented by the Respondent 2009-07-06 2 1:52

At that time, the middle and upper classes were very particular about food. They import all kinds of exotic spices and seasonings from distant countries and use them in carefully cooked food. In the Victorian era, there was the earliest cooking school in history, and cookbooks written by famous chefs were very popular in Britain. In this era, people first wrote down the specific cooking methods such as the amount of seasoning in detail. Some small kitchen utensils, such as can openers, became popular, and many dining manners were formed in the Victorian era.

During this period, afternoon tea prevailed in England, and the nobles had rich breakfast, simple lunch and late dinner. It is said that Duchess Anna, Queen Victoria's waitress, feels very hungry every afternoon, so she asks her servants to bring some snacks. Many people have followed suit, and afternoon tea has gradually become a routine ceremony. In fact, a colorful tea culture has been formed around this afternoon tea custom. Elegant hotels began to set up tea rooms, and there were also teahouses open to the public on the street. Tea party became a social form, where Victorian ladies and gentlemen met their boyfriends.

Answer over