Introduction to Crafts

Types of lacquer ware

Ancient lacquer ware from the production process and decorative techniques to distinguish, there are mainly the following categories: a color lacquer ware light vein without lines, to a color painting, including the table or the bottom of the foot within the color of the person, most of the black, but also purple, red, Ming and Qing Dynasty, but also yellow, green, brown, gold, etc., with the modeling of excellence. The Song Dynasty daily utensils are mostly of this kind. Lacquer, lacquer or oil color painted patterns, is the most common painting method; gold, also known as clay gold painting lacquer, painted with gold dust patterns, mostly in black, red lacquer used on the ground, the Warring States has reached a high level; bump gold, in the cone or needle scratch pattern filled with gold dust, filled with silver is called bump silver. Song Dynasty development is great, more prevalent in the Yuan Dynasty; pile of lacquer, lacquer ash piled up into a pattern, the Ming and Qing dynasties also imposed on the pattern of carving, and post gold, lacquer, color oil, etc., more than before the original color of the pile of lacquer gorgeous; lacquer, lacquer, lacquer filled with colored lacquer in the carving of artifacts, the surface smooth, Ming and Qing dynasties have to grind the apparent, openwork embedded in a different; carve and fill, that is, along the contours of the outline of the pattern of the outline of the Yinwen line, and hooked out of the pattern of the texture, fill in the line of the gold, lacquer pattern filled with colored lacquer or depicted as It was popular in the Ming and Qing Dynasties; gold and silver pinto, originating from the Han Dynasty, is a lacquerware with patterns in gold and silver foil. With gold and silver engraved into a variety of patterns embedded in the surface, after the lacquer grinding to show the gold and silver patterns, the most prevalent in the Tang Dynasty; screw fine, cut into different sizes of different forms of screws inlaid into the pattern, there are thick (hard) screws, thin (soft) screws, and some will also be directly pounded into a thin sand screw, sprinkled in the lacquer, and the formation of the flash of light color points. After the Tang see; rhinoceros skin, also known as "Polo paint", to make the undulating color material, and then painted multiple layers of different color paint, smoothed to show the level of color paint, was a slice of cloud, round flowers, pine scales and other mottled patterns; carving lacquer, in copper or wood tires (there are also gold, silver, tin tires) on the tens of layers of lacquer coating to hundreds of layers of lacquer, and then carve patterns. According to the different lacquer colors can be divided into tick red, tick yellow, tick green, tick ink, tick color, tick rhinoceros, etc., of which tick rhinoceros is by two or three kinds of color lacquer in turn regularly coated to a certain thickness and then tick carving, the cut section reveals different color layers. Yuan Dynasty reached its peak; paragraph color, also known as "carved gray", in the lacquered ash on the board carved patterns, filled with color lacquer or color oil. Very popular in the Ming Dynasty; overlay lacquer, lacquer, yellow lacquer, gold, silver, tin foil, gold sprinkles, gold, etc. overlay transparent lacquer. Common in the Ming and Qing Dynasties; treasure inlaid with gold, silver, gemstones, pearls, coral, jasper, jadeite, crystal, onyx, tortoiseshell, giant clams, green gold, green pine, inlays, ivory, beeswax, incense and other precious materials carved into a variety of patterns in the lacquer inlaid with five colorful images, because of its creation for the Ming Dynasty artist Zhou Zhu, so the name is "Zhou system", the Ming and Qing dynasties. It is called "Zhou system" because it was created by Zhou Zhu, an artist of the Ming Dynasty, and was practiced in the Ming and Qing Dynasties.

Lacquerware

Lacquerware is a very widely used in the daily life of people in ancient times; because of the lacquer acid, alkali, heat, corrosion and other characteristics, so it was utilized very early. China is the earliest country in the world to use lacquer, "Han Fei Zi? Han Fei Zi, described Yu Shun to make food utensils, "flowing lacquer and ink on it. Yu made sacrificial vessels, ink lacquer on the outside and vermilion paint on the inside." Lacquer objects have been found in late primitive society sites. The cultivation of lacquer trees was quite common in ancient times, and Zhuang Zi, a great philosopher of the Warring States period, held the official position of managing a lacquer garden. Early lacquerware was generally painted on simple wood and bamboo tires for both antiseptic and decorative purposes. With the development of lacquer technology, gradually appeared in a variety of artifacts on the painting, depiction of gold, bump gold, lacquer, or in the tire lacquer to a certain thickness, and then carved on the top of the pattern of the practice, there are also lacquer inlaid with gold, silver, copper, inlaid with gold, silver, copper, tin, jade teeth and gemstones, in order to make up the magnificent pattern, a thousand words and thousands of China, and the strife can not be recognized. Gold and silver flat off the Tang Dynasty, the Song Dynasty, a color lacquer, the Yuan Dynasty, carved lacquer, the Ming Dynasty, Baibao inlay, the Qing Dynasty, such as stripped lacquer, are representative of the characteristics of the generations of masterpieces.

Pottery

One of the plastic arts. Ceramics is a general term for products made of clay or a mixture of clay, feldspar, quartz, etc., which are molded, dried, and fired. Ceramic art refers to ceramic daily necessities, furnishings firing process and modeling, glaze and decoration of the artistic characteristics presented. As far back as the Neolithic era, there has been a rough, simple style of gray pottery, red pottery, white pottery, colored pottery and black pottery. In the Shang Dynasty, glazed pottery and hard-glazed pottery with the nature of porcelain appeared. Colored pottery is the oldest arts and crafts in China. The real porcelain was created in the Eastern Han Dynasty. Tang Dynasty ceramics production technology and artistic creation has reached a high degree of maturity. Song Dynasty porcelain industry flourished, the emergence of famous kilns. Ming and Qing dynasties ceramics from billet making, decoration, glazing to firing, technology and more than the previous generation. China's ceramics are still thriving, high quality and beautiful shape, glaze, decoration, modeling have a high artistic value, Yixing Zisha pots, Shiwan pottery sculpture, Jieshou three-color glazed ceramics, Zibo's Jiangcai ceramics, Tongguan green-glazed ceramics, Chongning glazed ceramics sculpture, porcelain sculpture, Dehua, Jingdezhen, such as the willow-leaf bottles, phoenix-tailed bottles, all famous around the world.

Porcelain

The clay with the right amount of feldspar, quartz (or china stone) as the raw material for the billet glaze, by 1200 ℃ -1300 ℃ kiln temperature in the reducing atmosphere of the vessel. With a dense and hard texture, cross-section of light, thin translucent, tire color white or light gray and white, weak or non-absorbent water absorption, glaze layer thicker than 0.1 mm, green glaze is pure, glossy glaze, knocking sound crisp and so on. Created in the Eastern Han Dynasty, is one of the great inventions of ancient China. Zhejiang Shangyu "small fairy altar" found in the Eastern Han Dynasty porcelain kiln site, its celadon remnants of the test results show that the tire color gray and white, the tire solid and meticulous, firing temperature up to 1300 ℃, the water absorption rate of less than 0.15% (has reached the modern fine porcelain water absorption rate standard), the tire of the thin layer of slightly translucent, sintering is good, the glaze of the glazing is good, tire glaze combination is firm! The thickness of the glaze layer is 0.1-0.2 millimeters, light green glaze, pure and beautiful, shiny glaze, to meet the standard requirements of porcelain. To Tang has reached maturity, the southern Yue kiln celadon, northern Xing kiln white porcelain is the most famous. After the Yuan Jingdezhen kiln became the center of the porcelain industry has significant development. Porcelain varieties, there are blue and white, black, purple, yellow, green, red, blue and other high and low-temperature color glaze porcelain, as well as blue and white, glaze red, color, five colors, pastel, enamel and other decorative colored porcelain. Porcelain category is usually divided into daily-use porcelain, furnishing porcelain, art porcelain.

Folk craft

Laboring people in order to adapt to the needs of life and aesthetic requirements of local materials and handmade production based on a kind of arts and crafts. There are many varieties, such as bamboo weaving, grass weaving, blue printed cloth, batik, wood carving, clay sculpture, paper cutting, folk toys and so on. Due to the different social history, customs and habits, geographical environment, aesthetic point of view of each region, each ethnic group, each with a different style characteristics.

Decorative Painting

Broadly speaking, it refers to all the paintings belonging to the decoration of artifacts. In a narrow sense, it refers to decorative murals, advertising paintings in commercial art. Decorative painting emphasizes the decorative form of expression, which is different from the general realistic painting.

Commercial art

An art that is designed to recommend products to customers. Using different forms and methods, it introduces the performance, characteristics, and uses of commodities, including a variety of commodity modeling, decoration, advertising, window displays, and other related promotional materials design and production projects.

Pattern

The general term for decorative patterns on objects. Generally divided into ˙ separate pattern, ˙ fit pattern, corner decoration pattern (i.e. corner pattern), ˙ edge decoration pattern, scattered pattern, continuous pattern (including ˙ two continuous, ˙ four continuous"), etc..

Printing

Printing and dyeing process. The warp threads of fabrics are wrapped with parcels in accordance with the requirements of color setting, and then dyed, so that the warp threads show a section of different colors. The fabrics made with it form a kind of straight and natural pattern, which has a unique style. The silk produced in Hotan, Xinjiang (also known as "Edelweiss" silk), that is, the use of this method of weaving.

Batik

Anciently known as "Wax Val". One of the traditional folk printing and dyeing techniques. Today in the Buyei, Miao, Yao, Gelao and other ethnic groups are still very popular, dresses, blankets, bags, etc., more like to use batik for decoration. The main method is to dip the wax knife into the wax liquid, depict geometric designs or patterns of flowers, birds, insects and fish on the white cloth, and then dip it into the indigo tank (mainly in blue color), and then use water to boil off the wax to show the patterns. The structure is rigorous, the lines are smooth, and the decorative interest is very strong, with a distinctive national style.

History of Lacquer in China

The history of lacquer in China can be traced back to the Hemudu culture in the Neolithic period 7,000 years ago, where lacquer bowls were painted with vermilion inside and outside, which is the earliest known lacquer ware. In other areas, horn-shaped vessels, goblet-shaped vessels, and high-handled cups embedded with jade have also been found, reflecting the level of primitive lacquer production.

Famous pottery

China's pottery is more important: Yixing, Jiangsu Province, purple sand pottery, mainly tea, wine, stationery and other practical items; Guangdong Shiwan pottery, mostly ceramic figures, animals, flowers and fruits and other furnishings; Anhui Jieshou three-color glazed ceramics; Jiangcai ceramics in Zibo, Shandong; green-glazed pottery Tongguan, Hunan Province; Sichuan, Chongning sculpture glazed ceramics and Rongchang's burnt pottery; Yunnan, Jianshui and Tianshui, Gansu Province, the original color of the pottery. Jianshui and Tianshui in Gansu, etc.

Pottery

refers to unglazed or glazed daily necessities and furnishings molded from clay and baked at 700℃-800℃. It has the characteristics of tone and mute, opaque and absorbent. According to the different components contained in the clay, the body is white, green, brown, brown and other colors. The earliest appeared in the Neolithic Age, there are gray pottery, warp pottery, white pottery, colored pottery, black pottery and so on. With the development and improvement of pottery making, there appeared printed hard pottery, lead-glazed pottery, three-color pottery and so on. The pottery is still being burned today.

Pattern

Broadly refers to some kind of artifacts of the shape of the structure, color, ornamentation for the process of processing and pre-designed construction plans, made of drawings, commonly known as "pattern". Some artifacts (such as some wooden furniture, etc.), in addition to modeling structure, no decorative patterns, also belongs to the category of pattern (or "three-dimensional pattern"). Narrowly refers to the decorative pattern and color on the object.

Art and craft

One of the plastic arts. A variety of arts and crafts made with art skills and practical combination and appreciation value of crafts. Therefore, usually has a dual nature: both material products, but also has a different degree of spiritual aesthetic. As a material product, it reflects a certain era, a certain society's material and cultural production level; as a spiritual product, its visual image (shape, color, decoration) and reflects the aesthetic of a certain era. Generally divided into two categories: First, daily crafts, that is, after decorative processing of the life of the actual products, such as some dyeing and weaving, ceramic craft, furniture craft, etc.; Second, furnishing craft, that is, dedicated to the appreciation of the furnishings, such as some ivory carvings, jade carvings, decorative paintings and so on. China's arts and crafts production is relatively early, such as the Neolithic era has been colored pottery, before the Shang Dynasty has been engraved white pottery, the Shang Dynasty has been jade, etc., realistic modeling and patterning techniques that show a strong practicality and art. Their production, often due to the historical period, geographical environment, economic conditions, cultural and technical level, national habits and aesthetic point of view of the different styles and characteristics.

Willow weaving

A craft made of willow. Willow also known as "red willow", bushy shrubs, branches toughness, suitable for weaving a variety of daily necessities, such as boxes, plates, baskets, toys and so on. The main source for Hebei Gu'an and northern Jiangsu, southeastern Shandong area.

Rattan

A traditional practical crafts. The use of rattan weaving a variety of utensils and furniture. The main place of origin of Guangdong. Long history, the Qing Dynasty Qu Dajun "Guangdong New Words": "Lingnan rattan to the most numerous, goods in the world. Its weaving rattan ware, ten families and two".

Famous embroidery

Famous varieties are: Suzhou embroidery, Hunan embroidery, Sichuan embroidery, Guangdong embroidery, known as the "four famous embroidery". In addition, there are Beijing's "Beijing embroidery", Wenzhou's "Ou embroidery", Shanghai's "Gu embroidery", the Hmong "Miao embroidery" and so on, with different origins. "and so on, different places of origin, different styles. Embroidery techniques include: wrong needle embroidery, messy needle embroidery, net embroidery, full of embroidery, locking silk, nashi, najin, flat gold, shadow gold, pan gold, paving velvet, scraping velvet, poking yarn, sprinkle line, pick flowers, etc., which are colorful and distinctive. The uses of embroidery include: living clothes, singing, dancing or opera costumes, pillowcases, tablecloths, cushions and other household items and furnishings such as screens and wall hangings.

Corn husk weaving

A craft newly developed in the north after the founding of the country. Corn husk texture flexible, woven baskets, baskets, baskets, boxes, curtains, door rugs and other daily necessities, sturdy and durable. Products in the tea mat is the most exquisite. Corn husk can also be dyed, can weave a cross, diamond-shaped flowers and text and other patterns. The main place of origin of Shandong.

Grass weaving

Widespread popularity of a folk handmade art. Is the use of grass produced in various places, local materials, woven into a variety of daily necessities, such as baskets, fruit boxes, cups, pots and mats, hats, slippers and pillows, mats and so on. Some of the use of pre-dyed with a variety of colorful grass, weaving a variety of patterns; some are woven after printing decorative patterns. Both economical and practical, but also beautiful and generous. The main varieties are Hebei, Henan, Shandong wheat grass weaving, Shanghai Jiading, Guangdong Gao Yao, Dongguan yellow grass weaving, Zhejiang Jinshi grass weaving, Hunan Longshu grass weaving and Taiwan Province of grass mats and so on.

Bamboo weaving

A craft made of bamboo gabions. The production process is to cut the bamboo into thick and thin gabions, and after cutting, scraping, polishing and splitting the fine process, weaving into a variety of exquisite daily necessities, such as bamboo baskets, fruit boxes, screens, curtains, fans and so on. The main production areas are Dongyang and Sheng County in Zhejiang Province, Quanzhou and Gutian in Fujian Province, Jiading in Shanghai and Zigong in Sichuan Province. In Zigong, Sichuan Province, the artist Gong Yujang's fan is called "Gong Fan", and the gabion used is as fine as silk yarn.

Cloisonné

Also known as "copper enamel". One of the special crafts. One said that as early as the Tang Dynasty, there is this craft production; According to the Palace Museum, the earliest survivors of the system was created in the Ming Xuande (1426-1435), to the Jingtai (1450-1456) between the widespread popularity. Made of copper tires, blue glaze was the most outstanding, customarily known as "cloisonné". After the Qing Dynasty, it was exported abroad. The production process is divided into: beating, pinching, pointing blue, firing blue, polishing, gilding, etc., of which the most complex and detailed is the pinching and pointing blue technology. Varieties include bottles, bowls, plates, tobacco, table lamps, sugar jars, trophies and so on. Produced in Beijing.

Iron painting

Also known as "iron flower". One of the special crafts. With iron and iron wire forged and welded into a variety of landscapes, flowers and birds in the form of paintings, with a hanging screen, hanging lamps. Legend has it that it was created by the blacksmith Tang Peng of Wuhu, Anhui Province in the late Ming and early Qing dynasties, and then spread to Beijing, Shandong and other places.