What are the phenomena that cause pollution to the environment in industrial production?

I. Atmospheric Pollution

Definition of Atmospheric Pollution

In a dry atmosphere, the composition of trace gases is insignificant. However, in a certain range of the atmosphere, there are trace substances that were not originally present, and their quantity and duration may adversely affect and jeopardize human beings, animals, plants, and objects and materials. When the concentration of pollutants in the atmosphere reaches such a harmful level that it destroys the ecosystem and the conditions for the normal survival and development of human beings, the phenomenon that causes harm to human beings or things is called air pollution. The causes of air pollution are both natural and man-made, especially man-made, such as industrial emissions, combustion, automobile exhaust and nuclear explosions. With the rapid development of human economic activities and production, while consuming a large amount of energy, a large amount of waste gas, smoke and dust substances into the atmosphere, seriously affecting the quality of the atmospheric environment, especially in densely populated cities and industrial areas. The so-called dry clean air refers to the atmosphere in the natural state (composed of mixed gases, water and impurities) to remove water and impurities in the air, its main component is nitrogen, accounting for 78.09%; oxygen, accounting for 20.94%; argon, accounting for 0.93%; and a variety of other content of less than 0.1% of the trace gases (such as neon, helium, carbon dioxide, krypton).

Categorization of atmospheric pollutants

Atmospheric pollutants can be divided into two categories, namely, natural pollutants and anthropogenic pollutants, causing public health is often anthropogenic pollutants, they are mainly from fuel combustion and large-scale industrial and mining enterprises.

Particulate matter: refers to liquid, solid substances in the atmosphere, also known as dust.

Sulphur oxides: a general term for oxides of sulphur, including sulphur dioxide, sulphur trioxide, sulphur trioxide, sulphur monoxide and so on.

Carbon oxides: mainly carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide.

Nitrogen oxides: a general term for oxides of nitrogen, including nitrous oxide, nitric oxide, nitrogen dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, and so on.

Hydrocarbons: the formation of compounds of carbon and hydrogen, such as methane, ethane and other hydrocarbon gases.

Other hazardous substances: such as heavy metals, fluorine gas, chlorine gas and so on.

Hazards of air pollution

Air pollution has a great impact on the climate, air pollution emissions of pollutants on the local area and the global climate will have a certain impact, especially on the global climate, from a long-term point of view, this impact will be very serious.

One is the increase of carbon dioxide content in the atmosphere, fuel contains a variety of complex components, after combustion produces a variety of hazardous substances, even if the fuel does not contain impurities to achieve complete combustion, but also to produce water and carbon dioxide, because fuel combustion makes the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere continues to increase, disrupting the balance of carbon dioxide in the natural world, to the point that may trigger the "Greenhouse effect", resulting in an increase in the earth's temperature. The second is the destruction of the ozone layer.

After the atmosphere is polluted, due to the source of pollutants, the nature and duration of different pollutants, the polluted area of the meteorological conditions, geographic environment and other factors, as well as the age of people, different health conditions, the harm caused to the human body are not the same. Harmful substances in the atmosphere mainly invade the human body through the following three ways to cause harm:

(1) through the human direct breathing and enter the human body;

(2) attached to food or dissolved in water, so that it is with the diet and invade the human body;

(3) through the contact or stimulation of the skin and enter into the human body. Among them, through the breath and invasion of the human body is the main way, also the most harmful.

The hazards of air pollution can be roughly divided into acute poisoning, chronic poisoning, carcinogenic three.

Protection of the atmosphere

Many environmental problems are transboundary, or even global, such as the greenhouse effect and ozone layer depletion and other atmospheric pollution, need to be the world's countries **** with efforts to gradually solve. In the early 1970s, people began to recognize that HCFCs could be harmful to the environment, and began to look for alternatives. By the mid-1980s, evidence of ozone layer depletion was becoming clearer and calls for concerted action were growing. By 1987, representatives of many countries gathered in Montreal, Canada's second largest city, to sign the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer. This Protocol was a pioneering international agreement to combat the world's environmental ills, with the aim of controlling the consumption of HCFCs and other ozone-depleting substances, protecting the Earth's "coat" as well as the human race itself.

The Montreal Protocol, as amended, is a binding international agreement. Under the terms of the agreement, industrialized countries are required to reduce their emissions of HCFCs and other restricted substances immediately, phasing out their use completely by the year 2000. Developing countries could continue to increase their consumption of those substances to a limited extent until 1996, and should then phase them down to a point where the use of those hazardous substances had to be completely phased out by the year 2010. In addition to the time preference, this agreement also contains two provisions in favor of developing countries: one is the establishment of an interim multilateral fund to help developing countries to adopt technologies to replace HCFCs, and the other is a technology transfer clause, which requires the signatories to transfer the best technology on "fair and most favorable terms".

China has acceded to the amended Montreal Protocol, and has formulated a national action programme to fulfil its international obligations, including setting up a management body to protect the ozone layer, formulating management norms for the relevant industries, actively carrying out research on substitutes and alternative technologies, and arranging for matching funds for enterprises to carry out the reform of alternative technologies, etc.

II.

Two, acid rain

Some people believe that acid rain is a silent crisis, and is the most serious environmental threat ever to hit us, is an invisible enemy. This is not alarmist talk.

As industrialization and energy consumption increase, so do acidic emissions, which enter the air and through a series of actions form acid rain.

Acid emissions have been controlled, but acid rain still occurs. Atmospheric dust may be another cause of the acid rain problem.

Acidic emissions

The condensation of water vapor in the free atmosphere is caused by the presence of condensation nuclei in the range of 0.1 to 10 μm, which then grows through processes such as merging and agglomeration to form clouds and raindrops. Inside the cloud, cloud droplets touch each other or aerosol particles and absorb gaseous pollutants in the atmosphere, and chemical reactions occur inside the cloud droplets, which is called the removal of pollutants from the cloud or rain. During the descent of the raindrops, the raindrops wash away the gases and aerosols in the air through which they pass, and chemical reactions occur inside the raindrops, which is called the under-cloud removal of pollutants or scouring. These processes are also known as the removal of gaseous particulate matter from the atmosphere by precipitation, and acidification occurs during these processes.

Atmospheric dust

Recent discoveries have shown that acid rain is a much more complex phenomenon than originally thought. The results of the study suggest that the presence of alkali compounds in the atmosphere plays an unexpected and crucial role. Alkalis counteract the effects of acid rain by neutralizing acidic pollutants. We found that the focus on atmospheric acidity has obscured the fact that alkali emissions have also declined. It appears that a number of factors are reducing the amount of these bases in the atmosphere, thus exacerbating the ecological impact of acid rain. Ironically, several of these factors are the very things that governments are doing to improve air quality.

Most of the bases in the atmosphere are found in airborne particles called atmospheric dust. These dust particles are rich in minerals such as calcium carbonate and magnesium carbonate, which act as alkalis when dissolved in water. Atmospheric dust particles are formed from a variety of sources***. Combustion of fuels and industrial activities such as cement production, mining and metal smelting produce particles containing alkalis. Construction sites, farms and vehicle traffic on unpaved roads also contribute to dust particles.

Three, the ozone layer destruction

The ozone layer is the earth's best umbrella, it absorbs most of the ultraviolet rays from the sun. However, nearly two decades of scientific research and atmospheric observations have revealed that the ozone layer in the Antarctic atmosphere has been thinning every spring, and that there is in fact an ozone "hole" in the polar atmosphere.

Is this ozone depletion an anomaly, and is it a sign of a global catastrophe for this ultraviolet absorbing layer? Through ongoing scientific research, it has been found that the ozone layer is being severely damaged by substances released by human activities, and that this phenomenon is also influenced by the unique meteorological conditions of the region (polar vortex, cold stratospheric temperatures, polar stratospheric clouds).

Discovery process

Atmospheric scientists from the British Antarctic Survey (BAS) conducted a program of research in Antarctica, both on the ground and in the air. Spherical instruments generally examine the composition and chemistry of the atmosphere in which the instrument is traveling. Land-based and satellite-based probes perform telemetry missions. These research activities take the form of international cooperation. For example, in 1987, some 150 scientists and support staff representing 19 organizations and four countries met in Punta Arenas, Chile, to conduct an unprecedented study, the Airborne Antarctic Ozone Experiment (AAOE). The experiment showed that the size of the ozone hole reached an all-time high in 1987. The discovery shocked the scientific community.

Mechanisms

The cause of the Antarctic "ozone hole" has not been conclusively determined, but the most convincing theory is that of pollutants. In addition: NASA Hampton Chili Center Callis et al. proposed that the destruction of the Antarctic ozone layer and strong solar activity; MIT Tung et al. that there is a unique atmospheric environment in Antarctica caused by the depletion of ozone in late winter and early spring, according to atmospheric dynamics, pointed out that a large number of hydrochlorofluorocarbon compounds used, as well as Antarctica in the early spring does not have enough sunlight to produce a large number of oxygen atoms, and therefore the cycle of oxygen atoms is not needed. proposed a cyclic mechanism that does not require oxygen atoms.

Through the analysis, we seem to be able to come up with the following main points: (1) The Antarctic "ozone hole" is a special phenomenon caused by the involvement of polar stratospheric clouds and non-homogeneous chemical reactions under the special temperature and circulation conditions in the Antarctic spring. (2) The influence of other factors, such as the polar vortex, on the transportation of gas components is not a determining factor for the formation of the Antarctic "ozone hole", but only affects the intensity of the ozone hole. (3) The effect of solar cycle changes on the strength of the Antarctic "ozone hole" through photochemical reactions can be ignored.

Four, water pollution

Human activities will make a large number of industrial, agricultural and domestic waste discharged into the water, so that water pollution. Definition of "water pollution": a body of water due to the intervention of certain substances, resulting in its chemical, physical, biological or radiological characteristics of the change, thereby affecting the effective use of water, endangering human health or damage to the ecological environment, resulting in the deterioration of water quality phenomenon known as water pollution.

There are two types of water pollution: one is natural pollution; the other is man-made pollution. Currently more harmful to the water body is man-made pollution. Water pollution can be based on the different impurities of pollution and is mainly divided into chemical pollution, physical pollution and biological pollution of three categories.

1, seawater pollution

Sewage, slag, waste oil and chemical substances flow into the sea. In many areas of the sea, the dumping of sewage mixed with oil is illegal, but this still happens from time to time, and the real oil disaster is in the giant oil tanker spill or sinking. Today we try to remove oil by using chemicals to precipitate it in the water.

Dumping chemical and radioactive waste into the ocean has been going on for years. One day the containers will corrode and the harmful substances will enter the water. We don't know much about the deep water-surface water cycle, and it may be happening faster than we previously thought. As a result, the harmful substances can spread to the layers of water in which the organisms live.

2. Surface water pollution

More than 500 years ago, people thought it was dangerous to drink water from rivers flowing through large cities, and industrialization, population growth and new toxic chemicals have made the situation worse.

The paving of drainage systems and the unabated use of detergents have increased phosphate levels in our waterways and lakes. This over-nutrition leads to rapid algal blooms. Depletion of oxygen in the water kills fish and degrades ecosystems. Serious water pollution is also caused by the improper industrial handling of mercury compounds and other heavy metals. Mercury is gradually concentrated through the food chain and eventually causes severe neurological damage to fish-eating birds or humans.

3, groundwater pollution

With surface water, groundwater is also threatened by pollution, mainly from surface or soil water seepage, agricultural nitrogen fertilizers as well as garbage oil, phenol pollution of groundwater, nitrogen fertilizers in the nitrate once into the ground, it will be transformed into nitrites, which in the human body can be transformed into carcinogenic substances. Destruction of ground cover and drainage of wetlands reduces infiltration of surface water, thus lowering the diving surface. Further reductions in the submerged surface are also caused by the fact that, due to excessive urban and industrial demand, freshwater is constantly being pumped out for domestic and industrial use and then re-discharged as surface effluent. On the other hand, extensive and frequent irrigation can enhance infiltration and raise the submerged surface all the way to the surface. In arid areas, the land infiltrated by water will sooner or later become uncultivable and saline due to unusual evaporation and precipitation of salts in the groundwater.

Water conservation

The earth's water seems to be inexhaustible, but in fact, according to the current human use, only fresh water is the main water resource, and only a small part of fresh water can be used by people. Fresh water is a renewable resource, and its renewability depends on the Earth's water cycle. With the development of industry and the increase of population, a large number of water bodies have been polluted; in order to extract river water, many countries have built dams in the upper reaches of rivers, changing the flow of water, so that the water cycle and self-purification have been seriously affected.

V, solid waste

All human activities generated by the process, and the owner no longer has the value of the use of solid or semi-solid substances that are discarded, commonly known as solid waste. Various types of production activities in the solid waste commonly known as slag; living activities in the solid waste is known as garbage." Solid waste" actually refers only to the original owner. In any production or life process, the owner of raw materials, goods or consumer goods, often only use some of the active ingredients, but for the original owner no longer has the use of most solid waste still contains other production industries in the need for components, after a certain technical links, can be transformed into the relevant sectors of the industry in the production of raw materials, or even can be used directly. Can be seen, the concept of solid waste at any time, space changes and has a relative.

Solid waste generation pathway

Sustaining all activities of human society materials, in dynamic equilibrium process, and follow the law of conservation of mass, can be used to describe the law of social material flow.

1. All human activities, relative to the external environment, but the development and utilization of materials, and ultimately in the form of waste materials return to the environment in the same amount. This "utilization and return" of materials is often at cross purposes. In the production and consumption of products, various forms of waste are generated, some of which are recycled and reused in production and consumption. The other part, which happens to be equal to the amount of raw materials developed in the environment, is returned to the environment in the form of waste, forming a closed loop system.

2. In modern society, every aspect of human activity generates waste in various states, from the development of raw materials in the environment to the utilization of products. Therefore, the only way to seek to reduce the production of waste is to reduce the development of raw materials and reduce the consumption of raw materials for products.

Categorization of solid waste

Solid waste is categorized according to the way it is generated and its nature. In economically developed countries, solid waste is divided into four categories: industrial, mining, agricultural solid waste and municipal garbage. China's "Solid Waste Management Law", solid waste is divided into industrial solid waste (slag) and municipal garbage two categories. Which contains toxic and hazardous components, a separate subcategory of toxic and hazardous solid waste.

Hazards of solid waste

The garbage is becoming a major problem plaguing human society, the world to produce more than 1 billion tons of garbage every year, a large number of living and industrial waste due to the lack of treatment systems and open piles of garbage, garbage siege phenomenon is becoming increasingly serious, piles of garbage stench, germs, toxic substances contaminate the ground surface and groundwater, a serious hazard to human health, if this phenomenon is not curbed, this phenomenon will not be able to stop, and the phenomenon is not a serious threat to human health.

This phenomenon, if not curbed, mankind will be buried by their own production of garbage.

Six, ground subsidence

Ground subsidence refers to a certain surface area within the ground level of the phenomenon of lowering. The phenomenon of land subsidence has been recorded in history for a long time. As a natural disaster, the occurrence of ground subsidence has certain geological reasons. However, with the economic development of human society and the expansion of population, the phenomenon of ground subsidence has become more and more frequent and the area of subsidence has become larger and larger. In densely populated cities, the phenomenon of land subsidence is particularly serious. Now we study the causes of ground subsidence, it is not difficult to find that the human factor has greatly exceeded the natural factors. The phenomenon of land subsidence is not so much a natural disaster as it is a man-made scourge.

Geological causes of ground subsidence

From the geological factors, the natural ground subsidence occurs roughly the following three causes:

1, the surface of the loose layer or semi-loose layer, etc. under the action of gravity, in the loose layer into a dense, hard or semi-hard rock layer, the ground will be due to the thickness of the ground layer becomes smaller and the occurrence of subsidence.

2. Subsidence occurs when the ground is depressed due to the geological structure.

3. Earthquakes cause the ground to settle.

The man-made causes of ground subsidence

The phenomenon of ground subsidence is closely related to human activities. Especially in recent decades, human over-exploitation of oil, natural gas, solid minerals, groundwater and other direct causes of today's global ground subsidence. As large and medium-sized cities are under enormous population pressure, the over-exploitation of groundwater is even more serious, leading to ground subsidence in most cities, and causing seawater intrusion in coastal areas.

VII. Changes in Biodiversity

Biomes are diverse and can be categorized into a number of types from different perspectives. The meaning of biodiversity is very broad, that is, including the diversity of biological species, but also includes ecological adaptability, morphology, physiological ecological diversity and other broad content.

Different geographical and climatic environments have different biological communities. With the development of industrial civilization, the gradual expansion of human society has changed the biological environment of a large area, seriously affecting biodiversity, and species are declining from the earth at an unprecedented rate.

It is estimated that thousands of species of plants and animals go extinct every year around the world.

Deforestation

The greatest threat to the world's plants and animals is the destruction of ecosystems. Most organisms find it difficult to leave the environment to which they have adapted. One of the most species-rich places in the world is the tropical rainforest, but it is now being destroyed at an ever-increasing rate. Virtually all the world's natural forests are seriously threatened. To a lesser extent, rainforests have been replaced by monoculture economic forests, and in the worst cases they have been destroyed by erosion and reduced to barren scrubland.

The World Conservation Fund (WWF) estimates that the world's forests are disappearing at a rate of 2 percent a year, and that in 50 years there will be no natural forests left.

Clearing grasslands

Much of North America's grasslands have already been lost to a greater or lesser extent. In Africa, savannahs rich in animal resources are being burned in large numbers as a solution to the problem of feeding growing populations. The use of traditional agricultural methods in arid zones is unreliable and dangerous. Efforts to reclaim the inland steppes of Central Asia have suffered many unfortunate setbacks.

Drainage of wetlands

Marsh wetlands are not only a habitat for living organisms, but also play an important role in the hydrological cycle. It regulates the flow of rivers and improves groundwater recharge. However, many wetlands are either drained or filled with water for industrial development and housing construction. Attempts to convert wetlands to cropland have often resulted in poor soil and low yields.

Urbanization

Towns and cities have grown up in good agricultural areas, and urbanization has often meant sacrificing arable land for homes, streets and parking lots. In this way, arable land becomes unproductive. From a natural or economic point of view, it is difficult to restore such land to farmland.

Animal extinction

Many animal species are endangered, and the number of vertebrates at risk alone is staggering. The nature of the threat is varied: Europe's raptors are threatened by egg collectors, while tigers are in danger of having their dense forests cut down. Many endangered animals are beyond saving, while others could survive if protected.

Eight, red tide

Red tide is a body of water in the body of some tiny phytoplankton, protozoa or bacteria, in certain environmental conditions, the sudden proliferation and aggregation, caused by a certain range of a period of time in the body of water discoloration phenomenon. Usually the color of the water body is red, yellow, green and brown depending on the number and species of red tide organisms.

Red tide although since ancient times, but with the rapid development of industrial and agricultural production, water pollution is increasing, red tide is also increasingly serious.

The cause of red tide

Red tide is a natural phenomenon originally existed, or man-made pollution caused by, so far there is no conclusive evidence. However, according to a large number of investigations and research found that the occurrence of red tide must have the following conditions:

1) high nutrient sea water;

2) the involvement of some special substances as triggering factors, known as vitamin B1, B12, iron, manganese, deoxyribonucleic acid;

3) environmental conditions, such as water temperature, salinity and so on, but also determines the occurrence of the type of biology of the red tide. The type of organisms that occur red tide is mainly algae, 63 kinds of plankton have been found, 24 kinds of diatoms, 32 kinds of algae, cyanobacteria, 3 kinds of cyanobacteria, gold algae, 2 kinds of cryptobacteria, protozoa, 1 kind.

Harms of red tide

Red tide not only causes serious harm to the marine environment, marine fisheries and mariculture, but also has an impact on human health and even life.

Mainly includes two aspects:

1) cause marine anomalies, local interruption of the marine food chain, so that the sea once became the Dead Sea;

2) some red tide organisms secrete toxins, these toxins are ingested by certain organisms in the food chain, if humans consume these organisms, it will lead to poisoning or even death.

Nine, soil erosion

Land resources is one of the three major geological resources (mineral resources, water resources, land resources), is the most basic human production activities of resources and labor objects. The degree of human use of land reflects the development of human civilization, but also caused direct damage to land resources, which is mainly manifested in irrational cultivation caused by soil erosion, land desertification, secondary salinization and soil pollution, etc., of which water and soil erosion is particularly serious, is today's world is facing another serious crisis.

Summary of soil erosion

Soil erosion refers to the whole process of soil erosion, transportation and sedimentation under the action of water flow. In the natural state, the process of surface erosion caused by purely natural factors is very slow and is often in relative equilibrium with the process of soil formation. As a result, slopes remain intact. This type of erosion is called natural erosion, or geologic erosion. Under the influence of human activities, especially after the serious destruction of vegetation on slopes, the destruction of surface soil and the movement of land material caused by natural factors, the process of loss is accelerated, that is, soil erosion occurs.

Water and soil erosion is the most common geologic disaster in China that destroys land resources, which is most serious in the Loess Plateau area. China's current general situation of soil erosion is: point on the treatment, the surface of the expansion, the treatment can not catch up with the destruction. At the beginning of the liberation of the country's soil erosion area of 1.74 billion mu, by 1980 about 600 million mu of treatment. Since the treatment could not catch up with the destruction, the area of soil erosion has expanded to 2.25 billion mu, accounting for about 1/6 of the total area of the country, involving nearly 1,000 counties. There are about 400 million mu of sloping arable land in the hilly and mountainous areas of the country, of which about 100 million mu are terraced, while the other 300 million mu of sloping land are suffering from the harm of soil erosion.

Harms of soil erosion

Soil fertility decline, soil erosion can make a large number of fertile topsoil loss.

Reservoir siltation, riverbed elevation, reduced navigability, flooding.

Threatening the safety of industrial and mining transportation facilities. In high mountains and deep valleys, soil erosion often causes mudslide disasters, endangering the safety of industrial and mining transportation facilities.

Deterioration of the ecological environment. From the 1930s to the 1960s, people's understanding of soil erosion disaster is still confined to the direct economic loss of land, but after the 1960s, it began to relate to the human environment as a whole, including the pollution of sediment, the deterioration of the ecological environment and so on.

Causes of soil erosion

The geomorphologic and climatic conditions that predispose to soil erosion are the main causes of soil erosion.

The large population and the high pressure on food and fuel demand have led to predatory land reclamation at low productivity levels, with one-sided emphasis on food production and neglect of integrated development of agriculture, forestry and animal husbandry in accordance with local conditions, and the creation of farmland on land that is only suitable for forestry and animal husbandry. Large quantities of steep slopes are reclaimed, so that the steep slopes become poorer and poorer and more reclaimed, resulting in a vicious cycle of ecosystems; indiscriminate cutting of forests and even digging up roots and lawns, resulting in a drastic reduction of trees and exposure of the ground surface, all of which aggravate soil and water erosion. In addition, some basic construction does not meet the requirements of soil and water conservation, for example, unreasonable construction of roads, factories, coal digging, quarrying, etc., the destruction of vegetation, so that the stability of slopes is reduced, resulting in landslides, landslides, mudslides, and other more serious geological disasters. Tian#cat U.S. imports Puhui Xin tips: haze weather travel remember to do a good job of protection

Erosion prevention and control

Erosion is caused by the movement of surface runoff on slopes. The basic principle of each prevention and control measures is to reduce the runoff volume on the slope, slow down the runoff rate, improve the soil water absorption capacity and slope resistance, and raise the erosion datum as much as possible. In taking preventive and control measures, should start from the surface runoff formation section, along the runoff movement route, according to local conditions, step by step set up prevention and treatment, the implementation of prevention and treatment combined to prevent the main; Slope and gully control combined to control the slope of the main; Engineering measures and biological measures combined to biological measures of the main. Only a variety of measures to comprehensive and centralized governance, continuous governance, in order to be effective.