What are the characteristics of residential buildings in Beijing?

The architectural features of residential houses (quadrangles) in Beijing are as follows:

1, regular quadrangles, one household and one house, the plane pattern can be large or small. The owner of the house can build it according to the size of the land area and the size of the family. It can be as small as one entrance, as large as three or four entrances, or it can be built two yards wide. For the smallest, the room is13; The first or second hospital has 25 to 40 rooms.

The back wall of the wing is a courtyard wall, and the corner is bricked again. This big quadrangle is surrounded by walls from the outside. The wall is very high, and no window is opened to show its privacy. Institutionally, many palaces and temples are also designed and built according to the layout of quadrangles.

2. The youngest one enters the quadrangle, which is directly the quadrangle when entering the street gate, running through the central axis. Houses are all single-storey, surrounded by inverted houses, main rooms and wing rooms, in which the north room is the main room, the houses in the east and west directions are wing rooms, and the south gate faces north, so it is called "inverted house". The courtyard houses are planted with flowers and trees for viewing.

The yard with two entrances is divided into front yard and backyard, and the backyard is also called inner yard. The front yard consists of a gatehouse and an inverted building. Hanging flower doors are often used to connect the front and back yards, while moon doors are used in some relatively simple houses. The backyard consists of east and west wing rooms, main room and veranda. Some quadrangles, such as Mao Dun's former residence in Beijing, don't have flower gates to separate the front yard, but add a backyard behind the main house to build a back-built house for women to live in.

A complete quadrangle is a courtyard with three entrances. The first entrance courtyard is a narrow courtyard, which is occupied by an inverted building hanging in front of the flower gate. The second entrance courtyard consists of a side hall, a main hall and a balcony. An wing room can also be added next to the main room and the side room. The third entrance courtyard is the back cover room behind the main room. A door is opened in the ear room on the east side of the main room, connecting the second and third entrances.

Throughout the yard, the old man lives in the north room (the upper room), with the living room (the main hall) in the middle, the eldest son lives in the east room, the second son lives in the west room, the servant lives in the inverted room, and the daughter lives in the backyard, which does not affect each other. This is also influenced by China's traditional cultural concept, which embodies "men dominate the outside and women dominate the inside".

There are four or five ways to enter the hospital, generally "front hall and back bed". The first yard is the same as the third yard. The second courtyard is a hall and an east-west wing, and then a hanging flower door is set up to form the third courtyard between the hall and the hanging flower door. After the Diaohuamen, the fourth courtyard where the main house and the wing are located is the main courtyard.

If there is a back building, it constitutes the fifth hospital. Others build a row of south houses on the north side of the inverted house, forming a courtyard with four or five entrances.

6. The biggest depth of Beijing Siheyuan is the distance between two hutongs, about 77 meters. Some luxurious courtyards even have gardens and rockeries.

The quadrangles with higher specifications are also equipped with toilets, which are generally arranged in the southwest corner. According to the geomantic theory, the southwest is a "land of five ghosts", and white tigers can be strangled with filth when building toilets. From a practical point of view, the toilet is built in the southwest direction to adapt to the northwest-southeast wind direction, which can prevent the odor from spreading in the hospital.