The Ba d氐氐氐族 regime

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Between the Western Jin Dynasty and the Northern and Southern Dynasties, the Yang Clan of Qingshui had established the Qiuchi Regime, the Fu Jian Clan of Linwei had established the Former Qin, and the Lu Clan of Luyang had established the Later Liang. Former Qin was a regime established mainly by the Fu Clan, so it was also called Fu Qin. The ancestors of the Fu Clan first lived in Wudu, and at that time, people called their family name "Pu Jia" because of the five-foot-long bushes that grew in their pool. During the Cao Wei Dynasty, they moved from Wudu to Linwei County, Loyang County (southeast of present-day Qin'an County, Gansu Province), where they became the commander-in-chief of the tribe. In 310 (the fourth year of the Jin Yongjia reign), Pu Hong was elected by the patriarchs to be the leader of the alliance, and he called himself the Captain of the Guardian School, the Assassin of Qinzhou, and the Duke of Loyang. Liu Yao became the emperor in Chang'an, and made Hong the general of Ningxi and Marquis of Ruyi, who had migrated to Gaolu (present-day southwest of Gaoling County, Shaanxi Province) and entered the kingdom of Dizhi. After the death of the former Zhao, Hong retired to Longshan.

Former Qin Territory

In 333 (the eighth year of Xianhe of the Eastern Jin Dynasty), Hong surrendered to Shihu of Houzhao, and was worshiped as General of Champion and Uncle of Jingyang. After the rate of dizi, qiang 20,000 households under the Longdong, to FengYi County (now Shaanxi Province, Dali County), advised Shi Hu migrate Yongzhou heroes and dizi, qiang more than 100,000 households in the Guandong, in order to the real capital, was adopted, by the Longchamp generals, the displaced people governor, rate of 20,000 households in Fangtou (now southwest of Henan Province, Joon County). 350 years (Yonghe six years) spring, Fu Hong sent envoys to the left side of the Yangtze River, the Eastern Jin dynasty to Hong as a general of the northern conquest, governor of the Hebei military, Hebei County, the assassination of the governor of the state of Jizhu, He was also appointed as the Duke of Guangchuan County. At that time, Ran Min killed Hu Capricorn, Guanlong exiles returning to the west, passing through Fangtou, most of them returned, Hong owned the crowd to more than 100,000, claiming to be a great general, a great monarch, the king of Sanqin, and changed his surname to Fu. He was poisoned to death by Shihu's former general, Ma Qiu. His son Fu Jian succeeded him. Based on the situation that "the people were thinking of Jin", Fu Jian marched from Fangtou to Guanzhong under the banner of Jin's Great General of Western Conquest, Military Governor of Guanzhong, and Assassin of Congzhong Prefecture. After arriving at Guanzhong in the winter of that year, he sent an envoy to Jin to claim his title, and it was not until after he had claimed the title of emperor and established his throne that he formally severed his ties with the Eastern Jin.

Fu Jian entered Chang'an, and according to Guanlong, "Qin, Yong, Yi and Xia were all attached to him."

In the spring of 351 (the seventh year of Yonghe's reign), Fu Jian assumed the position of King of Heaven and Grand Monarch of the Kingdom of Qin, and the name of the country was changed to Huangshi. In the following year, Fu Jian was proclaimed emperor and granted his son Fu Chang the title of Grand Monarch. On the one hand, Fu Jian set up Jingzhou in Fengyang County (southeast of present-day Shanyang County, Shaanxi Province). "to draw in southern gold and strange goods, bows, rods, lacquer and wax, pass through the customs market, and come to distant merchants, so the country was well spent, and the foreign bribes filled up". On the other hand, after defeating Huan Wen's Northern Expedition, he set up the Lai Guesthouse in Pingshuo Gate of Chang'an to attract people from afar; he also set up the Lingtai in the North Gate, and made an agreement with the people on the law, thinning the fruits and astringents, descending the palace, paying attention to the political affairs, giving favorable gifts to the elders, and cultivating the Confucianism. The history said "Guanxi family give people enough", compared with the end of the Western Jin Dynasty, a great improvement.

In 355 (the 11th year of the Yonghe reign), Jian died and was succeeded by his son Fu Sheng. In 357 (the first year of the Shengping reign), Fu Jian, the son of Jian's brother Fu Xiong, killed Sheng and established himself as the King of the Qin Dynasty, changing his name to Yongxing. After seizing the throne, Fu Jian reused Wang Mang to gradually unify the north militarily, and took a series of measures politically, including: "repairing the abolition of duties, succeeding the extinctions, honoring gods and goddesses, teaching agriculture and mulberry farming, setting up schools, and granting cereals and silk to those who were widowers, widows, orphans, and those who could not support themselves in their old age. Those who were widowed, orphaned, and elderly and could not survive on their own were given different kinds of food and silk. Those who had different talents and behaviors, filial piety, friendship, loyalty and righteousness, and those who had commendable virtues, were allowed to hear about them. At the same time, Fu Jian adopted some ethnic policies to ease the complicated ethnic conflicts in Guanzhong. During Fu Jian's reign, social production in Guanzhong was restored, but his successor, Fu Sheng, was a despotic and brutal man, which intensified all kinds of conflicts. After Fu Jian succeeded to the throne, he was confronted with a dilapidated socio-economic situation and sharp and complex ethnic and class conflicts. In order to consolidate his rule, he put forward the idea that "the Li Yuan should be pacified and the barbarians and the Di should be harmonized" and adopted a more enlightened and prudent policy. In dealing with the relationship between the Han Chinese: First, the abolition of the system of separation of Hu and Han, even if the dynastic dignitaries were punished for violating the law. For example, Wang Mang was appointed as the minister of service, the commander of the Central Committee, and the governor of Jingzhao. Wang Mang strictly enforced the law, "in a few days, the nobles and the powerful were executed and killed more than 20 people, so the bureaucrats were shocked and purified, the powerful and the right held their breath, the road was not cleaned, and the culture of the country was greatly improved"; secondly, they gave credit to the Han scholars, and sought the support and cooperation of the Han landlords, so as to promote the transformation of the upper class of the clans into feudal bureaucrats, and the transformation of the lower class of the Han into the soldiers of the ministries. Thirdly, as the successor of the Han feudal political and cultural traditions, Fu Jian actively promoted the rule of the "Sage" and vigorously propagated the Han feudal culture, at that time, the daisies were y influenced by Confucianism, and Fu Jian also "widely repaired the school officials, and summoned the students of counties to be filled with more than one scripture. The children and grandchildren of the ministers and their descendants were also sent to be educated. In addition, "the four Chinese and foreign generals of the four guards and the four army chiefs were all ordered to cultivate their studies. In the Harem, the government set up a school of ethics, established a department of internal affairs to teach in the palace, and chose eunuchs and female subordinates who were smart and knowledgeable to be appointed as doctors to teach the scriptures. At the same time, economically, Fu Jian and others also took some measures to encourage farming and production, such as the implementation of the district planting law, the opening of the upper source of the Jing River, chiseling the mountain embankment, through the canals to draw read to irrigate the fields of the Ganghao, and so on. Make "Guanlong clean and peaceful, the people happy, from Chang'an to the states, all clip the road tree acacia willow, 20 miles a pavilion, 40 miles a post, travelers to get to the road, industry and commerce trade in the road". The economy of the Han Dynasty and the Han Dynasty gradually became one. In dealing with the relationship with other ethnic groups, Fu Jian started from the idea that "the barbarians and the di should be in harmony", implemented the policy of "serving and pardoning", and gave preferential treatment to the upper echelons of various ethnic groups. Basically, Fu Jian adopted the policy of treating the upper echelons of all ethnic groups favorably when they surrendered themselves or were defeated in battle. For example, during the destruction of Former Yan, Fu Jian "pardoned Murong? and its princes and dukes have been under", all migrated to Chang'an, the grant has a difference", along with the migration of *** 40,000 Xianbei, to ease the relationship between the former Qin and Xianbei and other ethnic groups and the situation in the east of the Guandong, played a certain role, but the former Qin has also left a hidden danger.

In order to strengthen his control over the various ethnic groups, Fu Jian, on the one hand, emigrated to Guanzhong many times and divided the land into different places. For example, in 371 (the first year of Xian'an in the Eastern Jin Dynasty), Fu Jian migrated 100,000 households of Guandong magnates and barbarians to Guanzhong, and dispersed the Wuhuan in Fengyi and Beidi, and the Dinzuo Zhai Bin in Xin'an and Mianchi. In 380 (the fifth year of Taiyuan's reign), Fu Jian, "in view of the multiplicity of the various ethnic groups, in the seventh month of the autumn, divided 150,000 households from the three plains, Jiubian, Wudu, Zhaan, and Yong, so that each of the clansmen could lead his own household, and live in the towns and villages, just as the ancient vassals did". Migration, the promotion of ethnic mixing is undoubtedly favorable, but also caused "Xianbei, Qiang, Capricorn cloth the gui Dian, the old people of the same kind of people, repulsive migration of the situation, weakening the control of the dibei Qin Guanzhong. Therefore, the people issued a "far migrant species to stay in the Xianbei, once the slow and urgent when the language of who" sigh.

The above policies of Fu Jian played a role in easing social conflicts and restoring production. However, ethnic and class oppression in the north was still very serious, and there were continuous uprisings and struggles in the country. In the latter part of his reign, he made repeated conquests, became proud of his ambition, indulged in luxury, and lost the hearts of the people. Not only caused great dissatisfaction of the Han people, but also defeated and moved to Guanzhong Xianbei and Qiang, etc., fell into the ruled class, but also full of hatred towards the Han people.

During the early years of Fu Jian's reign, the Qin state tended to be relatively stable due to the measures taken to encourage farming and production, creating favorable conditions for Fu Jian's unification of the north. 370 (the fifth year of the Jin dynasty's Taihe era), Fu Jian annihilated the Former Yan and captured Murong. In the following year, he destroyed the Yang clan of Qiuchi. In 373 (the first year of Ningkang of the Jin Dynasty), Fu Jian sent his generals to take Liang and Yizhou of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, and all the barbarians in the southwest, such as Qiongqiong and Yelang, were returned to Fu Jian.

376 years (the first year of Taiyuan), Qin soldiers attacked Guzang (present-day Wuwei City, Gansu Province), Zhang Tianxi descended, migrating its more than 7,000 households in Guanzhong, the former Liang died. In the same year, taking advantage of the Xianbei Tuoba's decline, advancing troops to destroy the dynasty.

382 years (Taiyuan seven years), and ordered Lu Guang into the Western Region. Thus, the jurisdiction of the "east extreme Canghai, west and Guzi, south of Xiangyang, north of the desert". Silla and Sushan in the northeast, and Dawan, Kangju, and ütep in the northwest were among the 62 kings of the Eastern Barbarians and Western Regions, all of whom sent ambassadors to contact Qin and offer their goods. Only occupy the southeast corner of the Eastern Jin Dynasty and confrontation.

Fu Jian's unification of the north, self-reliant, "with millions of people and a mountain of assets", wanted to destroy the Eastern Jin Dynasty, "mixing the Six Harmonies". Even the imperial edict appointed East Jin Xiao Wu Emperor Sima Yao for the Shangshu left servant, Xie An for the Ministry of Minister, Huan Chong for the service, and in Changan, "set up the first to wait for it". The arrogance of the enemy's very light, can be seen.

In July of 383 (the eighth year of the Taiyuan era), Fu Jian ordered an attack on the Eastern Jin Dynasty, commandeered all horses, both public and private, under his jurisdiction, and sent out one soldier for every ten. He chose 30,000 of his good family members to be the Feilin Langs, and Zhao Shengzhi, the chief of Qinzhou, to be the juvenile commander. In August, Fu Rong (苻融), the Duke of Yangping (陽平), was appointed as the vanguard governor and commanded 250,000 foot and horsemen led by Murong Chui (慕容垂), Zhang Oyster (張蚝), and Liang Cheng (梁成). Yao Jang, the assassin of Yanzhou, was appointed General Longchamp to supervise the military forces of Yi and Liang states, and led the Shu troops eastward. On the second day of September of that year, Fu Jian set off from Chang'an, and the history says, "There were more than 600,000 soldiers and 270,000 cavalry, with thousands of miles of flags and drums in front of and behind them. When Fu Jian arrived at Xiangcheng, the troops from Liangzhou began to reach Xianyang, the troops from Shu Han traveled downstream, and the people from You Ji arrived at Pengcheng, which was 10,000 miles from east to west, and the land and water were in unison

Scenery of Mountains and Rivers

Advancing. Transporting ten thousand ships, they entered Shimen from the river and reached Ruying". This million-strong army, which Fu Jian boasted was "a whip thrown into the river to break its flow," was in fact only a 300,000-strong advance force under Fu Rong's command that arrived in Yingkou (present-day Yingshang County, Anhui Province). The Eastern Jin Dynasty took Xie Shi as the conquering governor and Xie Xuan as the vanguard governor, and led 100,000 people to fight against it.

In October of that year, Fu Rong's vanguard crossed the Huai River and captured Shouyang (present-day Shouxian County, Anhui Province), then sent an envoy to Fu Jian to tell him, "The thieves are fewer and easier to capture, but I am afraid that they will flee; it would be better to go to them quickly." Fu Jian then left his army in Xiangcheng and led 8,000 light cavalry to Shouyang. In November, Xie Xuan led the Jin army to advance on land and water, and held a stand with Fu Jian's army in Interfluo. Xie Xuan sent an envoy to Fu Rong, saying, "You are hanging your army in depth and setting up a formation to force the water, this is a long-lasting plan, don't you want to fight? If the small retreat division, so that the soldiers to maneuver, the servant and the gentleman to slow bridle and watch, is not not beautiful!" Fu Jian wanted to take advantage of the fact that the Jin army was halfway across the river to encircle and annihilate them. However, Fu Rong's army retreated a little, and he could not stop them. Xie Xuan and others took the opportunity to cross the river. Fu Rong rode his horse and was killed. Zhu Xu, a Jin general who surrendered to the Qin army, shouted from the back of the formation, "The Qin army is defeated!" The Qin army was in great disorder, and the rout could not be stopped. Xie Xuan took advantage of the victory and chased them to Qing'a (30 miles west of Shouyang City). "The Qin army was defeated, and the dead died in their own way, covering the field and stuffing the river. Those who went away heard the sound of the wind and cranes, and all thought that the Jin soldiers were coming, so they did not dare to rest day and night, and traveled in the grass and slept in the open, and they were heavily starved and frozen, and they died seven or eight times". Fu Jian was hit by a stray arrow, single rider to hide back to Huaibei, pack up the defeated soldiers, to Luoyang set more than 100,000 people to return to Chang'an, Jin army back to Shouyang, and the following year, Liang, Yi two states.

After the Battle of the Interfluve, the former Qin ruled by the leaders of the various ethnic groups rose up in succession and established themselves, the decline of Qin.

In May of 385 (the 10th year of the reign of Emperor Taiyuan), Chang'an was attacked by Murong Chong of Western Yan, and Fu Jian fled to Wujong Mountain (northeast of Qishan County, Shaanxi Province). In 394 (19th year of the reign of Emperor Taiyuan), Fu Jian's grandson, Deng, was killed by Yao Xing of the Later Qin Dynasty, and his son, Chong, fled to Huangshangzhong to take the throne, where he was killed by Kilfo Qianqi of the Western Qin Dynasty, and the former Qin Dynasty died.

Houliang was built by Lu Guang, a Lueyang native. Guang's character, Shiming, was born as a sheikh, and was the son of the former Qin lieutenant, Lv Boulou. He was the son of Lv Boulou, the former Qin lieutenant. He had destroyed the former Yan from Wang Mang, and was awarded the title of Marquis of Du Ting. In 382 (the seventh year of Taiyuan of the Eastern Jin Dynasty), Fu Jian, who had "leveled Shandong and had strong soldiers and horses, and then had the desire to explore the Western Regions", appointed Lü Guang to be the governor of the Western Expedition, and led the generals Jiang Fei, Peng Huo, and Du Jin, with a total of 70,000 troops and 5,000 cavalry, to explore the Western Regions. In the first month of the following year, the troops were sent to Chang'an, and the king of Shanshan, Huumi Pack, and the master of the Cheshi Yu Department, Yayi Put, were sent to the search, descended Yanqi, and broke the Guzi, and more than 30 countries in the Western Regions submitted to the government one after the other. Fu Jian was appointed as the military governor of the west of Wangmen, general of Anxi, and lieutenant of the western region, but because the road was never open, the order did not reach him.

After the Battle of Interstate War, Chang'an was in danger. The generals persuade Lv Guang quickly return, light is in 385 years (Taiyuan ten years), more than 200 camel carrying treasures and wonders, driving horses more than 10,000 horses back east, and surrendered the former Qin Gaochang governor Yang Han. When the army reached Yumen, Liang Xi, the former Qin's Liangzhou governor, sent 50,000 troops to reject Guang in Jiuquan, where Guang was defeated and took advantage of the situation to take Guzang (present-day Wuwei City, Gansu Province), and claimed himself as the Liangzhou governor and the Qiang protection lieutenant. In the following year, he heard Fu Jian died, so he called himself the ambassador of the festival, service center, governor of China and foreign countries, governor of the military forces of the right side of Gansu and the west side of the river, general, pastor of Liangzhou, and Duke of Jiuquan. 389 (fourteen years), he called himself the King of the Three Rivers again.

In 396 (the 21st year), he established himself as the King of Great Liang, and appointed hundreds of officials, which was called Houliang in history. In the latter part of his reign, Lu Guang's criminal law was harsh and he was afraid of killing his minister Du Jin, etc. His subordinates, such as Meng Xun and Duan Ye, rebelled against him and established themselves.

In 399 (the third year of the Eastern Jin Dynasty), Lü Guang died, and his sons fought for his position. 403 (the third year of the Yuan Xing Dynasty), Yao Xing of the Later Qin Dynasty was destroyed. After the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, Guanlong chaos, one of the clan, Luoyang Qingshui daisies Yang Teng (a said Yang Ju), rate of migration to the Qiu Chi, as much as the Han Wudu County land. Whenever the dynasty of the Central Plains decline or split, Yang's rate of 氐, Qiang and part of the Han people.