What are the most famous bridges in China?

The Zhaozhou Bridge, also known as the Anji Bridge, was built during the Sui Dynasty (605-618 AD) by the famous craftsman Li Chun. With a length of 64.40 meters and a span of 37.02 meters, it is the largest span and the earliest single-hole open-shoulder stone arch bridge in the world today. Because the bridge has two small holes at each end of the shoulder, not solid, so it is called open-shoulder type, which is a creation of the world's history of bridge building (there is no small arch is called full shoulder or solid shoulder type).

Zhaozhou Bridge has been 1400 years ago, experienced 10 floods, 8 wars and many earthquakes, especially in 1966, Xingtai, 7.6 earthquake, Xingtai is more than 40 kilometers away from here, where there is also a four-point magnitude quake, Zhaozhou Bridge have not been destroyed, the famous bridge expert Mao Yisheng said, regardless of the internal structure of the bridge, only on its ability to exist for more than 1,300 years on the illustration of everything. The 1963 floods flooded the arch of the bridge at the mouth of the dragon, according to local elders said, standing on the bridge can feel the bridge is very big shaking. According to records, the Zhaozhou Bridge has been repaired eight times since it was built.

At the upper ends of the main arch coupon and added two small arches, one can save materials, the second is to reduce the weight of the bridge (reduce self-weight by 15%), and can increase the flow of the river under the bridge.

In May 1979, by the Chinese Academy of Sciences, such as the natural history group of four units composed of a joint investigation team, the foundation of the Zhaozhou Bridge investigation, the self-weight of 2,800 tons of Zhaozhou Bridge, and its foundation is just five layers of stone strips built into a high 1.55-meter abutment, built directly on the natural sandstone.

Such a shallow foundation is incredible, Mr. Liang Sicheng in 1933 when he visited the bridge, but also think that this is only a waterproof flow of water and the use of the diamond wall, rather than to bear all the load of the bridge coupon foundation. He wrote in his report:

"To measure the foundation of the coupon, we excavated in the north at the foot of the coupon, but in the present riverbed about 70-80 centimeters, that is, found to bear the coupon placed under the stone wall. Stone * * * five layers, * * * * 1.58 meters high, each layer is slightly more than the upper - layer of the introduction, there is no solid foundation below, clearly just waterproof flow of water and the use of diamond wall, rather than bearing all the load of the bridge coupon foundation. Because 30-40 centimeters further down will see water, so unless a large-scale excavation, really can not reach the location of the foundation of the bridge according to our theories."

In order to protect the Zhaozhou Bridge, a new bridge was built 100 meters east of the bridge at the end of the last century, and its structure still follows that of the Zhaozhou Bridge, except that the number of small arches on the main arch was increased to five on one side.

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2 Ancient wind flow of a bridge - Guangji Bridge

To Guang not tide, in vain to go through;

To the tide is not a bridge, in vain to go through.

(Cantonese folk song)

This "Chao" refers to Chaozhou; this "bridge" refers to Guangji Bridge.

Guangji Bridge, commonly known as Xiangzi Bridge, outside the east gate of the ancient city of Chaozhou, across the Han River, living in Fujian and Guangdong traffic law, with "eighteen shuttle boat twenty-four continents" unique style, and Zhaozhou Bridge, Luoyang Bridge, Lugou Bridge, etc., among the ranks of China's famous bridges, by the famous bridge experts, Mao Yisheng, known as "the world's first open bridge". The earliest open bridge in the world", is now a national key cultural relics protection units.

Hanjiang ancient bridge. Chaozhou Sanyang Zhi-Bridge Road" planted: "from the east to enter the wide, to the tide of a river of resistance. Sand flat water fall, a reed can be navigated; rain accumulates river rise, the wave is rapid and far away from the shore. Older than the manipulation of the boat and since the fear, read a day can not four or five Je, the two sick of those who come and go." In order to cross the river, people often "day and night, to wait for their convenience". Can be seen without the bridge of the suffering, the ferry of the difficult.

Song Qian Dao seven years (1171), Chaozhou governor Zeng Wang "is to build a boat for the beam, eighty-six, in order to connect the east and west banks of the river, and stand stone in the rope to its potential, the root of its site, where the three months and on the name of Konjik Bridge. This is the earliest Guangji Bridge.

Kangji Bridge by Yue 3 years, in the first year of Chunxi (1174) summer, was mercilessly flooded. Successor to the governor Chang Yi rebuilt it, and will be increased to 106 pontoon boats, so that the "poopdeck braided even, the dragon lying across the rainbow", very spectacular. Bridge into the remaining funds, "then created Jiege on the west bank, in order to calm the river flow, the name is Yang Han". In fact, this "Jiege" is the first pier on the west bank. Its creation, opened from both sides of the river to build piers and beams to the center of the curtain of the protracted project. West Bank piers from the first year of Chunxi to the second year of Shao Ding (1228), 54 years by Zhu Jiang, Wang Zheng Gong, Ding Yunyuan, Sun Shujin the successive completion of the piers 10. Ding Yunyuan to build the most piers, the most notable achievements, the West Bridge is therefore called "Ding Hou Bridge". East Bridge to the Shaoxi five years (1194) governor Shen Zongyu "coiled stone east bank" building "Gaixiu Pavilion" for the beginning, by Chen Honggui, Lin Shan ticket, Lin will be built, to the first year of the Jubilee (1205), **** built into the bridge piers 13, the bridge named "Jichuan". Kaiqing yuan (1259), the governor Lin Guangshi "made new boat twenty-four, iron cable seventy feet, from the side of the wing and through the". So far, the whole bridge pattern was finalized.

Since then, the bridge is also the rise and fall, when destroyed and repaired, stormy and manager of more than two hundred years, to the middle of the Ming Dynasty before ushering in its most brilliant period.

Ming Xuande ten years (1435), the bridge was once again destroyed by floods. The governor Wang Yuan "to repair the bridge as their own responsibility, donate their salaries to advocate, the Department of the titular belongings and rich families, are scrambling to be the first. So, buy wood and stone, recruiting workers, where the pier of the decadence of the replacement, stone beams interrupted by the easy". After the completion of the work, "the west bank for ten pier nine holes, counting the length of forty-nine feet five feet; east bank for thirteen pier twelve holes, counting the length of eighty-six feet. Hollow twenty-seven feet by three feet, make boat twenty four for the pontoon bridge", the unified name of the whole bridge said: Guangji Bridge. After the bridge is completed, "set up pavilion house hundred and twenty-six", and in the piers of the bridge to build "Guangji Bridge twenty-four floor", so that the splendor of the Guangji Bridge known as a party, so that the state Li Ling issued a "my tide of victory in the shape of a bridge in Guangji! "The exclamation of praise!

Zhengde eight years (1513), Guangji Bridge was damaged by a typhoon, the governor Tan Lun "following the repair such as the system", adding a pier and a building, minus Fuzhou 6, so that "eighteen pikes twenty-four continents" pattern.

Since then, Guangji Bridge and repeatedly rise and fall, through the vicissitudes of life, but the basic pattern of no major changes. Until 1958, because of the national highway traffic needs, will interrupt the pontoon bridge dismantled, changed to three holes steel truss and two high pile by platform bridge, and all the piers were reinforced reinforcement. 1988, Guangji Bridge was listed as a national key cultural relics protection units.

Guangji Bridge structure is peculiar, the form is different, colorful, worthy of Chaozhou city of the character, worthy of the history of China's bridges in the special case, has a very significant historical value, artistic value and scientific value. Its main features, summarized in three:

First, "eighteen shuttle boat twenty-four continents"

Beam boat combination, rigid and flexible, there is a static movement, there are ups and downs and changes, is a major feature of the Guangji Bridge. Its east and west section is a heavy water tower and pavilion, the United Fang Jimei beam bridge, the middle of the "poopdeck braided even, the dragon lying across the rainbow" of the pontoon bridge. This is simply a wonderful landscape. There is a poem in the Qing Dynasty, Qianlong, which says: "The Xiangjiang River rises in the spring, and eighteen shuttle boats are locked on the Painted Bridge." The "Spring Rising of Xiangqiao Bridge" is thus listed as the first of the "Eight Scenes of Chaozhou". Structurally speaking, the combination of beams and boats, the world's first open and closed bridge. The role of the opening and closing is mainly in navigation, flood discharge, as "Yue Xiang" records: "Chaozhou East Gate outside the Jichuan Bridge ...... morning and evening the next year sense open to pass the oars." And whenever the Han River flood, and can unlock the pontoon bridge, so that the raging flood pouring. There is also the role of the barrier, "counties to Guangji Bridge for salt ships must pass, is the beginning of the questionable salt tax." Later, superiors even sent with Chaozhou **** tube, Fangzhi contains: "Qing Yongzheng three years (1725), by the salt transport with the Chaozhou and the governor of the bridge affairs, the east bank belongs to the transport with the Prime put lead salt, the west bank belongs to the Chaozhou Prefecture inspection tariffs."

Secondly, "twenty-four buildings and twenty-four samples"

Guangji Bridge in the grass-roots stage, there are pavilions, "overlay Huayu" in the piers on the initiative, and crowned with the "Ice Kettle", "Jade", "Ice Kettle" and "Jade". Ming Xuande years, the governor Wang Yuan in addition to more than 500 meters on the bridge to build a hundred and twenty-six pavilions in addition to the bridge, but also in the various piers on the construction of the platform, and respectively, to the wonders of the view, Guangji, Lingxiao, stool Ying, get the moon, Chaoxian, ride team, leaping, Shibichuan, right through the left up to the river, Jichuan, cloud asarum, the ice kettle, the small Penglai, Fenglun state, picking the star, the wave, the rainbow, the view of the glittering, Yi Cui, Chenggian, ascension of the immortal, Yang Han for the name. Up to this point, the bridge building set up, is to create its extreme. True as the Ming Dynasty Li Ling in the "Guangji Bridge Fugue" in the cloud: "square zhang a building, ten zhang a pavilion, Huazhang Tong撩, carved list of gold jiao, curved railings across the threshold, Dan lacquer dark chalk, scaled tiles juxtaposed, eaves and teeth high pecking ...... "Ancient Lingnan wind and rain bridge is common, but the scale of such a large, form of such a lot of decorations, so beautiful, indeed, is a rare world match.

Third, "a mile long bridge a mile city"

Guangji Bridge is "the whole of the eastern territory of Guangdong, Fujian, Guangdong, Yu, Zhang, through the deep border" where the hub, the bridge and a large number of buildings, therefore. Soon became the center of traffic and trade, and became a bustling bridge market. The day just broke dawn, the river fog has not yet cleared, the bridge is already "people mess fish bed". To the morning dew, the store even opened first, tea pavilion restaurant, all colors of flags and banners to the wind, stool bridge hold cloth trade silk, ask for divination, shoulder to shoulder, traffic, just as Li Ling, "Guangji Bridge Fugue" depicted: "If Yin Lei moving ground, wheel hooves also; angry wind broadcast waves, pedestrian sound also; floating clouds cataracts, sand and dust also; loud clouds, vibration of the forest, the traveler song and stagecoach also; phoenix whistling highoka, the Dragon miasma sea, the scholar girl play and Xiao drums also; play and Xiao drums sound also; the day just broke dawn, the river fog is not yet cleared, the bridge is already "people talk messy fish bed". Frolic and Xiao drums sound also; buildings and platforms shake, cloud shadows scattered, rushing wind and wave shock also ...... "alive and well like an active" Qingming Shanghe Tu ". No wonder, tourists will make a joke "to the Xiangqiao ask Xiangqiao".

The night color of Guangji Bridge is also interesting: "The crescent moon is white at the top of the city, and the evening lights are red at the fish market. The egg boat is still calling for wine, and the salt boat is sailing in the wind." At the beginning of the month on the Guangji Bridge, lanterns hanging high in the restaurant, egg boat in the guessing order, the brothel in the silk bamboo whispering, really "ten thousand even a stream across the night, such as heard the drums of the drum barge," to the "distant fishing lights light each other quiet," to be "the sea atmosphere is far away from the third shift.

Experiencing more than eight hundred years of wind and rain vicissitudes of the Guangji Bridge, although it has lost the magnificent posture of the past, but so far the bones still exist. People firmly believe that, in the political and human harmony, all waste today, Guangji Bridge will not be too far away from the time to rewrite the splendor of the bridge.

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3 Wan'an Ancient Ferry Luoyang Bridge

Walking on Luoyang Bridge in Hui'an, Fujian, is like having a conversation with history. Thus, the huge stone beams are no longer silent, the center pavilion and the stele pavilion also add some vividness, the flying lotus petals on the stone pagoda and the vague relief of the Buddha statue also become spiritually full, and even the raft-shaped piers are also alive, using the same kind of ancient language to tell stories and legends about the bridge a long, long time ago.

The birth of the bridge is almost always related to transportation, Luoyang Bridge is no exception. Luoyang River convergence of the Jin, Huizhou two Eup mountains many streams through the south side of Luoyang Town, wrapped in the mountains and wild air flowing into the sea. Here, "the water is five miles wide, deep and unaddressable", the north and south sides of the river are equipped with the mouth, the boat ferry became the only means of transportation, the ancient name of "Wanandu". But the sea current turbulence, "every wind and tide, a few days can not ferry", the two sides of the river can only look at the sky sigh.

However, the location of Wan'andu is crucial, the north through Hui'an to Fuzhou far, south of Quanzhou to Zhang, Xiamen, Chao, Guang, mid-Song Dynasty Quanzhou has become a bustling port, the trade economy has a considerable scale, the radiation to the surrounding area has become an inevitable trend, but the Luoyang River is a natural obstacle to its north.

Jin Dynasty bridge-building techniques have become mature, the Central Plains immigrants to the south will also be brought into the Minzhong, and here the maturity of the stone carving process complement each other, coupled with the invention of gunpowder and can skillfully utilize gunpowder, mining huge rocks has been no difficulty, the time and place, the Wan'an ferry to build the overseas Chinese has become a big trend.

Luoyang ancient bridge, built in the Northern Song Dynasty Huangyou five years (1053 years), Jiayou four years (1059 years) was completed, lasted six years and eight months, its unique system, the project is magnificent, the history of the creation of the beam bridge across the sea of the first big stone bridge, there is a "first bridge in the sea" of the name, to the Emperor Shenzong dynasty, the transport ambassador Prince Jing to the Luoyang River Wananqiao figure! Presented to the emperor, but also won the dragon's face, generous reward. After that, the Quanzhou area rose bridge fever, in 150 years, actually built more than 200 bridges, a total length of more than 50 miles, so won the "Minzhong bridge A world", "Quanzhou bridge A Minzhong" reputation.

Luoyang Bridge and stone arch type Zhaozhou Bridge, multi-hole stone arch type Lugou Bridge, boat beam type Chaozhou Guangji Bridge, and known as the four famous bridges in ancient China, in addition to its magnificent, but also because of the unique structure, skill.

The ancient bridge for the ancient structure of the flat beam, north-south, bridge length 834 meters, 7 meters wide, 31 surviving piers, the bridge by 11 meters long, wide and thick are nearly 1 meter granite boulders paved frame, the wisdom of the bridge maker is manifested in the tidal flow, according to the tide, creating a raft of the two tip-shaped boat to separate the water, that is, the "raft foundation"; and the use of the tidal drop, creating a unique structure, high skill. The use of tidal drop, created a "surge to rise the boat, hanging machine to string" foundation method and bridge floating method; Cai Xiang took over the supervision of the building, but also created a "kind of oyster in the foundation as a solid". Famous bridge expert Mao Yisheng in the "bridge to talk about" in this evaluation: "this foundation, is the modern bridge 'raft foundation', but in foreign countries only less than a hundred years of history. The 'floating method' of bridges used is the one that is still prevalent today." And farming oysters to the bridge foundation and pier stone brain coagulation into a whole, I'm afraid it is also a modern bioscience ahead of its time.

Today, at the north end of the Luoyang Bridge has erected a fairly tall stone statue of Cai Xiang, between the eyebrows and beard still penetrate the calm and modest, not lightly also revealed the loneliness of the Funei.

History has always been Cai Xiang and Luoyang Bridge between the story of the arrangement of the gods, so that future generations also identified Luoyang Bridge is Cai Xiang. History can be forgiven for a bit of error, as Quanzhou governor Cai Xiang, during his term of office to supervise the bridge service can be said to be dedicated, although only 23 months, accounting for only a quarter of the entire time to build the bridge, but its heart and soul but has a reputation. Moreover, Cai Xiang, in his personally written "Wan'an Bridge Memorial" inscription, did not boast of his achievements, only briefly remembered the beginning and end of building the overseas Chinese, and wrote a large book of Wang Shi, Yi Bo, and other bridge-builders of the historical facts. It is evident that Cai Xiang was a man of noble character and a clean official.

"As a government official, he benefits one side", what Cai Xiang did was reasonable and sensible, and there was nothing special about it, and people so arranged to reflect the people's call for the politics of clean government. The statue of Cai Xiang stood, watching over his familiar Luoyang Bridge, but he could no longer see the magnificent bridge-building scene, and the respect of the descendants also brought him a little loneliness. If the sculpture here was designed as a group of ordinary builders moving stones to build the bridge, it might have been more in line with the historical reality and Cai Xiang's intention.

Another function of the Luoyang Bridge is the cultural emblem it produces. Since the completion of the bridge, a variety of styles of modeling, and landscape color into one with the bridge-related shrines, temples, nunneries, halls, etc. have been built, the architectural culture and art of the time to show the fullness of the sound; the successive writings and each leading to the bridge as the subject of the successive record of the text and poem title chanting, greatly enriched the sound of the land's cultural heritage; a number of or Thuji or floating or emissions or delicate about the bridge of the monumental carvings, poems and inscriptions and cliffs. Cliff carvings, its traditional calligraphy and carving art creates a timeless mood, and countless to the bridge as the material compiled and arranged legends and local opera, is full of classical romanticism, widely circulated. An ancient bridge can cause such a big cultural sensation, which is rare in the history of bridge building.

The fading of the traffic function of Luoyang Bridge is another sign of the development of the times. Nowadays 324 national highway that Luoyang bridge gate, has traffic like water, through the north and south. It is close at hand with the ancient bridge **** with the composition of the "Luojiang double rainbow" of the new scene, an ancient, a modern, but they reflect the light of the sun is our national creation and civilization.

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4 Lugouqiao Introduction

Lugouqiao scenic area is located in the southwest of Beijing Fengtai District, within the scenic area of Lugouqiao, Wanping City is a famous monument, but also an important memorial site of the Chinese People's War of Resistance against Japan. 1987 here is the new Anti-Japanese War Memorial Museum. Lugou Bridge was built in the Jin Dynasty, named after the Lugou River (now Yongding River), is Beijing's oldest surviving stone joint-arch bridge.

The construction of Lugou Bridge is closely related to the rise of Beijing. With the establishment of the central capital in the Jin Dynasty, Beijing gradually emerged as the political and cultural center of the country. Lugou Bridge is an important passage connecting the small plain of Beijing with the great plain of North China. Lugou Bridge majestic, it is 266.5 meters long, 9.3 meters wide, there are 11 holes, 10 piers, piers of the design of the very scientific waterfront side of the composition of the water tip, tip of the length of 4.5-5.2 meters, the tip of the vertical installation of triangular iron cladding columns in order to slow down the impact of the water flow and break the ice rows flowing through the thawing of the spring, commonly known as the "Chopping Dragon Sword! "The Lugou Bridge is a beautifully decorated bridge. Lugou Bridge is beautifully decorated. The bridge is decorated with stone lions, railings decorated with patterns. Stone lions is the Lugou Bridge, commonly known as "Lugou Bridge lion countless" to describe its many. The total number of lions is about 500. East and West Bridge respectively have a pair of stone lions and a pair of stone elephants. West bridge don't have four Huabiao. The four stone monuments at both ends of the bridge are the monument of rebuilding Lugou Bridge in the seventh year of the Kangxi period of the Qing Dynasty (1668), the monument of rebuilding Lugou Bridge in the fiftieth year of the Qianlong period (1785), the monument of the Lugou Dawn Moon in the royal pen of Qianlong, and the monument of poem of the inspection of Yongding River by Qianlong. The Lugou Bridge has been built for more than 800 years, and its reputation has spread far and wide. The "Lugou Dawn Moon" is one of the Eight Scenic Spots of Yanjing, which was designated by Emperor Zhangzong of Jin Dynasty. During the Yuan Dynasty, the famous Italian traveler Marco Polo came here and called Lugou Bridge "the best and unique bridge in the world". In modern times, because of the "July 7 Incident" broke out here, this place has become an important memorial site of the war of national resistance.

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Also attached: bridge expert Mao Yisheng

Famous bridge expert, member of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, professor. Born in 1896, a native of Zhenjiang, Jiangsu Province, he graduated from Tangshan Industrial Specialized School in 1916. After studying in the United States, he obtained the first doctoral degree in engineering from Galicki Institute of Technology, and returned to China in 1921 with full of enthusiasm, hoping to contribute his knowledge in bridge construction. However, at that time in old China, it was impossible to do something for the motherland in the construction business. In the whole thirteen years, Prof. Mao Yisheng only worked as a consultant for repairing bridges for a few times, such as repairing the Yellow River Bridge in Jinan in 1929.

In the fall of 1933, when he was a professor at Beiyang University, he suddenly received a letter from an old friend from Zhejiang, inviting him to Hangzhou to discuss the construction of the Qiantang River Bridge. After Professor Mao Yisheng's careful organization and design, in the work of colleagues and workers involved in the efforts of the "injection method", "caisson method" and "floating method" to solve the technical difficulties, "the bridge", "the bridge", "the bridge", "the bridge", "the bridge", "the bridge", "the bridge", "the bridge", "the bridge", "the bridge", "the bridge", "the bridge". With the efforts of the workers and workers, they solved the technical difficulties by using the "water jet method", "caisson method" and "floating method", and "it only took two and a half years to build a majestic bridge over the Qiantang River! This is the first modern bridge designed and built by China itself, opening a new page in the history of China's bridges and writing a glorious chapter.

Since 1955, Prof. Mao Yisheng has served as the chairman of the technical advisory committee for the construction of the Wuhan Yangtze River Bridge, another modern bridge on a much larger scale. The "Great Bridge" was built under the technical guidance of Prof. Mao Yisheng.

Mao Yisheng engaged in education, bridge engineering and scientific leadership for 60 years, not only for the motherland to train a large number of engineering talents, the introduction and pioneering China's modern bridge construction of new technologies, over the past decades, Prof. Mao Yisheng writes a lot of articles in Chinese and foreign newspapers and magazines published about two hundred, some of which have been selected into the textbooks. Representative works include: Qiantang River Bridge (published in 1950), Wuhan Yangtze River Bridge (published in 1958), Chinese Bridges - Ancient Bridges and Today's Bridges (Japanese edition in 1973; English edition in 1978), and books such as Concepts of Mechanics, System of Science, and Education System" and other books; invented a simple calculator for multiplication and division operations; and also compiled ten volumes of "Bridge Words", which is a rare work among literary books in China since ancient times.

Professor Mao Yisheng has a deep affection for Tianjin, he has returned to Tianjin several times, he returned to Tianjin University to have fun with the teachers and students during the 85th anniversary of Tianjin University, and he sent a congratulatory letter during the 90th anniversary of Tianjin University, which expressed his deep affection for Tianjin and Tianjin University.