How many railroads are there in China and what are they?

1. China has a vast territory, a large population, uneven distribution of resources and unbalanced regional economic development. Therefore, railroads have long played a backbone role in China's transportation system, and because of the technical and economic characteristics of railroads, the development of railroad business is of great significance to China's current implementation of sustainable development.

2. China's first railroad was built by the British in 1876 between Shanghai and Wusong, 51 years behind the world's first officially operating railroad. 1881 the Qing government permitted the construction of a 10-kilometer railroad from the Tangshan mine to Xuguangzhuang, starting the prelude to the construction of railroads in China.

2.1 Between 1876 and 1911, the Qing government built a total of 9,100 kilometers of railroads, of which the Beijing-Zhangjiakou Railway (Beijing-Zhangjiakou) was the first major railroad line built under Chinese auspices.

2.2 In 1912, Mr. Sun Yat-sen put forward the plan to build 160,000 kilometers of railroads. This was the earliest vision of railroad network layout in China.

2.3 From 1911 to 1949, 17,100 kilometers of railroads were built during the period of Republic of China***, and together with the period of Qing government, there were 26,200 kilometers of railroads in mainland China***. But due to war damage or other reasons were removed 3600 kilometers, the Chinese people *** and the establishment of the State, mainland China left only 22600 kilometers of railroads.

2.4 The construction of railroads in old China was not only low in quantity and quality, but also irrational in layout, most of them were in the coastal areas, and there were almost no railroads in the southwest and northwest regions. As the railroads in the management of their own, limiting the play of the railroad transportation capacity.

3. After the founding of New China, the People's Government of China set up the Ministry of Railways to unify the management of the national railroads, organized bridge and line restoration projects, and vigorously constructed new railroads to ensure that the growing transport needs.

3.1 In the three-year economic recovery period (1949-1952), successively completed the Chengdu-Chongqing, Tianlan Railway track-laying and commissioning tasks. Then started construction of the new Lanxin, Baocheng, Fengsha. By 1958, the old railroad was restored to 1994 kilometers, the new construction and repair of the second line of the railroad **** 1337 kilometers, 14 railroad junctions have been improved and strengthened. Due to the completion of the Wuhan Yangtze River Bridge, the Beijing-Guangzhou Railway, the national railroad mileage (excluding local railroads and enterprise special line) increased to 26708 kilometers.

3.2 From 1958 to 1965, the new railroad lines are Baolan, Lanzhou-Xinjiang, Lanzhou-Qingdao, Ganwu, Qian-Guizhou Railway Duyun-Guiyang section, Beijing-Chengdu, Taijiao, outside the Fukushima, Xiao Ningbo Railway and so on. Built the first Bao Cheng Railway, Baoji to Fengzhou section of 91 kilometers of electrified railroad section.

3.3 "Cultural Revolution" period, the railroad construction suffered great disruption, but construction production did not come to a complete standstill. Railroad lines were built in Guikun, Chengkun, Xiangqian, Jingyuan, Jiaozhi and other railroads; also built the Nanjing Yangtze River Bridge and Zhicheng Yangtze River Bridge. 1976 the end of the country's railroad mileage of 46,262 kilometers, of which the rate of duplicate lines is 15.7%.

4. After the reform and opening up, the rapid development of the national economy, the railroad passenger and freight traffic soared, the railroad transportation capacity of the overall tension. In the eighties, the focus of railroad construction is mainly on improving the "three western" coal transportation capacity and strengthen the coastal ports behind the railroad transportation capacity, especially the transport "neck" section through the capacity. During this period, new railroad lines such as Beijing-Qin, Daqin, Yanzhou-Shi, Xin-He, Wan-Gan, Hagar section of Qinghai-Tibet Railway, and Tukou section of South Xinjiang Railway have been built successively. Construction of additional Jiaoji, Tongpu, Shide, Longhai East, Beijing-Guangzhou South, Shanghai-Nanjing and other railroads, the second line of the Fungsha-Da, Shitai, Taijiao, Chengdu-Chongqing, Guikun and other railroads electrification transformation. By the end of 1990, the operating mileage of railroads reached 53,378 kilometers, 13024 kilometers of double lines, electrified mileage of 6941 kilometers. Local railroads reached 4424 kilometers.

5. "Eighth Five-Year Plan" period, China's railroad construction to alleviate the transportation tension as the focus, highlighting the construction of trunk routes. Especially after Comrade Xiaoping's speech on the southern tour, the national economy is developing at a high speed, and the tension in railroad transportation has intensified. The CPC Central Committee and State Council attaches great importance to the development of railroads, has introduced a series of policies and measures, railroads have entered a new period of development.

5.1 From 1990 to 1996, the national railroad mileage increased by 7,129 kilometers to 64,900 kilometers, including joint venture railroads 3,043 kilometers, 5,210 kilometers of local railroads, 18,423 kilometers of national railroads and 10,082 kilometers of electrified railroads. Beijing-Kowloon, Baozhong, Lanzhou-Xinjiang double line, Zhejiang-Ganzhou double line, Daqin line 100 million tons of ancillary projects, Houyue line, Guangzhou-Shenzhen high-speed railroad, Beijing West Railway Station and so on have been completed and put into production, so that the layout of the road network has improved greatly, the transport capacity has been improved for the sustained, rapid and healthy development of the national economy to create the conditions.

5.2 "Eighth Five-Year Plan" period, China's internal combustion locomotive production capacity of 600 units, 300 electric locomotives, 3100 passenger cars (including off-road factory capacity of 200), 48,000 trucks (including off-road factory capacity of 9,000).

5.3 In August 1992, the State Council approved the policy of joint venture construction of railroads between the central and local governments. The implementation of the policy of joint venture construction of railroads mobilized the central and local construction of railroads, brought about changes in the system of railroad construction and operation, accelerated the speed of railroad construction, and promoted the development of regional economy. By 1996, the country completed the joint venture railroads have three Mao line, set through the line, Yang Shibi line, Haijiu line, Guangzhou-Meishan line, Zhangquan Xiao line, Chengda line, West one, the northern border line and filial piety Liu line, are under construction in the vast, Jinwen, Shi Chang, Hengnan, Handan-Ji, Shuibei, Shuo Huang and other railroads.

5.4 In order to solve the problem of shortage of funds for railroad construction, in March 1991, the State Council approved the establishment of the Railway Construction Fund, and raised the collection level twice. At present, the total level of the fund has reached 2.7 cents per ton-kilometer, and more than 30 billion yuan of construction fund can be accumulated annually for railroad construction. From April 1991 onwards, the state has approved Fujian, Sichuan, Shandong and other provinces to levy a surcharge on the construction of railroads, can also raise 600 million yuan a year for railroad construction.

6. In 1997, the national railroad is expected to complete the annual cargo volume of 1.62 billion tons, cargo turnover of 1305 billion tons; the annual passenger volume of 920 million people, passenger turnover of 350 billion passenger kilometers.

In 1997, the national railroads implemented the strategy of speeding up, strengthen the marketing of passengers and goods, and improve the competitiveness of the new railroad operation chart on April 1, after the implementation of the optimization of the passenger and cargo train structure. Passenger speed, the opening of the evening to the bus and freight "five" train, container train, widely praised by the community; in the whole road to actively implement the computerized ticketing methods, improve the quality of service, alleviate the passengers to buy tickets difficult to ride the difficult situation.

7. At present, the management system of the Ministry of Railways is still a government-enterprise, the implementation of the Ministry of Railways, Railway Bureau, Railway Bureau of the three-tier management system. At present, the national railroad *** have Harbin, Shenyang, Beijing, Jinan, Shanghai, Nanchang, Guangzhou, Zhengzhou, Liuzhou, Kunming, Chengdu, Hohhot, Lanzhou, Urumqi 14 Railway Bureau and 50 sub-bureaus. Among them, Nanchang, Hohhot, Liuzhou Railway Bureau to implement the new system of direct leadership by the Railway Bureau of the grass-roots stations; railroad transport enterprises to convert the business mechanism of attempts to set up a group of companies in the Guangzhou Railway Bureau for the pilot project, the establishment of the Dalian Railway Company Limited, the Guangzhou-Shenzhen Railway Company Limited in Hong Kong and the United States listed successfully.

8. During the Ninth Five-Year Plan period, the overall goal of railroad development is to optimize and strengthen the structure of the network by focusing on the construction of large-capacity passenger and freight transport corridors and the opening up of major constraints, and to improve the comprehensive transport capacity and modernization of railroads. "During the Ninth Five-Year Plan period, we will concentrate our efforts on building and reconstructing a number of large-capacity trunk lines that have an important impact on the overall situation of the national economy and play a backbone role in the network, and on building some regional auxiliary corridors to promote the development of the regional economy. For example, the Nankun line, Shuo Huang line, Xi'an Ankang line, Xinhe Yankuang line, Shuicheng Zhuzhou line, electrification of Hada line, Nankiang line, Hanji line, Neiqun line, Yuehai corridor, Wuhu Yangtze River Bridge and so on. It is planned to build 6,100 kilometers of new national railroads, 2,700 kilometers of existing lines, 4,300 kilometers of electrification of existing lines, and 1,500 kilometers of local railroads. By the year 2000, China's total operating mileage of railroads will reach more than 68,000 kilometers.

9. At present, the main problems of the railroad is that the railroad system and operating mechanism does not meet the requirements of the market economy, in the long-term planned economic system under the formation of the railroad's traditional mode of management is still bound to the vitality of the enterprise; the problem of sloppy operation is more prominent. Passenger and freight service quality, marketing and other aspects of the problem also restricts the railroad's ability to compete in the market.

To this end, accelerate the development of railroads, one is to increase the reform efforts, including the separation of government and enterprises, adjust the enterprise structure, promote the diversification of the form of realization of public ownership, reform of the investment system; the second is to strengthen management, including the establishment and improvement of production and management of the system of responsibility, adjusting the production layout, reduce staff to increase efficiency and development of a variety of business; the third is to rely on scientific and technological progress, including increased investment in science and technology, and to expand the opening up to the outside world. The third is to rely on scientific and technological progress, including increased investment in science and technology, expanding foreign openness.