19 from the 1960s to the 1990s, what was the guiding ideology of the Westernization School in establishing the Westernization cause?

"Middle school as the body and western learning as the application" is the guiding ideology of the Westernization School to set up the Westernization cause. Before the Opium War, the Qing Dynasty always held the pride of "the sky is higher than the country" and the conservative and arrogant mentality. The Opium War and a series of subsequent wars broke out, and the coastal areas of China fell, which inspired the Westernization School to explore and learn about coastal defense, including purchasing advanced ships, building new batteries and learning western coastal defense theories. As one of the products of the Westernization Movement, Hu Lishan Fort naturally embodies some characteristics of the coastal defense thought of the Westernization School. Studying the motivation, background and process of the construction of Hu Lishan Fort is helpful to deeply understand the characteristics of the Westernization School's coastal defense thought and reflect on historical experience and lessons. The outbreak of the Opium War broke the traditional national defense pattern of China, and made the national defense situation of China face a "once-in-a-thousand-year change" [1]. This unprecedented change means that the eastern powers, which rarely lost in the land war, are so embarrassed for the first time. In the anger of ceding land and paying reparations, people of insight and Westernization School in Qing Dynasty began to learn from the West on a large scale, and the coastal defense thought bred in this process deserves our serious study. Officials of Westernization School headed by Li Hongzhang established navy, purchased weapons and equipment, built western-style batteries, and studied western coastal defense thoughts, which promoted the emergence and development of modern coastal defense thoughts in the late Qing Dynasty. In this paper, Hu Lishan Fort is selected as the starting point to study the Westernization School's coastal defense thought, and a limited view and superficial discussion are made. Source: academic theory