What are the fingering and techniques of pipa playing?

Pipa is a plucked instrument made of wood or bamboo. Its speaker is half pear-shaped with four strings on it. Originally made of silk thread, now it is made of steel wire, steel rope and nylon. Pipa has a very long history, probably appearing in the Qin Dynasty, with a history of more than two thousand years. There are three fingering methods in pipa performance: left fingering, right fingering and wheel fingering, including pressing, taking, playing, rolling, plucking and brushing. Let's take a look at the relevant knowledge of pipa first! 1. What is the pipa?

Pipa is a plucked instrument, a plucked instrument. Wooden, the speaker is half pear-shaped with four strings on it. Originally made of silk thread, now it is made of steel wire, steel rope and nylon. The neck and panel provide "phase" and "quality" to determine the sound. It is an important national musical instrument for solo, accompaniment, ensemble and ensemble. Pipa is a traditional plucked instrument in East Asia, with a history of more than two thousand years. The earliest musical instrument "Pipa" in China appeared around the Qin Dynasty. The word "Jue" in the word "Pipa" means "two jade collide and make a pleasant knocking sound", which means that it is a musical instrument that makes a sound by plucking the strings.

Their names "Pi" and "Pa" are based on the right-handed technique of playing these instruments, which means that Pi and Pa are the names of two playing techniques. Pi is bounced forward by the right hand and picked backward by the right hand. Later, it was called Qin and Se, and it was changed to today's pipa.

Before the Tang Dynasty, the pipa was also a general term for all plucked instruments of the Pipa family in Chinese. Chinese pipa spread to other parts of East Asia and developed into Japanese pipa, Korean pipa and Vietnamese pipa. In the history of modern national music in China, there are two schools of pipa: Shanghai School (Pudong School) and Zhejiang School (Pinghu School). The art of Pinghu school pipa has great historical value for studying the history of national music.

Second, what are the fingering and techniques of pipa playing?

1, left fingering

Pinch, band and blow are all pronounced with the fingers of the left hand. Because the volume is weak, it is also called virtual sound. The imaginary sound is the opposite of the real sound played by the left hand. In terms of volume, the real voice is strong and the imaginary voice is weak. If the organic combination of virtual sound and real sound is properly used in some parts of music, it can increase the contrast of music in volume. This combination of reality and reality is the most commonly used method in the traditional Wen Qu of Pipa. Now the playing methods of Si, Dai and Zhuo are introduced as follows.

Division, also known as "Starr" and "Yin". The method of playing Si is that during the movement of knuckles, the fingers strike the strings on the phase level, so that the micro-tone, Si and pre-tone can be played upwards.

Band, also known as "band", "band" and "performance". The band's playing method: When the right hand plays the last key, draw a stroke to the left in or out according to the phase level, and then leave the string to play weaker or stronger notes. The band and the previous tune mostly go down.

The sound brought out can be divided into scattered sound and bent sound. When picking up the scattered sound, you must point the button to the left inside or outside to bring out the empty string scattered sound. When picking up, you must first press a tone on the phase level with your index finger (or middle finger), and then make the action of picking up.

Shovel, also known as "scraping", "moving", "scraping" and "stick". Playing method: press the string body with the left finger at the phase level, and scrape the string with the middle finger or the name finger below (if you press the string with the left middle finger, scrape the string with the ring finger), which is a playing method by sound; If the empty string is loose, you can choose one of the three fingers of your left hand to scrape the string. Strings are mostly played on the same string.

2. Right fingering

The types of plucking are plucking, picking, pinching, rolling, double plucking, plucking, stroking, flying and flying, and plucking is the most basic and important fingering in the right-handed fingering. Other right-handed fingering, such as snapping, rolling, dividing, rubbing, hooking, rubbing, picking and flying, all evolved from snapping.

Playing: Touch the string with the nail end of the right index finger (usually the nail end is close to the thumb) and pop the string to the left for pronunciation.

Pick: Touch the string with the nail end of the right thumb (usually the nail end is outside the thumb) and pick the string to the right for pronunciation. Playing methods of other plucking fingering;

Pinch: it is a continuous, even and not very fast movement on the string by plucking. Each beat is usually four tones, some or two tones, depending on the rhythm of the tune.

Rollover: The play is the same as the clip. But it is twice as fast as editing, that is, according to the rhythm of the song, each beat is usually eight beats, and some are sixteen beats.

Pick: Pick the left string with the nail in the middle.

Stroke: stroke the chord to the right with the middle finger.

Double play: use your nails to pop two adjacent strings to the left at the same time

Double plucking: simultaneously pluck two adjacent strings to the right with the thumb nail.

Fly: fly the thread to the left with your ring finger nail.

Double flying: that is, play the left string with your fingernails and pick the right string with your thumb nails, which should be continuous. Wheel finger is the five-finger cycle of playing, and it is the main method to obtain long notes when playing pipa.

3, the wheel finger playing method

(1) wheel

When stringed instruments such as erhu play long notes, they can obtain continuous long notes through "longbow". Playing instruments such as flute can play a long sound in one breath. When stringed instruments such as pipa play long notes, it is necessary to use the fingering of "wheel" or "roll" and "shake" to form long notes with fast monosyllables of the same phoneme. The long sound blown with a long bow in one breath is a long sound without interruption, a long sound with wheels or rolls. In the middle of the long sound, there are countless short pauses.

Wheel finger classification: the index finger of the right hand is the first, the middle finger is the second, the ring finger is the third, and the little finger is the fourth, and it pops up one by one in the forward direction (left front); Then the big finger is the fifth one. Pick the fifth one from the opposite direction to claim a round. This five-finger cycle fingering is called wheel fingering. When the fingers rotate, the time interval between the five fingers should be uniform and the voice should be unified.

There are two ways to play the wheel: one is called "getting out of the wheel", in which the little finger, middle finger and forefinger of the right hand first pop out to the left, and then the thumb picks inward to the right. Because it starts with the little finger, it is called "out of the wheel". This method is commonly used by Zhejiang School in Qing Dynasty. Its advantage is that the volume of each finger is easy to be similar; The disadvantage is that the volume is generally weak. The other is called "Up and Down Wheels", which starts the wheels with the thumb or forefinger of the right hand, and is commonly used by Zhili School in Qing Dynasty. Its advantage is that the volume is generally strong; The disadvantage is that the volume of each finger is easily different. Because most of them adopt the way of "loading and unloading", the loading and unloading is mainly introduced. Stroke, stroke, sweep and skimming are all fingering in which four sounds (or three sounds) are pronounced at the same time. When playing harmony or chord, this fingering is often used in the stress and climax of music. Row, row, sweep, row, sweep, row, including row three strings, row three strings, roll two strings, roll three strings, roll four strings and hang on the surface. It is a fingering in which four sounds (or three sounds) are pronounced simultaneously. This fingering is mostly used when playing chords or chords. This kind of finger is powerful, easy to make intense and powerful performance, can highlight stress and strengthen rhythm, so it is often used in the stress and climax of music.

Rotating fingering is the most basic, commonly used and difficult fingering in pipa. There is usually a saying that if you learn the wheel fingering well, you will learn half of the pipa.

(2) sweeping classes

Stroke: eat your nails with your right hand, and play four strings quickly to the left from the first string to the second string.

Brush: use your right thumb nail to quickly play four strings to the right from the minor chord to the upper chord, like a sound.

Sweep: Use four fingers of the right hand, small, famous, medium and food, line up, and quickly sweep to the left from the top chord to the sub-chord.

Left-handed: Line up the four fingers of Xiao, Ming, Zhong and Shi with your right hand, and quickly left-handed from chord to chord.

Draw three strings: play three adjacent strings quickly from right to left with your right index finger.

Swing three strings: use your right thumb to quickly pluck three adjacent strings from left to right.

Rolling two strings: use the thumb and fingers of your right hand to bounce on two adjacent strings continuously and quickly.

Three-string rolling: use the thumb and forefinger of the right hand to bounce on the adjacent three strings continuously and quickly.

Rolling four strings: use the thumb and forefinger of the right hand to bounce on the adjacent four strings continuously and quickly.

Pro: Pick out the middle chord, the old chord and the upper chord from the right chord with your right thumb.

Hang: the index finger of the right hand winds the string, and the old string, middle string and sub-string pop up on the left.

(3) Tick-tock classification

Hook: Touch the rope with the thumb of your right hand and hook it to the left.

Wipe: Touch the strings with your right index finger and wipe them to the right.

Hook your thumb with your right hand and wipe it with your index finger at the same time.

Key points: use the right thumb nail to move to the right, eat the nail to bounce to the left, and touch the string with both fingers at the same time.

Buckle: Hook the thumb of the right hand to the left, and bounce the index finger to the left at the same time.

Hook up: "Hook up" is also called "Hook up". In the actual performance, various combinations appeared. Each group of two tones is the most primitive playing form of hook-up class, and other types are all evolved from two tones, of which each group of four tones is the most commonly used.

Two strokes: the first stroke is to hook a string on the right with your thumb, and the second stroke is to wipe a string on the left with your index finger, which is mostly repeated continuously. Habitually called "hook up", commonly known as "small hook".

There are many forms of playing four-tone hook, and their names are different. This paper mainly introduces the commonly used "Feng Nod": the first sound of winding, the second sound of pinball string with forefinger, the third sound of mudknife string with forefinger and the fourth sound of pinball string, which are mostly repeated continuously.

Three, pipa fingering formula

1, bounce. The fist is a semi-clenched fist, and the tiger's mouth forms a circle Beginners choose longan first, and their hands are half. The index finger begins to bounce outward and returns to its original position immediately after bouncing. The big finger points inward to pick the string, and the string joint bends backwards. Bow your head and prepare to raise your head to pick it. The big finger can't be tilted up.

2. Natural hints. The left hand is as light as a cloud, with six overtones. Press left and right to play together, and play quickly and accurately when touching the strings. Remember to press the string hard, the Mu Na sound is opaque.

3. Artificial overtones. The artificial overtone technique is high and the timbre is transparent. The overtone position is not limited, and the right hand should play half a string. The index finger touches the string with the palm, and the overtone can ring the ear.

4, _ points. _ Rely on your forefinger and prepare to move the longan shape. _ Two chords point inward and the split chord points outward. Poke with your thumb and flick with your index finger. This action is called splitting strings. Finger hook and forefinger wipe, this action is called _. Finger strength is important.

5. hook up. Hook your fingers, flick your index finger and move to the left at the same time. Wipe your index finger once and tick it continuously.

6, double flight. The index finger plays the left string first, and the thumb picks the right string tightly. Do your duty, don't be confused, and move forward like a flying butterfly.

7. choose. The thumb is pressed on a string and the middle finger is under the finger. The sound is distinctive. It sounds like knocking on a wooden fish.

8. mention it. The timbre is very special. It sounds like a broken string. Pinch the string with your index finger, lift it and release it quickly. The string body hits the panel and makes a snapping sound.

9. shake it. With a wave of your finger, it sounds like rolling a string, twice as fast as rolling. All fingers can be used on food, and one side of the head swings back and forth. Fingers should be perpendicular to the strings, and the right hand should be folded.

10, sweeping. Wrist thumb up, all four strings make a sound, such as tearing silk. The forefinger swings under the wrist and the four strings are like thunder. The interaction and close cooperation of arms, wrists and fingers is very important. Swing the big finger and press the string, and the touch of the four strings cannot be empty. The index finger sweeps the string downward, with the left high and the right low.