The second volume of the sixth grade textbook

Radium, atomic number 88 and atomic weight 2260254, is a natural radioactive element. Its name comes from Latin, which means "ray". 1898 the Curie couple extracted pitchblende residue ... radium is a silvery and shiny metal with a melting point of 700°C, a boiling point of1140 c and a density of about 5 g/cm.

On the eve of the 50th anniversary, the United Nations got a precious birthday present-a giant bronze ware presented by the people of China-Century Baoding.

Century Baoding is placed on the green lawn of the North Garden of the United Nations Building. The tripod is 0.5 meters high, symbolizing the 50th anniversary of the founding of the United Nations. The height of the tripod is 2. 1 m, which symbolizes the coming 2 1 century. Ding weighs 1.5 tons, with three feet and two ears, a slightly bulging belly and a round bottom, surrounded by Shang and Zhou decorative patterns, embossed animal faces and moire filling. The base is decorated with 56 dragons, symbolizing that all the 56 ethnic groups in China are descendants of dragons. On ZH Inner Casting (Ding Inner Casting), there is an inscription "Casting a Hundred-year Baoding to celebrate the 50th birthday of the United Nations". There are four golden characters "Century Baoding" in front of the tripod. On the back of the tripod is written "China people * * and country 1995 10 month". The whole Baoding of Zhàn is simple and elegant, with exquisite craftsmanship, and it is a magnificent masterpiece.

Ding is a kind of cooker used by ancient ancestors in China, and later developed into a ritual vessel. There are two phrases in China's idiom: Yes and "It's a deal", which reflects Ding's unique position in China's ancient social life. As an important ritual vessel, chāng symbolizes unity, unity and authority, and is a mascot representing peace, development and prosperity. Baoding in this century is a masterpiece of ancient bronze art in China, which combines ancient skills and modern technology in one furnace. Its overall structure, artistic modeling and decoration show the long history and splendid culture of the Chinese nation.

The United Nations cherishes gifts from all countries in the world, and each gift has its own meaning. China's bag has a deeper meaning. Zhi Ding is prosperous and Zhao Long is auspicious. It expresses the good wishes of the people of China to the United Nations and hopes for a better new century. This is also the common aspiration of peace-loving people all over the world.

Madame Curie

Madame Curie, Marie Curie, was a French scientist originally from Poland. She and her husband, pierre curie, were both early radioactive researchers. They discovered the radioactive elements polonium and radium, so they worked with the French physicist Henry. Becquerel shared the 1903 Nobel Prize in Physics. Later, Madame Curie continued to study the application of radium in chemistry and medicine, and won the 19 1 1 Nobel Prize in chemistry for separating pure metal radium.

Dick. Glegg is an American writer whose works include Three grams of Radium and Shame.

Lu You (1125-1210) is an outstanding patriotic poet in China. Throughout his life and his more than 9,000 poems, he has always been permeated with a strong patriotic spirit, thus forming the most remarkable characteristics of his poetry creation and laying his lofty position in the poetry circle of the motherland. The poem "Shizi" written by him before his death is even more touching and famous all over the world:

I know that when I die, everything on earth has nothing to do with me. But the only thing that hurts me is that I failed to see the reunification of the motherland.

Julian Waghann Beiding Central Plains Day, don't forget to tell Nai Weng about the family sacrifice!

Translated into modern Chinese: I didn't know until I died that everything in the world had nothing to do with me; But the only thing that makes me sad is that I didn't see the reunification of the motherland with my own eyes. Therefore, when the day comes when Song Jun recovers the lost land in the Central Plains, you will hold a family sacrifice. Don't forget to tell your father the good news!

This poem is Lu You's masterpiece. Before he died, he was still obsessed with the territory and people of the Central Plains occupied by the Nuzhen nobles, eagerly looking forward to the reunification of the motherland, so he specially wrote this poem as a will to earnestly warn his son. From here, we can realize how persistent, deep, warm and sincere the patriotic passion of the poet is! It is no wonder that since the Southern Song Dynasty, anyone who has read this poem will be moved by it, especially when foreign enemies invaded or the motherland split, which caused countless people to praise it.

Lu You lived in an era when ethnic contradictions were extremely acute in the history of China. /kloc-At the beginning of the 20th century, the Nuzhen nationality in the northeast of China established the State of Jin. In the second year after Lu You was born, Jin occupied Bianjing (now Kaifeng City, Henan Province), the capital of the Northern Song Dynasty. In the third year, Hui Di and Emperor Qin were exiled, and the country perished in the Northern Song Dynasty. Zhao Gou, the younger brother of Qin Zong, fled to the south. When he established political power in Lin 'an (now Hangzhou, Zhejiang), he not only failed to recover lost ground, but appointed the notorious traitor Qin Gui as the prime minister, intending to kneel down and make peace with the Jin people. In the twelfth year of Shaoxing (1 142), the negotiation was successful. Zhao Gou was shameless, claiming to be a courtier of Guo Xu, and promised to offer 252,000 pieces of silver and 250,000 pieces of silk every year to bid for the Huaihe River with the Jin people. From then on, the great rivers and mountains in the north became the territory of the Jin people, and the vast people in the north were enslaved by the Jin people, while the small court in the Southern Song Dynasty was just a corner of peace, surviving under the threat of the enemy. Later, the Longxing Peace Conference signed by Zhao Tuo and Kim and the Kathy Peace Conference signed by Ning and Kim were still humiliating peace talks. Of course, this situation is intolerable to the vast majority of Han people who have always opposed ethnic oppression. Therefore, in this historical era, I don't know how many outstanding sons and daughters of the Chinese nation have stepped forward and launched an indomitable struggle, and Lu You is their outstanding representative on the literary front.

Lu You lived in the late Northern Song Dynasty and the first half of the Southern Song Dynasty. Because he fled from the enemy's invasion in his childhood and was inspired by the patriotic remarks of his family and relatives, Lu You felt deeply about the serious national disaster at that time, so as early as his adolescence, he planted the seeds of patriotic revenge in his heart. Since then, this seed has taken root, sprouted, dried up and blossomed, whether it was an official in the imperial court and local government, or joined the army in the front line of Sichuan and Shaanxi, and lived in Shaoxing's hometown in his later years. Although it has been devastated by wind and rain, it has also grown stronger and stronger, and finally produced fruitful results. Zhao Yi, a poet in Qing Dynasty, wrote a passage in Ou Bei Shi Hua, which is very general. He said:

When Weng Fang was in his teens, he had learned the order of putting good before evil, so he was as cold as ice. As far as the meaning of Spring and Autumn Annals is concerned, it is nothing more than a transgressor, so it will remain unchanged for life. After entering Shu, under the protection of the envoy Wang Yan, he passed through Nanzheng to meet Shu and Du. He is full of ambition and really wants to swallow his hands and clouds. In all likelihood, his poems are restored. After leaving Shu, it is still three or four out of ten. After the 1970 s, ... there was no ambition to restore reputation. However, as his "Feeling the Past of the Central Plains" said, "Begging for the East China Sea to Wash the Lake and Sand" and "Travel Notes of Old Horse" said, "The drought locust in the Central Plains has declined, and Julian Waghann sent a letter to the North. When it heard the drum beating, it was still possible to win the country and Zhao Yan ",it was still unforgettable. On my deathbed, there was a saying that "Julian Waghann will set the Central Plains in the north, and the family sacrifice will not forget the words", which shows the ambition of birds flying.

Of course, the so-called "five or six out of ten" and "three or four out of ten" here are only rough statistics, and they are only quantitative and superficial; But it can also be seen that Lu You's "Su Zhi" is consistent, from small to large. Especially this poem "Xiuer" is a patriotic spark that broke out at the end of his life, and it can also be regarded as a summary of his patriotic thoughts and poems all his life. Brief introduction of Madame Curie

Marie Curie (1867- 1934), a French and Polish scientist, studied radioactive phenomena and found two radioactive elements, radium and polonium, and won the Nobel Prize twice in her life. Marie Curie (1867- 1934), a French and Polish scientist, studied radioactive phenomena and found two radioactive elements, radium and polonium, and won the Nobel Prize twice in her life. As an outstanding scientist, Madame Curie has social influence that ordinary scientists do not have. Especially because she is a pioneer of successful women, her model has inspired many people. Many people heard her story when they were young, but they got a simplified and incomplete impression. The world's understanding of Madame Curie. It was greatly influenced by the biography Madame Curie published by her second daughter 1937. This book beautifies Madame Curie's life and deals with all the twists and turns she encountered in her life. American biographer susan quinn spent seven years collecting unpublished diaries and biographical materials, including Madame Curie's family members and friends. Last year, a new book, Maria Curie: A Life, was published, which described her hard, bitter and struggling life in more detail.

Madame Curie: a great scientist who won the Nobel Prize twice.

Marie Curie is an immortal name in the history of world science. This great female scientist, with her diligence and talent, has made outstanding contributions in the fields of physics and chemistry, so she became the only famous scientist who won the Nobel Prize twice in two different disciplines.

First, I entered the University of Paris through self-study.

Marie Curie was born in Warsaw, Poland on 1867. She is the youngest of five children. Her father is a middle school math and science teacher with limited income, and her mother is also a middle school teacher. Mary's childhood was unhappy. Her mother has a serious infectious disease and is taken care of by her sister. Later, my mother and elder sister died when she was less than 10 years old. Her life is full of difficulties. Such a living environment not only cultivated her ability to live independently, but also tempered her very strong character since she was a child.

Mary has been studying very hard since she was a child. She has a strong interest in learning and special hobbies. She never misses any learning opportunities easily, and shows tenacious enterprising spirit everywhere. Since primary school, she has been the first in every subject. 15 years old, graduated from high school with a gold medal. Her father studied physics at St. Petersburg University earlier, and his thirst for scientific knowledge and strong enterprising spirit also deeply nurtured little Mary. She likes all kinds of instruments in her father's laboratory since she was a child. When she grew up, she read many books on natural science, which filled her with fantasies. She is eager to explore the scientific world. But her family at that time did not allow her to go to college. /kloc-started to be a tutor for a long time at the age of 0/9, and taught himself various subjects at the same time. In this way, until the age of 24, she finally came to study at the Faculty of Science of Paris University. With a strong thirst for knowledge, she listened carefully to every class. Hard work has made her worse and worse, but her academic performance has always been among the best, which not only envied her classmates, but also surprised her professors. Two years after entering school, she confidently took the Bachelor of Physics exam, ranking first among 30 candidates. The next year, she won a bachelor's degree in mathematics with the second place.

At the beginning of 1894, Mary accepted the magnetic research project of various steels proposed by the French National Association for the Promotion of Industry. In the process of completing this scientific research project, she met pierre curie, a teacher of Physical Chemistry School, who is a very successful young scientist. The agreement to use science for the benefit of mankind is willing to combine them. After Mary got married, people addressed her as Madame Curie. 1896, Madame Curie finished the post examination for college graduates with the first place. In the second year, she completed the research on the magnetism of various steels. However, she is not satisfied with her achievements, and she is determined to take the PhD exam and determine her own research direction. Stand at a new starting line.

Second, the light of radium.

1896, French physicist becquerel published a work report, which introduced in detail the uranium element he discovered through many experiments. Uranium and its compounds have a special ability to automatically and continuously emit a kind of invisible ray. This kind of ray is different from ordinary light, it can make photographic film sensitive through black paper, and it is also different from X-ray discovered by Roentgen. Without high vacuum gas discharge and high voltage, uranium and its compounds constantly emit rays and radiate energy outward. This aroused the great interest of Madame Curie. Where does this energy come from? What is the nature of this unusual ray? Madame Curie was determined to uncover its secret. From 65438 to 0897, Madame Curie chose her own research topic-the study of radioactive substances. This research project has brought her into a new scientific world. She worked hard to open up a virgin land, and finally completed the discovery of radioactive element radium, one of the most important discoveries in the history of modern science, which laid the foundation of modern radiochemistry and made great contributions to mankind.

In the experimental research, Madame Curie designed a measuring instrument, which can not only measure whether a substance has radiation, but also measure the intensity of radiation. After repeated experiments, she found that the intensity of uranium rays is directly proportional to the uranium content in the material, but has nothing to do with the existing state of uranium and external conditions.

Madame Curie made a comprehensive investigation of known chemical elements and all compounds, and made an important discovery: an element called thorium can automatically emit invisible rays, which shows that the phenomenon that an element can emit rays is not only the characteristics of uranium, but also the same characteristics of some elements. She called this phenomenon radioactivity, and called elements with this property radioactive elements. The radiation they emit is called "radiation". According to the experimental results, she also predicted that minerals containing uranium and thorium must be radioactive; Minerals that do not contain uranium and thorium must not be radioactive. The instrument inspection completely verified her prediction. She excluded those minerals that did not contain radioactive elements, concentrated on those that were radioactive, and accurately measured the radioactive intensity of elements. In the experiment, she found that the radioactive intensity of a pitchblende is much higher than expected, which shows that the mineral in the experiment contains a new unknown radioactive element, and the content of this element must be very small, because this mineral has already been accurately analyzed by many chemists. She resolutely published her findings in the experimental report and tried to prove it through experiments. At this critical moment, her husband, pierre curie, also realized the importance of his wife's discovery, and stopped studying crystals to study this new element with her. After several months' efforts, they separated a substance mixed with bismuth from the ore, which was far more radioactive than uranium, and was later listed as polonium No.84 in the periodic table of elements. A few months later, they discovered another new element and named it radium. However, the Curies did not immediately get the joy of success. When they got a little compound of new elements, they found that the initial estimate was too optimistic. In fact, the content of radium in ore is less than one millionth. Because this mixture is extremely radioactive, substances containing trace radium salts are hundreds of times more radioactive than uranium.

The road to science has never been smooth. For centuries, the discovery of polonium and radium and the characteristics of these new radioactive elements have shaken some basic theories and concepts. Scientists have always believed that atoms of various elements are the smallest unit of matter, and atoms are inseparable and unchangeable. According to the traditional view, the radiation emitted by radioactive elements such as polonium and radium cannot be explained. Therefore, both physicists and chemists are interested in Madame Curie's research work, but they all have doubts in their hearts. Chemists in particular are more rigorous. In order to finally confirm this scientific discovery and further study the properties of radium, the Curies must separate more and purer radium salts from asphalt ore.

All the unknown worlds are mysterious. At the beginning of the study of separating new elements, they didn't know any chemical properties of the new elements. The only clue to find a new element is that it is highly radioactive. Based on this, they created a new chemical analysis method. But they have no money, no real laboratory, only some simple instruments they bought or designed themselves. In order to work efficiently, they conducted research separately. The characteristics of radium are determined by Mr. Curie's experiments; Madame Curie continued to refine pure radium salt.

Where there is a will, there is a way! Any mystery of nature will be revealed by those who stubbornly solve it. At the end of 1902, Madame Curie extracted one tenth of extremely pure radium chloride and accurately determined its atomic weight. Since then, the existence of radium has been confirmed. Radium is a natural radioactive substance, which is extremely difficult to obtain. Its shape is white crystal shining like fine salt. In spectral analysis, it is different from the spectral line of any known element. Radium is not the first radioactive element discovered by human beings, but it is the most radioactive element. Using its powerful radioactivity, we can further discover many new properties of radiation. Therefore, many elements can be further applied to practice. Medical research has found that laser rays have different effects on different cells and tissues, and those rapidly multiplying cells are quickly destroyed once they are irradiated by radium. This discovery makes radium a powerful means to treat cancer. Cancer is made up of cells that reproduce very quickly, and the damage caused by laser rays is far greater than that caused by surrounding healthy tissues. This new treatment method was quickly developed all over the world. In France, radium therapy is called Curie therapy. The discovery of radium has fundamentally changed the basic principles of physics, which is of great significance for promoting the development of scientific theory and its application in practice.

Third, a heart of gold.

Due to their amazing discovery, the Curies and becquerel won the Nobel Prize in Physics in February 1903. Their scientific achievements are unparalleled, but they are extremely contemptuous of fame and fortune and most tired of those boring social parties. They devoted everything they had to the cause of science, without any selfish interests. After the successful extraction of radium, they were suggested to apply for a patent right from the government to monopolize the manufacture of radium in order to make a fortune. Madame Curie said, "That is against the scientific spirit. Scientists' research results should be published publicly, and others should develop them without any restrictions. "Besides, radium is good for patients, so we should not use it for profit. The Curies also donated their Nobel Prizes to others.

1906, Mr. Curie died in a car accident, and Madame Curie suffered great pain. She is determined to redouble her efforts to realize her scientific ambition. The University of Paris decided that Madame Curie would take over from Mr. Curie to teach physics. Madame Curie became the first female professor in the history of the famous Paris University. When the couple separated the first batch of radium salts, they began to study the various properties of radiation. From 1889 to 1904, they published 32 academic reports and recorded their exploration footprints in the field of radiation science. 19 10, Madame Curie finished the book Radioactivity Monograph. She also cooperated with others to successfully prepare metal radium. 19 1 1 Madame Curie won the Nobel Prize in chemistry. A female scientist, in less than 10 years, won the highest prize in world science twice in two different scientific fields, which is unique in the history of world science!

19 14, the institute of radium science was established in Paris, and Madame Curie served as the research director of the institute. After that, she continued to teach at the university and engaged in the research of radioactive elements. She spread scientific knowledge to all who want to learn without stint. She has been studying and working for 50 years since 16. But she still doesn't change that strict lifestyle. She has a high spirit of self-sacrifice since she was a child. In her early years, in order to provide for her sister's schooling, she was willing to work as a servant in someone else's house. During her study in Paris, she studied in the library every night in order to save fuel and heating costs, until the library closed. The pitchblende needed to extract pure radium was very valuable at that time. They saved money bit by bit from their living expenses and bought 8 or 9 tons successively. After Mr. Curie's death, Madame Curie donated radium, which was painstakingly extracted and valued at more than 654.38+100,000 gold francs, to the laboratory for cancer research and treatment.

1932, 65-year-old Madame Curie returned to China to attend the opening ceremony of Warsaw Radium Institute. Madame Curie has been away from the motherland since her youth and went to study in France. But she never forgot her motherland. When she was a child, her motherland Poland was occupied by Russia, and she hated the invaders. When the couple separated a new element from the mineral, she named it polonium. This is because the roots of polonium are the same as those of Poland. She expressed her deep nostalgia for the motherland enslaved by Russia.

On July 1937, Madame Curie died of illness. She eventually died of pernicious anemia. She created and developed radiation science all her life, studied strongly radioactive materials fearlessly for a long time, and finally contributed her life to this science. In her life, * * * won 10 famous awards including the Nobel Prize, and won 16 medals issued by international advanced academic institutions; Governments and scientific research institutions around the world have awarded more than 100 titles. But she is as modest and prudent as ever. Einstein, a great scientist, commented: "Of all the celebrities I know, Madame Curie is the only one who has not been overwhelmed by fame."

Spartacus (? Thrace ~ former 7 1)

The leader of the slave uprising in ancient Rome. They were captured and enslaved in battle and sold to a gladiator training center in Kapuya. In the early summer of 73 BC, 70 gladiator slaves revolted for freedom and occupied the nearby Vesuvius volcano, which was responded by fugitive slaves and bankrupt farmers from all over the world and soon expanded to thousands. The righteous teachers led by him have been widely supported by slaves and the poor, and their ranks have been expanding, reaching 6.5438+0.2 million at the peak. In 72 BC, he led three expeditions from north to south and defeated the Roman army many times. In the spring of 7 1 BC, he fought crassus Deavers in Apulia. The rebels failed and Spartak died heroically in the fierce battle. The uprising dealt a serious blow to the Roman rulers, but due to the limitation of historical conditions and the failure of the rebel army to establish proper base areas and internal divisions, it was finally suppressed by the powerful Roman rulers. K Marx called Spartak "the great commander-in-chief in ancient times and the real representative of the proletariat", and V·I· Lenin praised him as "the most outstanding hero of the greatest slave uprising".

In the history of human war, the war against class oppression occupies a considerable proportion. The deeds of military historical figures emerging in this kind of war are all heroic and tragic. In the era of slavery in ancient Rome, the great uprising led by the slave leader Spartacus once shocked the whole western world. His fighting spirit, which is not afraid of violence and dares to fight for liberation, once influenced generations of slaves and wrote glorious poems about slave liberation.

In ancient Rome, there were large-scale manors using slave labor everywhere, and slaves were called "slaves"

A talking tool. "For fun, slave owners built huge arenas, forced slaves to fight in pairs, and let gladiators fight each other with swords and daggers. After a battle, the bodies of slaves were left on the battlefield. The brutal rule of slave owners forced slaves to launch large-scale armed uprisings again and again. In 73 BC, the biggest slave uprising in the ancient history of the world-Spartak uprising broke out.

Spartak was a Thracian in the northeastern Balkans. When Rome invaded northern Greece, Spartacus was captured by the Romans in a war, sold as a gladiator slave, and sent to the gladiator school in Kapuya, where he was treated inhumanely. In the unbearable situation, Spartak said to his partners, "It is better to die in the battlefield for freedom than for aristocratic pleasure." Encouraged by Spartak, the gladiators picked up the knives and forks in the kitchen and rushed out of the cage. On the way, they happened to meet several cars carrying weapons, seized these weapons to arm themselves, and ran to Mount Vesuvius dozens of miles away to gather righteousness. Spartak led the insurgents to camp here and established a solid position.

Many escaped slaves and farmers have defected. Spartak's wife belonged to the same tribe as him and also took part in the uprising. The uprising team rapidly developed from more than 70 gladiators to about 1000, and defeated some small units of the Roman army many times. Spartak reorganized his army according to the form of Roman army. In addition to infantry composed of several legions, he also established cavalry, scouts, signalmen and small trench teams. In addition to seizing the enemy's weapons, the rebel barracks also organized the manufacture of weapons. Training soldiers, making strict rules of barracks and marching life, soon the whole Kan Oena Plain was controlled.

At the beginning of 72 BC, Spartak's army had increased to 60,000. He drove his troops to Apulia and Lucania, where the number of people reached 6.5438+0.2 million (some historical records recorded 9.65438+0.2 million). The Roman Senate was shocked by the scale of the uprising. In the middle of 72 BC, it sent two armies led by consuls Lun Tulus and Galliou to crusade against Spartak. At this time, there were differences within the insurgents. Most slaves, including Spartacus, thought it was difficult to establish political power in Italy according to the balance between the enemy and the enemy, and advocated leaving Italy, crossing the Alps, entering Gaul, getting rid of Roman rule, getting free, or returning home. The local shepherds and poor peasants who participated in the slave uprising did not want to leave Italy, hoping to continue fighting the Roman army and seize the lost land. Due to this disagreement, the team of 30,000 people left the main force and was defeated by the Roman army at the foot of Calganus Mountain (north of Apulia) (20,000 people died). When Spartak heard the news, it was too late to come to the rescue. Spartak killed 300 Roman prisoners, paid homage to the "dead" of the fallen comrades, and continued to lead the army north. In 72 BC, Spartak's army crossed the whole of Italy along the Adriatic coast. At the Battle of Motina in Zizalpins Gaul (northern Italy), Spartak's army defeated the army of Governor Gaius Gaius Cassius Longinus Longinus. Encouraged by the victory and the difficulty of crossing the Alps, Spartak changed his original plan, marched south, returned to Italy, bypassed Rome from one side and marched south.

In the face of this uprising team galloping in Italy, the Roman ruling group panicked and no one dared to run for consul. The Senate declared a state of emergency, and finally elected Krasus, the great slave owner, to command the army to suppress the rebellion. In the autumn of 72 BC, Spartak's army assembled in Brugia Peninsula (now Calabria), and it was expected to cross the Messina Strait on a pirate ship from Kiirikki. However, the pirates broke their word and did not provide ships, and Spartak's plan to build a raft to cross the English Channel by himself failed to come true. At this time, Krasus built fortifications behind the rebel army camp, cutting off the back road for the rebels to retreat to Italy. A trench (about 55 kilometers long, 4.5 meters wide and 4.5 meters deep) with both ends open to the sea was dug, and an earth fence was built. However, the insurgents filled the trenches with mud and trees and broke through the fortifications. In this attack, Spartak's army lost two thirds. Soon, after the army was quickly replenished (up to 70,000 men), Spartak tried to take bourdieu, the main port in southern Italy, by surprise in the spring of 7 1 BC, and crossed the sea to Greece, and then to Thrace (now the European part of Bulgaria and Turkey). The Roman Senate tried its best to suppress the uprising as soon as possible, and sent Pompeii's army and the army of Lucius from Spain and Thrace to reinforce Krasus. In order not to let the Roman army meet, Spartak decided to launch a total decisive battle against Krasus's army. He sped north to meet Krasus. Spartak's troops fought bravely in the fierce battle in the south of Apuria province, although they were much less in number than the Roman army. Spartak took the lead, rode his horse and dashed left and right, killing two Roman officers. He was determined to kill Krasus, but because his thigh was badly injured, he had to bend one leg and continue fighting on the ground. Under the crazy siege of the Roman army, 60,000 insurgents died, and Spartak also died heroically. About 5000 Spartak rebels fled to northern Italy and were unfortunately destroyed by Pompeii. From Rome to Kapuya, 6,000 prisoners were crucified by the Romans. However, some scattered uprising troops without unified leadership still fought in many places in Italy 10 years.

There are many reasons for the failure of the vigorous Spartak uprising, such as: there is no general program that can unite the exploited masses; The social and ethnic components of all classes of Roman society who participated in the uprising were complex and lacked necessary education; There are also many operational command mistakes caused by inexperience. However, the significance of this uprising went far beyond the uprising itself, which dealt a heavy blow to the ruling class of slave owners, aggravated the economic crisis of Roman slavery, and promoted the transition of Roman regime from * * * harmonious system to imperial system. Spartak showed heroic fighting spirit and outstanding military talent in the uprising, and Marx called him "the real representative of the ancient proletariat"; Lenin also said: "Spartak was one of the most outstanding heroes in the biggest slave uprising about 2000 years ago."

Spartak Uprising greatly promoted the slave liberation and freedom movement and left an indelible mark on the history of people's struggle for social liberation. Lenin pointed out when evaluating the Spartak uprising: "For many years, the seemingly omnipotent Roman Empire, which was completely based on slavery, was often impacted and hit by the large-scale uprising of slaves who were armed and assembled under the leadership of Spartak." At that time, it greatly shook the foundation of Roman slavery. Slave owners were forced to make some changes in the way of exploiting slaves and managing land, and began to change the methods of controlling slaves and the attitude towards slaves. They try their best to buy slaves of different races, avoid using slaves of the same race together, and beware of their combination. Slave owners began to divide the land into small pieces and give them to slaves for farming, and slaves could share part of the harvest. In this way, slaves began to evolve into "slave owners", and more and more slaves were released. The above situation became more common after 1 century.

Spartak Uprising was able to establish a powerful military organization and beat back the elite Roman troops many times, which had many military successes, such as trying to seize and seize the initiative in combat operations; Organize the cooperation between infantry and cavalry and advocate attack; Cleverly mobilize troops in the war zone; March quickly and covertly, set an ambush and carry out a surprise attack; We should be good at annihilating the enemy one by one. These provided many useful experiences for the later slave uprising war.

Among the most powerful city-states in ancient Greece, Athens was the first and Sparta was the second.

The largest slave uprising in ancient Rome led by Spartacus. Spartacus the Thracian was captured in the war with Rome and sold to a gladiator training center in Kapuya as a gladiator slave. In 73 BC, Spartak and his companions could not bear the tragic situation of gladiators and decided to rebel.

(1) Xier: It was written by Lu You before he died, which is equivalent to a suicide note. Kyushu: Only the territory of the whole country. Julian Waghann: Song Dynasty Army. Feelings: This was written by Lu You before his death. Lu you