What can be the alcohols in fat?

Fatty alcohols are synthetic compounds that contain saturated and unsaturated carbon chains.

Fatty alcohols can be categorized into natural and synthetic fatty alcohols.

Natural fatty alcohols are made from natural plant and animal fats and oils, while synthetic fatty alcohols are obtained from petroleum through a process of refining, cracking and synthesis. As the basic chemical raw material for synthesizing wetting agents, dispersants, solubilizers, lubricants and many other fine chemicals, fatty alcohols are widely used in cleaning, personal care products and industrial industries.

Fatty alcohols are aliphatic alcohols with a chain of 8 to 22 carbon atoms. Fatty alcohols usually have an even number of carbon atoms and a hydroxyl group attached to the end of the carbon chain. Some fatty alcohols are unsaturated and some are branched. These alcohols are widely used in the chemical industry.

Fatty alcohols do not occur naturally in large quantities, but only in, for example, waxes, fatty acid esters, and fatty alcohols.

[1] Fatty alcohols were not discovered until 1900. He was obtained in the village through a Bowo-Brown reduction reaction between sodium and a wax ester. Into the 1830s the catalytic hydrogenation method became commercially available, which took fatty acid esters, usually animal fats and oils, and hydrogenated them to obtain fatty alcohols. In the 1940s and 1950s, petrochemicals began to become important chemical raw materials, and Karl Ziegler discovered the polymerization of ethylene. These two important discoveries opened the door to synthesizing fatty alcohols.

A traditional and still effective way to get fatty alcohols prepared from natural sources is through fatty carboxylates. Wax esters were previously obtained by capturing whales and extracting the sperm oil from them. Another path is to grow jojoba. Fatty acid triglycerides, familiarly known as triglycerides can be obtained from plant and animal sources. These triglycerides can all be transesterified to give methyl esters, which are then hydrogenated to give alcohols. Typical animal fats and oils are C16-C18, and vegetable fats and oils have more chain length variation in comparison. Longer fatty alcohol chains (C20-C22) can be obtained from canola oil; compared to shorter fatty alcohol chains (C12-C14) which can be obtained from coconut oil.

Preparation of fatty alcohols from petrochemical sources can also be prepared from petrochemical feedstocks. In the Ziegler process, ethylene is oligomerized in the presence of triethylaluminum followed by air oxidation. This process gives alcohols with even carbon chains:

Al(C2H5)3 + 18 C2H4 → Al(C14H29)3

Al(C14H29)3 + 1.5 O2 + 1.5 H2O → 3 HOC14H29 + 0.5 Al2O3

In addition ethylene can be oligomerized to give olefinic mixtures, which can be subjected to hydrocarbonization. In addition, ethylene can also be oligomerized to obtain a mixture of olefins, which can then be hydroformylated, a process that yields aldehydes with odd carbon chains, which can then be hydrogenated to obtain alcohols with odd carbon chains. For example, the C11 alcohol from decene hydroformylation:

C8H17CH=CH2 + H2 + CO → C8H17CH2CH2CHO

C8H17CH2CH2CHO + H2 → C8H17CH2CH2CH2OH

In Shell's High-Carbon Olefin Process, Shell adapts the carbon chain length distribution of the starting olefin oligomers to suit the market. chain length distribution of the starting olefin oligomer to meet market demand. This is accomplished by an intermediate complex decomposition reaction. The [2]resulting mixture is fractionated and hydroformylated or hydrogenated for further production.

ApplicationsFatty alcohols are mainly used in the production of detergents and surfactants. They are components of cosmetic, food and industrial solvents. Due to their natural water-oil amphiphilic nature, fatty alcohols are used as nonionic surfactants and are also used as emulsifiers, lubricants and thickeners in the cosmetics and food industries.

NutritionVery long chain fatty alcohols (VLCFA) obtained through vegetable waxes and beeswaxes have been reported to lower human plasma cholesterol. Very long chain fatty alcohols are found in coarse grains, beeswax and many plant-derived foods. Reports also suggest that 5-20 mg per person per day of mixed C24-C34 alcohols (including eicosanoids and tricosanoids) is needed to lower low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol intake by 21%-29%; raise 8-15% of HDL cholesterol uptake. Wax esters can be hydrolyzed by bile salts (dependent on pancreas-secreted carboxylesterases) to release long-chain alcohols and fatty acids absorbed by the gastrointestinal tract. Studies of fatty alcohol metabolism in fibroblasts have shown that very long-chain fatty alcohols, fatty aldehydes, and fatty acids are reversibly interconverted in the fatty alcohol cycle. In patients with the genetic disease peroxisome disorders, including adrenoleukodystrophy and Schegelen-Larsen syndrome (lichen sclerosus-like erythroderma), none of these compounds can be metabolized

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