What measures should be taken to protect the health of the elderly in rural areas in China?

With the acceleration of population urbanization and the change of population mobility, a considerable number of elderly couples and elderly people living alone are attached to the countryside, which also separates the carrier and object in the pension relationship and increases the difficulty of providing for the elderly. This has caused a series of problems, which are embodied in the following aspects: 1, low economic income and poor quality of life. At present, except for some left-behind elderly people in our county, most of them have no old-age security. The economic source of the left-behind elderly in rural areas mainly depends on their own labor income and children's subsidies. It is understood that the old people's labor is mainly farming, but because their children are not around, many farm jobs have to be hired, with high cost and low income. Many old people are unwilling to pay for help when they are busy with farming, which leads to great labor intensity. With the weakening of the concept of filial piety, the pressure on children to work outside the home to make a living is increasing, the children's subsidy is unstable, and the economic income of the rural elderly is even more pitiful. Therefore, the life of the elderly is still quite frugal. 2. Life is lack of care, and the burden of raising grandchildren is heavy. Because the children are not around, some small things in daily life have become a problem for the elderly left behind in rural areas. At the same time, after their children go out to work, some elderly people live alone or with their spouses, and most of them form a "generational family" with their grandchildren. There are still many children of left-behind elderly people who go out to work, leaving only elderly parents and underage children, and left-behind elderly people basically have no children to take care of. So the old man is extremely afraid of getting sick and being taken care of. Many old people talk about "it is much more reassuring to have children around, and there is a care." The burden on the left-behind elderly people to take care of their grandchildren ranging from 0 to 4 years old is extremely heavy. Some grandchildren are too young to leave, which brings great inconvenience to the elderly in farming and housework. 3. The problem of intergenerational education is outstanding, and I feel great pressure. If you only take care of your grandson's daily life, it will only increase the pressure on the elderly and increase the labor intensity. The psychological burden of children's education is heavier, mainly because most of the rural elderly are illiterate, unable to help their children learn, and worried about poor academic performance. Especially now, rural traffic communication has been improved rapidly, TV and Internet cafes are everywhere, and children spend a long time outside, fearing that something will happen. Old people always feel that it is beyond their ability to take care of their children. When the children go to middle school, because the time spent together is greatly reduced, the children's self-control ability is poor, and the family management of the elderly is inadequate, which makes the elderly extremely worried but unable to supervise and discipline. 4. Lack of family atmosphere and monotonous spiritual life. The decline of the physical quality of the elderly population and the natural aging of physiology determine that the elderly need not only economic security but also spiritual comfort in their later years. Old people in rural areas are used to a hard life and often have low expectations for material life. Therefore, spiritual comfort from children is very important for their physical and mental health. The survey shows that after the children go out, the telephone has become the main way for the left-behind elderly to communicate with their children and the main way for spiritual comfort. In addition, children will visit their homes in their hometown during the holidays. In fact, some old people don't even have such simple basic spiritual comfort. Some children have been gone for several years, but there is no news. Some old people even "don't know whether their children are dead or alive". Because their children are not around, most of the left-behind elderly people in rural areas live a lonely life of "one person goes out and a lamp enters the door", which makes them feel lonely. Especially the elderly who live alone, feel that sometimes there is no place to express their feelings and they can't pass the time. They are likely to have depressive symptoms and find life boring. With the growth of age, it is more and more inconvenient for the left-behind elderly to move, and their contact with the outside world is correspondingly less and less. Apart from watching TV and chatting, the elderly have basically no other pastimes, and their spiritual life is extremely monotonous. 5. The problem of difficulty in seeing a doctor is outstanding, and health protection needs to be strengthened. In the survey, it is found that the rate of left-behind elderly people in rural areas is as high as 70% all the year round, and many people are sick. Due to the increase in income brought by children working and the implementation of the new rural cooperative medical system, the medical conditions of the left-behind elderly have improved, but they are still at a low level. Generally, the left-behind elderly can only be treated for minor illnesses, and it is common that they can't afford to get sick and take medicine. Moreover, the onset of the elderly is often sudden, and there is no one at home or the rescue is not timely, which may miss the treatment opportunity and lead to serious consequences. For the elderly left behind in rural areas, "fighting minor illnesses and relieving serious illnesses" has become a subconscious. In addition to these main problems, the families of left-behind elderly people in rural areas are easy to become targets of thieves; The lack of young and middle-aged men in the family is also easy to become a vulnerable group, which leads to the loss of interests. Three. Countermeasures and Suggestions To sum up, the change of family structure and living distance caused by the outflow of labor directly and indirectly weakens the family's pension function, leads to the reduction of intergenerational support for the elderly, especially economic and emotional support, and at the same time leads to the increase of intergenerational families, which increases the burden of labor, life, spirit and raising grandchildren for the left-behind elderly. Therefore, in order to adapt to these changes, society must make corresponding adjustments. (1) Adhere to the policy orientation and strive to create a good environment. The fundamental purpose of building a harmonious socialist society is for the harmonious development of people, as well as for economic and social construction. Policy orientation embodies a problem of value orientation. Therefore, when formulating policies, we should adhere to Scientific Outlook on Development, put people first, treat and treat the problem of left-behind elderly people in rural areas from a humanistic perspective, improve the quality of life, stabilize family relations, and build a harmonious society, countryside and family. In terms of economic layout, we should consider the nearby employment of rural surplus labor force as much as possible, vigorously develop the local economy, give full play to the advantages of local non-agricultural industries with low cost and taking care of both working and farming, and attract rural surplus labor force to transfer on the spot, which not only relieves the contradiction between busy farming season and the shortage of rural public welfare labor force, but also relieves social problems such as "empty nesters" and "left-behind children" who are neglected. (2) Adhere to the system support and improve the security system. First, improve the rural social security system. Further establish and improve the rural social security system with social insurance, social assistance, social welfare and social charity as the main contents, increase investment in rural social assistance and rural social welfare, and ensure the distribution of guaranteed income in place. Actively strive for the higher authorities to relax conditions, expand the proportion of rural subsistence allowances, and strive to include eligible rural left-behind elderly people in the scope of subsistence allowances, so as to economically ensure that the left-behind elderly people reach the basic living standard. The second is to improve the rural old-age security system, gradually establish rural social old-age insurance, and gradually transition from family pension to social pension. Third, promote the new rural cooperative medical system, do a good job of publicity, expand coverage, especially the left-behind elderly into the new rural cooperative medical system. If financial resources permit, we can appropriately increase the reimbursement ratio of cooperative medical care on the basis of financial subsidies from the central and provincial levels, and effectively solve the problem of "difficulty in seeing a doctor and high cost" for farmers, especially left-behind elderly people. Fourth, thoroughly break the dual system of urban-rural division and treat migrant workers in cities as citizens. Give migrant workers the same treatment as urban residents in terms of housing rights, labor security rights, children's education rights, medical care, welfare, etc., reduce the cost of migrant workers' living in cities, completely realize the transformation of migrant workers' identity and occupation, promote the transfer of migrant workers from "solo flight" to "resettlement in different places", realize temporary transfer to permanent transfer, reduce the number of left-behind elderly people as much as possible, and let as many migrant workers have a complete family as possible. At the same time, Qi Xin should make concerted efforts at all levels to properly arrange the children of urban floating population to go to school, so as to lower the threshold and restrictions of migrant workers' life in the city, thus reducing the intergenerational care burden of the elderly due to their children's going out. (3) Insist on innovative ways and consolidate the foundation of economic support. 1, strive for funds in many ways. The rural elderly (including the left-behind elderly) have made positive and significant contributions to promoting economic and social development, stabilizing family relations and the overall situation in rural areas, and the whole society should consciously assume the responsibility of providing for the elderly. It is necessary to adhere to the methods of publicity and guidance by public opinion, policy promotion and system promotion, guide all parties to contribute their money and participate in solving the problem of pension funds in rural areas, especially for the left-behind elderly, and form a situation in which families, enterprises, society, individuals, governments and other parties contribute and actively share, so as to ensure proper arrangements for the fund needs of the left-behind elderly. 2. Develop local economy in rural areas and strengthen support for "providing for the aged" in community economy. Community is the most concentrated place for the elderly, and it is also a platform for social support. Social economic support for farmers' pension is very important. But this should be based on a strong collective economy. Village groups should start from their own resources (not just natural resources) and take the market as the guide to vigorously develop village-run enterprises and collective economy. It is those left-behind elderly people who can't engage in heavy manual labor in the fields and have less financial resources who can give full play to their strengths and engage in some labor within their power in village-run enterprises, so that the elderly can learn to "protect themselves", create conditions for "doing something", enhance their self-confidence, improve their social status, increase their economic income and improve their material security. 3. Increase agricultural income and enhance children's pension payment ability. The government should be based on the reality, actively explore the scale and industrialization of agriculture on the basis of the rural household contract responsibility system, and improve the contribution rate of science and technology in agricultural income. Vigorously broaden the sales channels of agricultural products and accelerate the reform of the circulation system of agricultural products. Vigorously develop township enterprises, speed up the adjustment of rural industrial structure, create conditions for farmers to get rich, increase farmers' income, and lay an economic foundation for old-age care. 4. Advocate equality between men and women, and solve the problem that married women do not provide for the aged. Sons and daughters enjoy equal rights and obligations in supporting the elderly and inheriting the inheritance, correct the misconception that only sons can support the elderly, and appropriately clarify the responsibilities and obligations of daughters in supporting the elderly. In the interview, we found that the married daughter basically does not bear the burden of providing for the aged, but the living distance of the daughter is usually smaller than that of the son who goes out (generally, the daughter gets married in the county and the son works outside the county), which is more convenient to provide economic and emotional support, so this is particularly important. (four) adhere to the linkage of all parties to create a social atmosphere for the elderly. In view of the problem of family care for the left-behind elderly, it is necessary to increase publicity, strengthen the responsibility and obligation of children to take care of the elderly, educate and guide migrant workers to fully fulfill their responsibilities of caring for and educating their children, and effectively reduce the burden of left-behind elderly people to take care of their grandchildren. 1, consolidate the family pension model. Family pension will still play an important role in the future for a long time. We should continue to take various ways to stabilize the family pension relationship and improve the family pension model, making it an important way of providing for the aged at present and in the future. 2. Framework of centralized support system. With the improvement of economic conditions and social development, the number of left-behind elderly people has increased, and centralized support has become the development direction of rural old-age care. Therefore, building a perfect centralized pension system has become an urgent problem for all localities. At this point, our county has done some exploration. For example, the central nursing home we are building can support 500 people in a centralized way, and at the same time, with the cooperation of various township nursing homes, the problem of providing for the elderly left behind in rural areas in our county has been basically solved. This will not only alleviate the problem of providing for the elderly left behind, but also increase new employment channels and jobs, and also leave some out-of-town people in the local area to achieve multi-benefit and win-win results. 3. Pay attention to the role of rural grass-roots organizations in helping the elderly. Accelerate the establishment of a volunteer team through organizations such as the Association of the Elderly to achieve mutual assistance with the left-behind elderly. Encourage rural young adults, healthy youth, neighbors, etc. As a volunteer, establish long-term contact between volunteers and the left-behind elderly people who need care and their floating children, thus forming a good atmosphere for social support and pension. (5) Insist on unblocked channels and build a spiritual comfort platform. Telephone is the main means of transportation for the left-behind elderly to contact their children, and it is also the main way of spiritual comfort for the left-behind elderly. In addition, children will visit their homes in their hometown during the holidays. At present, the telephone penetration rate in our county has increased, and most of the rural areas are wireless telephones. But these are still not enough. Society and families should give more care to the elderly. 1, actively promote rural communication construction. The investment in rural communication facilities will accelerate the popularization of rural telephones, build a platform for the left-behind elderly to contact their children, and meet the spiritual needs of the elderly. Actively contact and coordinate telecommunications, mobile, China Unicom and other communication departments, develop and build tariff service products suitable for left-behind elderly people, and facilitate communication between the elderly. 2. Strengthen the construction of activity venues. Support the collective construction of village committees and give full play to the role of rural elderly associations and elderly activity rooms. Governments at all levels should increase support and investment to ensure their normal activities. As a grass-roots organization in rural areas, the elderly association should organize the elderly to carry out some cultural activities, physical exercise, parenting lectures and so on. , suitable for the elderly, so as to achieve "learning, having fun and doing something for the elderly". Give full play to the important role of village committees in solving the problem of providing for the elderly left behind. Village committees can fully integrate and utilize idle assets and idle land to rebuild and expand old-age care centers, establish rural public service positions, and provide care services for left-behind elderly people who need care. According to the existing conditions, rural primary schools can be developed with multiple functions, and various activity centers and recreation rooms for left-behind elderly people can be opened. 3. Constantly strengthen filial piety propaganda. Educate migrant workers to respect their parents, keep in touch with them at any time, discuss major issues with the elderly and respect their opinions; Send money and things to the elderly on time; Let the elderly have no worries. "Always go home to see", remember to miss your family, often call home to know about your parents' living conditions and physical condition, and better respect and care for the elderly. 4. Guide the left-behind elderly to adjust themselves. We should give full play to the enthusiasm and initiative of the elderly left behind in rural areas and let them actively participate in various social activities. For example, we can guide them to actively participate in cultural activities in the village, participate in the mediation of neighborhood disputes, serve as the economic development staff of the village group, and help the village to do what it can and integrate into society. Only in this way can the left-behind elderly in rural areas gradually change their way of thinking, thus updating their concepts, establishing modern life concepts and fully enjoying the fruits of modern civilization.