The principle of dance therapy and its application in crisis intervention. Psychological crisis intervention mainly uses three skills.

First, the concept of dance psychotherapy in the history of our country, the idea of dance therapy has long been recorded. For example, "Lu's Spring and Autumn Annals" wrote: "In the early days of Kangjia, the yin was stagnant and the waterways were blocked. It was not allowed. The people's spirit is broad and stagnant, and their bones and muscles can't shrink, which is a dance. " Here, the purpose of creating dance is clear, that is, to solve people's emotional depression and muscle discomfort. This budding primitive health-preserving therapy is one of the earliest records that China used dance as a guiding intervention to regulate people's body and mind after the disaster in ancient times.

Modern dance therapy is a branch of art therapy, which originated in America. It is also called dance/exercise therapy (abbreviated as DMT), or simply "dance therapy". The American Dance Therapy Association (ADTA) defines it as "a psychotherapy that uses dance or sports process to promote individual emotional, physical, cognitive and social integration". Dance therapy really begins to help people grow psychologically. After World War II, many American officers and men had adaptation problems when they returned to their daily lives after the war. After leaving the military life, the sequelae caused by the stimulation of life and death in the war continue to haunt them and seriously affect their daily lives. For this group of veterans, the United States has tried various methods to help them rebuild their new lives, including psychological analysis and counseling, but the effect is not good; Therefore, some clinical psychologists began to try new medical methods, shifting the focus of medical attention to social care and interpersonal relationships. Interventions, including dance therapy, have played an important role in the rehabilitation of war wounds.

Dance psychotherapy uses human expressions and movements to help individuals establish overall consciousness and normal behavior and operation functions. Dance therapy, as a product of the intersection of medicine, psychology and art, makes up for the deficiency of traditional talk psychotherapy.

There are two main directions in the broad field of dance therapy:

One is inclined to the theory of artistic essence, which holds that dance art activities have therapeutic functions themselves. Through the process of artistic creation, emotional conflicts can be alleviated, the parties' insight into things can be improved, which is conducive to self-knowledge and self-growth, or the effect of emotional purification can be achieved. In dance, various movements accompanying the rhythm of music, such as raising hands, lifting feet, jumping and rotating, stimulate people's kinesthetic, balanced and auditory receptors, and the resulting nerve impulses are reflected in the brain, resulting in corresponding motion perception. Especially when the rhythm of human body is really consistent with music and action form, it brings people not only spiritual beauty, but also physical pleasure, which is the combination of spirit and flesh. When the two are integrated and people's psychological activities focus on feeling this kind of emotion, imagination is expanded; The harmony between music and rhythm can fully vent people's emotions, greatly satisfy people's spirit and immerse themselves in the enjoyment of beauty.

Researchers believe that the physiological basis of this state is that because emotional activity is related to endocrine activity, when the body is emotional or doing muscle exercise, it can reflexively cause the secretion of adrenal medulla and improve the activity ability of the whole body; On the other hand, when the body is continuously stimulated by positive stimuli, the corresponding nerve center will form a dominant excitement center, which will make the energy of positive emotional activities increase continuously in accumulation, thus regulating the body and mind into a good emotional state.

According to reports, after the Wenchuan earthquake, entertainers, including dancers, rushed to the disaster area to enrich the cultural life of the victims, which played a positive role in appeasing the psychological aftershocks after the earthquake, that is, the art itself played a role in soothing people's spirit.

Another orientation is the dance therapy model with psychoanalytic concept in the field of psychology. This model of dance psychotherapy has two basic concepts: first, there is an interaction between body and mind, and body movements can reflect personality characteristics. Secondly, with body movements as the "medium" of communication and change, impromptu and creative dance will project different psychological states, which has the value of psychological analysis and treatment. Its characteristics are: dance itself is not an end, nor is it for artistic expression and communication. It only takes impromptu dance as a non-verbal communication medium, aiming at associating and interpreting one's own creation with the parties concerned, expressing various emotions related to crisis events, and solving the knot, which is of great help to individuals in maintaining the balanced relationship between the inner world and the outer world.

The intervention of dance therapy in post-disaster crisis discussed in this paper is based on the second orientation of dance therapy. Specifically speaking, it is this orientation of dance therapy. Dance is no longer aimed at performance, but expresses itself with real body movements, opening channels for mutual communication and sharing. Dancing can be cured, because all life functions have actions, including thoughts, and people will stop acting only when they are dead. The body will remember all kinds of life experiences, people's psychological activities can trigger memory through actions, and people's emotional state can be conveyed through expressions. For example, when you are dancing when you are happy, the movements are generally open; When you are sad, you hide your face and bend down, and your movements contract; When the feelings are intense, I always want to take off the single jump; When you are depressed, you usually stagnate and feel depressed. As the saying goes, "Emotion moves in the middle, and the shape is outside", "Observing the shape, knowing the emotion".

In dance psychotherapy, anxiety, sadness, anger and other emotions in the hearts of the parties can be safely released through the expression of body movements. You can also communicate in the way of "action * * * emotion" by analyzing the action rhythm image of the parties, which makes people feel that some unspeakable emotions hidden in the action have been understood. Furthermore, by adjusting body movements, expanding the vocabulary of actions and behavior categories, and replacing old negative actions with new positive actions, people's feelings about themselves will change. In dance therapy, the parties can get emotional satisfaction and experience a positive attitude towards themselves and life through the expression and creative activities in dance movements, so as to achieve the purpose of regulating emotions and treating psychological trauma.

Second, the theoretical basis of dance psychotherapy.

The concept of modern dance makes people re-recognize the role of action and dance in psychological development. Isadora? Duncan (isadora duncan, 1878- 1927) advocated an unrestricted "dance of the mind" that returned to nature. Dancers don't have to do all kinds of difficult and almost stunt performances like ballet, just "pursue a source of mind and inject it into all parts of the body to make it full of active spirit." This central driving force is the mind. She opposes the dance form that goes against human nature, the stylized and skillful style, abandons the shackles of ballet shoes, emphasizes the spontaneity, frankness and personalized expression of dance vocabulary, and emphasizes the natural expression of personal experience and psychological feelings of the body. Modern dance strongly advocates the use of dance to express feelings and inner world, which contributed to the development of dance psychotherapy in the mid-20th century.

At the beginning of the 20th century, Laban put forward the theory of human kinematics, which made great contributions to dance psychotherapy. Dance therapy is also influenced by sigmund freud's psychoanalysis, Karl? Carl Jung's psychoanalysis, Carl? The influence of carl rogers's humanism theory and group dynamics theory. In addition, dance therapy is also deeply influenced by the philosophy of the integration of body and mind and the blending of form and spirit in eastern culture. Paying special attention to the harmony and treatment of body and mind, one of the main purposes is to achieve the balance and unity of physical and mental behavior.

The theory of functional division between the two hemispheres in brain science research further provides a theoretical basis for dance therapy from the perspective of physiological basis, and explains the special role of dance therapy in psychological trauma intervention. Specifically, due to the different division of labor between the two hemispheres of the human brain in terms of rationality and emotion, "speech therapy" has a good effect in dealing with psychological problems caused by wrong cognition or thinking in different schools of psychotherapy; However, there are some limitations in dealing with psychological problems with emotional distress as the main symptom, such as emotional disorder and traumatic experience. More psychologists vividly said: "It is impossible for a person to unlock the right hemisphere with the key of the left hemisphere". However, dance therapy has advantages in solving the emotional problems of patients seeking treatment. By playing the role of dance rhythm in emotional expression and catharsis, it can promote the functional recovery of people with psychological trauma after the crisis. Some research results on emotional disorders, autism, trauma, loss or loss fully illustrate this point. Because of this, at the beginning in Taiwan Province Province "9? After the "2 1" earthquake, art therapy intervention, including dance therapy, played a unique role and accumulated valuable experience, which can be used for reference by psychologists in Chinese mainland.

Thirdly, the different levels and characteristics of dance therapy in post-disaster psychological group intervention.

1. supportive dance therapy

Supportive dance therapy can also be called adjustment or counseling. Although this is the shallowest level of crisis intervention, it is the most widely used. At this level, generally speaking, the goal is achieved through various supportive physical and mental conditioning activities in the group, rather than through in-depth psychological introspection analysis. After the disaster, supporting dance and conditioning activities can provide people with opportunities for active participation and experience, thus strengthening people's healthy behavior. The application of language introspection, thinking and psychological analysis only accounts for a small part of the whole process, and focuses on the experience of real life and observable behavior. The goal of the activity is to strengthen the normal psychological coping style after the disaster, promote the correct behavior control ability, support healthy emotions and thoughts, break the social isolation caused by the destruction of the disaster, provide a sense of security and information stimulation in the real society, and make the parties under the influence of collective motivation to comfort the nervous and anxious parties.

Experiential dance therapy is structured and planned, which needs to provide emotional support for visitors and create opportunities for them to experience success, thus playing a positive role in relieving anxiety. In the process of activities, we should provide support, comfort, implicit guidance and suggestions to the parties in a good atmosphere combined with body dance communication.

After the disaster, people who have been impacted to varying degrees ―― from those normal people who have basically complete self-personality and only have temporary psychological disorders under pressure, to those who are mentally broken, seriously retrogressed or hallucinated, acute and chronic mental patients, or patients with serious fear and anxiety, can benefit from this level of dance therapy.

However, it should be noted that at this level, the parties are not particularly encouraged to do introspective excavation of the deep experience of disasters. On the contrary, if someone is out of control in the group because of some touches, or automatically makes deep self-exposure, the group owner needs to make psychological comfort and "convergence dress" in time, and then carry out individual deep treatment after the group gathering. On the one hand, it can make the severely traumatized soul be accepted and cared for, and get due protection in the group; On the other hand, supportive psychological group counseling can still be oriented to most people and carried out as planned.

2. Introspective dance therapy

This level of treatment goes deeper than supportive treatment. In this level of treatment, in addition to dance activities, there is also language communication between therapists and clients, and language communication is becoming an increasingly important part. In the process of treatment, the content of dance activities is mainly arranged according to emotions and ideas, and it has also become the theme of post-dance language discussion. Emphasize the problem of exposing personal thoughts, emotions and interpersonal reactions. The attention of treatment mainly focuses on the experience of reality and the interpersonal reaction process between the therapist and the client. In this level of treatment, the psychological defense mechanism and abnormal interpersonal behavior of the parties may be challenged, and the purpose of treatment is to establish and promote correct behavior patterns.

Therefore, in the operation of dance therapy activities at this level, grouping design is usually adopted, and the number of people in each group is 10- 12 to ensure that the group leader pays enough attention to each member. It is necessary to help group members understand the post-disaster feelings, creatively solve the problems they face, and promote the change of bad behavior. At this level, the subconscious contradiction has not been deeply explored, but compared with the previous support level, it requires the parties to pay attention to self-exposure, take the initiative and have the ability to understand their behavior through introspection in the face of the psychological impact brought by disasters. Introspective dance therapy focuses on helping the parties to re-establish their own value system and behavior model after the disaster and learn new interpersonal attitudes and responsibilities.

3. Dance therapy of psychoanalysis

This is the deepest dance psychotherapy, and its main goal is to target deep subconscious activities. At this level, dance therapy activities are used to discover, release and solve subconscious contradictions that have a negative impact on personal personality development. In this level of treatment, dance therapy activities are often used to trigger associations, which are not limited to things before and after the disaster, but may also include emotions related to many important experiences now or in the past. The subconscious content of the client is used to rebuild a new psychological defense mechanism, deepen self-awareness, promote self-adjustment ability, and then achieve the purpose of reshaping personality.

The difference between this level and introspection level therapy is that the degree and quality of introspection required by the parties are different, and they are relatively concentrated on past experiences. The purpose is to arouse the understanding of key and subconscious contradictions, and promote the transformation of personality through the understanding of the deepest fear and contradiction in introspection. Psychoanalytic therapy is usually used by therapists to intervene psychosomatic diseases, depression, personality disorders and neurosis. This level of dance therapy needs to be continued in groups or individuals.

At this level, therapists must have received advanced training and supervision. The parties involved in this level of treatment usually have to challenge their existing personality structure, and they need enough treatment motivation to carry out this treatment, which usually takes a long time. At the same time, we should also pay attention to that only when the therapist's time and energy allow continuous follow-up can we intervene in this degree of crisis intervention, and don't easily involve deep content. Just touching the crux of the soul out of curiosity, or just rashly uncovering the mental wounds caused by disasters without effective treatment and continuous follow-up, will cause secondary harm to the parties, which is not in line with professional ethics.

Iv. Matters needing attention in the process of psychological crisis intervention of dance groups

1. In the psychological crisis intervention of dance groups, we should pay attention to embodying humanistic spirit.

The process of psychological intervention in dance has its uniqueness in the breakthrough point and operation mode, but its essence is the concrete embodiment of humanistic spirit. In the process of supporting dance body and mind groups, we should pay attention to self-understanding in nonverbal and verbal communication, break the barriers of interpersonal communication, accept ourselves and others, which is highly consistent with the spirit of humanism.

All kinds of impromptu dance performances in dance psychology group classes will not be evaluated by quality, but will be accepted as real and direct communication. As Rogers said, only when we can fully accept our true nature can we change. Through contact and reaction, peers develop relationships, naturally feel each other and feel understood by each other. This feeling of being understood and accepted is of great significance in psychotherapy. Being understood and accepted can produce positive value because people have the driving force of self-realization, which is the main source of life. People will discover their abilities and use them for personal growth. In other words, everyone has a kind of ability or tendency in his heart, that is, performance-becoming independent and automatic, constantly developing, maturing and stimulating potential. But in some people, this tendency is temporarily concealed by the psychological defense mechanism under the impact of disasters. When people are in a safe psychological atmosphere, this tendency will be liberated again, showing the ability to face the crisis, reshape themselves and reposition the relationship with life.

2. In the process of artistic intervention with the combination of music and dance and the interweaving of static and dynamic, it embodies the connotation of the balance of opposites between body and mind.

Opposition exists in body and personality, including consciousness and subconscious. In the course of human life, opposites often appear at the same time. But sometimes people choose one and ignore the other. American dance therapist Mary? Whitehouse once emphasized that the relaxation and tension of the body in rhythm, stretching and bending, opening and closing, narrow and wide, up and down, light and heavy should be kept in balance, and the existence of opposing movements should be paid attention to, and its connotation should be discussed.

In the psychological intervention of post-disaster dance, we can pay attention to guiding group members to start with the exploration of various opposing movements, constantly change and experience at opposing poles, and realize various possibilities of transitional movement between poles, accompanied by psychological experience of transitional state. In the process of analyzing its connotation, it changes from action balance to inner experience balance. Such as seriousness and liveliness, rationality and sensibility, sadness and happiness. , you can also seek balance in opposition.

Dance psychological intervention is not only dynamic and static, but also pays attention to the combination of music and dance, which is a process of artistic intervention. In the process of intervention, it is often necessary to match the corresponding music materials for different impromptu dance themes. Such artistic intervention can more effectively guide group members to explore different styles of movements and experience the unity of opposites, so as to have a fuller understanding of different aspects of their body and mind and a deeper understanding of life through sharing.

Qi Guanghui, School of Sports Science, Qufu Normal University, Shandong Province

Special Editor: Xu Jian