What are the sacrificial ways in Tang Dynasty?

Palace sacrifices are mainly divided into two categories: offering sacrifices to "gods" and "people and ghosts", and then divided into several subcategories, which are embodied in the songs of suburban temples.

In the series of offering sacrifices to "gods", it can be divided into three categories, namely:

1, the series of offering sacrifices to heaven, including offering sacrifices to heaven in Wanqiu, Haotian, Fengtai Mountain, Gucci, Tang Ming and Yisi.

In the Tang Dynasty, there was a seven-day holiday during the winter solstice, and a grand ceremony was held to worship heaven.

Sacrificing to heaven, also known as sacrificing to heaven and the southern suburbs, is a grand ceremony for emperors to sacrifice to the gods, a ceremony for serving and sacrificing the gods, and the most grand and grand activity in the sacrificial ceremonies of emperors in past dynasties. The "forehead" is connected with the "circle", and the forehead mound refers to a round high altar for worshipping heaven. In ancient times, there was a saying that "the sky is round and the place is round", so it is generally the southern suburbs to worship the gods and the northern suburbs to worship the land.

In order to improve the status of the emperor and show the theocracy of the monarchy, the sharing system in the past dynasties was often to offer sacrifices to a founding monarch, queen and gods. Moreover, matching nature with ancestors is also the embodiment of filial piety. (According to Volume 45 of General Canon, when Zhenguan and Kaiyuan in the Tang Dynasty sacrificed to heaven, Tang Gaozu and Tang Gaozu matched the sky; According to Records of Song Shili II, in Tang Gaozong's Eternal Emblem, Emperor Gaozu and Emperor Taizong were goddesses. )

According to the Book of Rites of the Old Tang Dynasty, in the third year of Jinglong (709), Emperor Zhongzong worshipped the God of Heaven. When Tang Zhongzong worships heaven and earth, it is the first time that the Queen attended the ceremony. During the reign of Dezong, the Crown Prince was appointed as the ultimate sacrifice, which replaced the tradition of Tai Wei as the ultimate sacrifice in Asia and Guangluqing as the ultimate sacrifice, making the national sacrifice more imperial.

In addition to offering sacrifices to heaven in the southern suburbs, the emperor also made a special trip to Mount Tai to "worship Zen".

The ancients had no height, only simple absolute height. Influenced by the civilization in the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River, people think that Mount Tai is the tallest and closest to the sky, so it is an order from heaven to go there to worship God. Earth was built on Mount Tai as an altar, named "Feng", in order to report the merits of heaven; The mountains under Mount Tai, such as Fuliang Mountain, Yun Yun Mountain and Tingting Mountain, are called "Zen" for the purpose of rewarding the land. It takes a lot of manpower, material resources and financial resources to close Zen, including those who change their surnames and those who close Zen in prosperous times. According to the records in Xin Yu of the Tang Dynasty, during the Zhenguan period, Emperor Taizong agreed that hundreds of officials would worship Zen, and Wei's remonstrance was the only way.

In 666, in the first year of Tang Ganfeng, Tang Gaozong and Wu Zetian held a grand meditation ceremony to seal Mount Tai. Starting from Chang 'an in October, civil and military officials, soldiers and ceremonial teams drove hundreds of miles and arrived in December, so they changed to "dry sealing" and closed the Zen ceremony in the first month. In October of the 13th year of Kaiyuan (725), Xuanzong sealed Mount Tai.

Praying for grain means praying for a bumper harvest, and it is also an activity to worship heaven. The five emperors are distributed in four locations of Waqiu, and the rest are the same as the worship of heaven from winter to the sun. The Book of Rites and the Moon Order records: "Meng Chunyue, the son of heaven prayed to God on the first day of the Yuan Dynasty." In the Tang Dynasty, the first month of the lunar calendar was used to pray for the valley.

Tang Ming is a place where emperors declare politics and religion. Sacrifice, celebration, selection of scholars, pension and teaching are all held in Tang Ming. Qiu Ji, enjoy God in the hall.

Sacrifice refers to the emperor's sacrifice to pray for rain. Xia Meng worships God in the southern suburbs.

2. Sacrifice to five gods, Asahi, Xiyue, Jiugong ghosts and gods, Shi Feng and Shi Yu.

Beginning of spring welcomes spring in the eastern suburbs, summer in the southern suburbs, Huangling in Zhao Zhong in front of beginning of autumn 18 days, autumn in the western suburbs and winter in the northern suburbs 18 days.

"New Tang Book Rites and Music" records: "At the vernal equinox, Asahi is in the eastern suburbs." "The autumnal equinox, the late moon is in the western suburbs."

During the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, the etiquette of morning sun in the eastern suburb of vernal equinox and late moon in the western suburb of autumnal equinox was gradually determined. In ancient times, the vernal equinox was considered as the birthday of the sun. In Tang Dezong, Moonlit Day is changed to Zhonghe Festival on the first day of February, and Zhonghe Festival is considered as Sun's birthday.

In the third year of Tianbao in Emperor Xuanzong of Tang Dynasty (744), there were nine palaces of Taiyi, Tianyi, Fang Yao, Xuanyuan, Xianchi, Qinglong, Taiyin, Tianfu and Sheti, which were used for four seasons.

Shi Feng is also a style man, that is, Fengshen; The rain master is the rain god. On the ugly day after beginning of spring, I worshipped the northeast wind of Guocheng; After the long summer, I will worship the rain Lord in the southwest of Guo Cheng.

3. Land Sacrifice Series, including Fang Qiu, Bailuo, the head of Zen Society, Shenzhou, Taishe, Wabai God, Xiannong, Xiansilkworm, Xiansheng Shixian and Longchi.

The ancients thought that the sky was round and the earth was round, so the sky was sacrificed to the vault and the earth to the square mound, which is the place of sacrifice.

During the Zhenguan period, the emperor was sacrificed in Fang Qiu from the summer solstice. The Six Classics of the Tang Dynasty stipulates that there will be a three-day holiday from the summer solstice.

In April of four years (688), Wu cast an auspicious stone. There is a word on the stone: "The Virgin is here, Yongchang Diye", which he said was obtained in Luoshui. Da Yue, the marquis of Wu, whose stone is called the "God Map" and is honored as the "Virgin Jade Emperor". In December of the same year, the white snail of Wu Hou was photographed.

In the 11th year of Kaiyuan in Ming Taizu (723), the emperor sacrificed to Fenyin, the south bank of Fenshui in Wanrong County.

In the 13th year of Kaiyuan in Ming Taizu (725), the first mountain of Zen Society was dedicated to the earth. Historical Records: Zhou Chengwang sealed Mount Tai, the first club in Yi Chan. Sheshou Mountain is located in the southwest of taian county, and there is an altar on it.

In Zhenguan, China offered sacrifices in the northern suburbs. Book of Rites of the Old Tang Dynasty: "Hao Tianshen, Five Emperors, Yellow Emperor, Shenzhou and Ancestral Hall are great sacrifices. Meng Dong, in the northern suburbs, sacrificed to China. " During the Yonghui period in Tang Gaozong, the worship of China was abolished. Wu Zetian worships heaven and earth in the southern suburbs.

Too empty for the country, the god of land and grain is called the country. Sacrificing the country is the deformation of land sacrifice.

Wax (sound zhà), the name of sacrifice. "Book of Rites Special Sacrifice in the Suburb" records: "Those who have wax will also ask for it. In December this year, they will ask for everything." Pray for a bumper harvest of grain.

Xiannong was the first agricultural god who taught people to farm, and was called Shennong and Hou Ji. Since the Zhou Dynasty, emperors cultivated their own land and offered sacrifices to the first farmers as a sign of persuading them.

"Appreciating silkworms first" is a sacrificial activity hosted by the Queen.

During the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, Confucius was regarded as a saint and Yan Hui as a teacher. Ceremonies were often held in imperial academy to worship Confucius and Yan, and imperial academy was often responsible for supplying wine. As a court sacrifice in the Tang Dynasty, most of them were personally sacrificed by the emperor and the crown prince. King Wenxuan is Confucius, and King Wu Cheng is Jiang Taigong Lu Shang.

"Tang Yao Hui" records: "In the first year of Kaiyuan (7 13), there was a movement to sacrifice Longchi, and in the sixteenth year (728), an altar was built in Xingqing Palace to sacrifice the mid-spring moon."

Besides offering sacrifices to gods, people and ghosts should also offer sacrifices. The ancestral hall is the residence of ancestors and the dead. The ancestral hall is the ancestral hall of the royal family. The so-called "seven temples" refers to the ancestral temple system formulated by the Zhou Dynasty. The seven halls of the emperor, three Zhao and three Mu, and the Taizu Hall are combined into seven halls. There are five temples for princes, three temples for doctors and one temple for scholars. Usually, the objects of worship in the ancestral hall are ancestors and ancestors within VII.

In the Han Dynasty, the system of "matching heroes" was added to the ancestral temple sacrifice. In the Tang dynasty, it was institutionalized, and according to the specific times and merits, the heroes were assigned to different temple main rooms.

This kind of sacrifice is also divided into three small categories, namely:

1, enjoy the ancestral hall.

"Old Tang Li Ji" records: "Tang Li, at four o'clock, each enjoys the ancestral temple with Meng Yue."

2. Pay homage to Laozi, Gao Yao and Niangniang.

In the Tang Dynasty, Gigi Lai was the second ancestor, and he was honored as the sacred ancestor Emperor Xuanyuan. His temple is called Taiqing Palace.

In March of the second year of Tianbao in Ming Dynasty, Gao Yao was honored as Emperor Deming, and Liang Wang was the emperor.

In the winter of the first year of Zongrui Jingyun, Zhao Cheng and Su Ming, two empresses, were posthumously sealed, and they set up Yikun Hall in Qinren to enjoy the four-season sacrifice. Empress Liu and Empress Dou of Zhao Cheng (mother of Xuanzong) were both killed when they entered the palace to meet Wu Zetian.

Empress Zhao De is the queen of Dezong and the biological mother of Shunzong.

Jiao Miao's lyrics only involve the above three queens who enjoy the memorial service.

3. Sacrifice the ancestors of the prince and queen.

This prince is Chu Jun, who became emperor after he ascended the throne. The seven princes here were either not emperors for various reasons, or were originally made princes.

Li Xian was made the eldest son of Zong Rui, and Wuhou was made the prince. Zong Rui wanted to build the East Palace, and Xian thought (Xuanzong) had made great contributions and insisted on being a prince. The death of the emperor.

Li is the eldest son of Emperor Gaozu and the younger brother of Emperor Taizong. Wude was made a prince in the first year, and was killed in the Xuanwu Gate Rebellion in the ninth year. Emperor Taizong ascended the throne, pursued the king, and retired after his success. In the sixteenth year of Zhenguan, he was posthumously awarded as the Crown Prince.

Li Xian, Prince of Zhang Huai, was the sixth son of Emperor Gaozong. In the second year of Shang Yuan (675), he was appointed as the Crown Prince and sought to supervise the country. The following year (680), it was abolished as Shu Ren, and he was forced to commit suicide. In the first year of Jing Yun (7 10), Prince Zhang Huai of posthumous title.

Li Zhongrun, a German prince, is the eldest son of Chinese emperor Li Xian. After his birth, he was made a great-grandson by Gao Li and later deposed by Wu Zetian. In the first year of Dazu (70 1), he was killed with a stick and arrested by the marquis of Wu for discussing his brother. Zhongzong reset, posthumous title crown prince, posthumous title pawn.

Prince Li Zhongjun is the third son of Li Xian, the third son of Emperor Zhongzong. In the second year of Shenlong (706), he became the Crown Prince. In three years, he led the troops against Wu Sansi and his son, but he was defeated in the disorderly army and died. Zong Rui succeeded to the throne and presented it to the Crown Prince.

Li Jian, the prince of Wenjing, and Li Yongzi, the son of Shunzong, were crowned King Yong in the fourth year of Zhenyuan (788) and successively served as ambassadors to Yiwu and Zhao Yi. In the fifteenth year of Zhenyuan (799), he died and was given the Prince Wen Jing.

Li Ning, Prince, Chen Zhangzi of Xi 'an, Yuan He was established as Crown Prince in the fourth year (809), and Yuan He died in December in the sixth year at the age of 19.

According to the Postscript of the Old Tang Dynasty Emperor, in September of the first year of God-given (690), "Xu Bing, the first Wu Temple was established."

In Dragon, Zhong Zong praised the virtues of Wei Ruyun ancestral temple.

"Jiao Miao Ge" only involves offering sacrifices to the ancestors of Wu Zetian and Wei. Wu Zetian himself is the emperor, and Zhongzong is a model of being afraid of his wife.

Sacrifice is an important activity of the imperial court and a national event. It is sacred and solemn, and there is a special agency responsible for formulating a series of strict etiquette laws.