What are the characteristics of the thought of man-land relationship in different historical stages?

Historical evolution of the development of land relations thought;

1, worship of nature-hunting civilization-the relationship between man and nature is fear and dependence;

2. Transforming nature-agricultural civilization-people's dependence on nature is greatly weakened and their antagonism is enhanced;

3. Conquering nature-industrial civilization-the relationship between man and land is completely uncoordinated, and the contradiction between man and land is rapidly intensifying;

4. Seeking harmony between man and land-the harmonious development of population, resources and environment in today's society.

Second, the main environmental problems facing mankind:

1, environmental problems-primary environmental problems and secondary environmental problems.

2. Rational development and utilization of resources:

(1) Renewable resources: The key lies in "rational development"-controlling development intensity, protecting and promoting renewal.

(2) Non-renewable resources: The key lies in "rational utilization"-saving and comprehensive utilization, and finding new substitutes.

3. The causes of environmental problems-population pressure, unreasonable use of resources and one-sided pursuit of economic growth.

(1) The consumption rate of human resources in production and living activities exceeds its regeneration rate;

(2) The amount of waste discharged into the environment by human beings exceeds the self-purification capacity of the environment.

4. The environmental problems in developing countries are more serious than those in developed countries, because:

(1) The environment is under the dual pressure of development and population;

(2) Low level of economy and technology and insufficient ability of environmental protection;

(3) Developed countries transfer heavily polluting industries to developing countries.

Three, the main environmental problems-environmental pollution, ecological damage.

1, environmental pollution:

(1) air pollution: global warming, acid rain, ozone layer destruction-pollution sources: industrial production, family life, transportation.

(1) Global warming

The main greenhouse gases are CO2, CH4, N2O and O3.

Volcanic ash and afforestation can weaken the trend of climate warming.

Danger:

Coastal glaciers melt, sea level rises, coastal lowlands are flooded, cultivated land decreases, storm surges and salinization intensify.

Mid-latitude areas-evaporation increases, cultivated land and grassland are degraded, desertification expands, and agricultural planting area decreases.

(2) Acid rain (fog, snow)-"Dead in the air": atmospheric precipitation with pH less than 5.6.

Hazard: Impact on water, soil, living things and buildings.

③ Ozone layer destruction.

(2) Water pollution: industrial wastewater; Agricultural sewage (from pesticides and fertilizers); Domestic sewage (various washing water, including nitrogen and phosphorus).

(3) Soil pollution.

(4) Solid waste pollution: industrial waste, agricultural waste, construction waste and municipal solid waste.

Hazards: air pollution, water pollution, soil pollution, affecting health and spreading diseases.

Treatment: classified recycling and comprehensive utilization; Landfill; Composting (fermentation, high temperature sterilization); Incineration (power generation), etc.

2. Ecological destruction: the destruction of ecological balance-the reduction of biological species, the destruction of forests and grasslands, land desertification, soil erosion, etc.

(1) Biological species decreased sharply:

Status quo: Biodiversity is being destroyed faster and faster. Large-scale extinction of tropical rainforests occurred.

The role of biology:

(1) Economic aspects-providing food, wood, industrial raw materials, etc. For human beings.

(2) Ecology-promoting material circulation and energy flow in the ecosystem and forming a life support system.

Causes: deforestation, overfishing and environmental pollution. Alien invasion can also lead to species extinction.

Harm: biodiversity is destroyed, food chain is broken, and ecological balance is out of balance.

(2) Destroy forest resources-forest is called "the lung of the earth", and forest is the main body of terrestrial ecosystem.

Reasons for the decrease of forest area: logging, land reclamation, mining, firewood collection, grazing and air pollution.

(3) Wetland reduction-wetland is called "kidney of the earth";

(1) The role of wetlands:

Economic function-providing food, water, shipping, breeding, tourism, irrigation, etc. ;

Ecological function-protect biodiversity, conserve water, store flood and prevent drought, and regulate climate. Peat in wetland contains a large amount of undecomposed organic matter, which does not participate in the circulation of atmospheric CO2 and becomes a carbon pool, which can alleviate the "greenhouse effect".

② Reasons for wetland reduction:

Soil erosion leads to sediment deposition; Water diversion irrigation leads to the decrease of water entering the lake (swamp);

Reclaiming land from the sea has reduced the area of lakes and beaches; Eutrophication of water body weakens or even loses the function of wetland.

(4) Land desertification:

① Manifestations of desertification: land desertification, rocky desertification and secondary salinization caused by shrinking cultivated land, woodland, grassland and wetland.

② Main distribution areas: arid, semi-arid and semi-humid areas.

Rational utilization of water resources: improving farming and irrigation techniques and popularizing water-saving agriculture;

The rational allocation of water resources in the upper, middle and lower reaches of rivers should consider both the development of the upper and middle reaches and the ecological protection of the lower reaches.

(5) Secondary salinization of soil:

① Distribution (China): North China Plain, Northeast Plain and Oasis (desert area with water irrigation).

② Causes of secondary salinization:

Man-made aspects: backward farming technology and unreasonable irrigation (flood irrigation);

Natural aspects: dry climate, strong evaporation, easy to accumulate salt on the surface.

Third, sustainable development:

(1) The concept of sustainable development: it not only meets the needs of contemporary people, but also does not damage the ability of future generations to meet their needs.

(2) The connotation of sustainable development-the sustainable development of economy, society and ecology.

(3) Principles to be followed in sustainable development:

Principle of fairness: intergenerational fairness, human and animal fairness, and fairness in different countries and regions.

② Principle of sustainability: Economic activities and social development must be kept within the carrying capacity of resources and environment.

③ Same-sex principle: The earth is a whole, and regional environmental problems often turn into global problems. Regional decisions and actions should contribute to global coordination.

(4) Cleaner production: The traditional product environmental impact assessment method only focuses on terminal treatment. Cleaner production evaluates the environmental impact of products from the whole process of raw material mining, production, consumption and waste treatment.