What is the idea of argumentative writing in the new curriculum standard? Courage, innovation or what? How many kinds are there?

Lecture 38 Writing (10) Argumentative essay 1 1- 15

The eleventh lecture analyzes arguments in different ways.

1, establish the center

The establishment of the central argument of argumentative writing should follow four principles-accuracy, depth, stability and innovation.

"Accuracy" includes the accuracy of examination questions and the accuracy of article ideas. Accuracy means that you can thoroughly understand the topic or the materials provided, grasp the will, and make no mistakes; Correctness means that the viewpoint should be clear-cut, what to advocate and what to oppose, unambiguous, in line with the principles of Marxism-Leninism and aesthetic taste.

"Deep" means comprehensively grasping the topic or material, analyzing and thinking from multiple angles, touching the essence of the problem through phenomena, and deeply excavating the ideological significance contained therein.

"Steady" means writing in strict accordance with the requirements, not too "unconventional", but grasping the center of the material smoothly, otherwise it will be self-defeating.

"New" means not following the trend, following the trend, being able to say what others have not said, being able to say what others have not said, and having their own unique thinking and opinions.

2. Draw up a good question

The theme is the eye of the article and an important part of the article to convey important information. Being at the top of the article structure, the title of the article will directly affect the reviewer's first impression of the article. The basic requirements for the proposed topic of argumentative paper are: to be eye-catching and comfortable on the basis of accuracy. It can be vivid, vivid, concise, unique, neat and so on. In short, it is best to stimulate the reader's interest in reading, or to make him feel refreshed.

The title of an argumentative essay should conform to the stylistic characteristics and be clear, so that people can know its purpose at a glance. Articles with distinct views are most popular with reviewers, because they have a clear and transparent sense, can convey the general content of the article, and facilitate reviewers to grasp the basic content of the whole article accurately and quickly. Such as "Honesty can't be discarded", "Qi Fei of science and technology and humanity", "Black boy of transplanting memory and innovation" and "Strong-my immortal faith" are all good topics with distinctive features and attention. Pursuing image, vividness and individuality on a distinct basis is a higher requirement for argumentative writing. This kind of essay can catch the reader's eye and make him want to read it at first sight. The effect is wonderful. For example, the center of the article is "Go your own way and let others talk" and the title is "Learn to swim in others' spittle", which is somewhat humorous and makes people feel at a glance.

Step 3 get off to a good start

Gorky said: "(at first) it is like setting the tone in music. It gives the tone of the whole song, which is where the author spends his time." The beginning of an argumentative paper should pay attention to "short, fast and beautiful". To be brief means to be concise. It is best to divide three or two sentences into paragraphs to introduce this theory. A short beginning can avoid verbosity, and short sentences are divided into paragraphs, highlighting the importance of their content in space. To be quick is to get to the point quickly. It is best to point out the basic ideas or themes of the article in a few sentences. Because there is a "clear center" regulation in the grading standard. Determining the center at the beginning is conducive to the reviewers' scoring and the author's discussion, avoiding writing taboos such as unclear topics and changing topics halfway. Beautiful means wonderful. This is also the "phoenix head" mentioned in traditional literary theory. The most prominent function of a wonderful beginning is to attract the examiner and leave a good impression on him. The article should be wonderful at the beginning, and use rhetoric such as metaphor, analogy and parallelism to introduce arguments. You can also quote famous sayings and tell fables to introduce the topic.

Write the first sentence and the last sentence in the middle paragraph.

Whether the argumentative essay is rigorous in structure, clear in organization, rigorous in argument and typical in argument depends on the writing of the middle paragraph. Structure, organization, arguments and arguments are important rules for marking argumentative essays, so writing argumentative essays should meet these standards as much as possible.

Common discussion methods are: the first sentence is a small argument or a transitional sentence connecting the preceding with the following; Mainly focus on small arguments, use appropriate facts and theoretical arguments, or analyze and reason some phenomena in real life; Finally, write a sentence or two summarizing the discussion. The writing of the first sentence and the last sentence is the most important, which can directly outline the context of the article and show the discussion ideas of the full text. In addition, the overall argumentation structure of the article often uses positive and negative contrast. As long as many reasons are said from both sides, they can basically be strictly discussed. Skillfully using this composition mode in the examination room can quickly start writing, reduce mistakes and save time. At the same time, it can make the examiner score the scores above average conveniently according to the scoring standard, and avoid the personal scoring factors that are not conducive to the candidates.

5. Typical and vivid arguments

Argument is the soul of argumentative writing, sub-argument is the skeleton supporting this soul, and argument is the flesh and blood of argumentative writing. It is inconceivable that a person should be full and colorful, with only a soul and skeleton and no flesh and blood. The same argumentative essay can't be called an article only with central arguments and sub-arguments, and it must also have typical and vivid arguments.

Typical arguments refer to representative examples and famous sayings that can fully reflect the essence of things. First of all, ask for truth and be related to the topic. Secondly, we should abandon the old arguments and use new ones. Some students memorized several classic arguments in their compositions, such as Sima Qian, Madame Curie and Zhang Haidi, and used them from different angles as a kaleidoscope. In fact, even if these arguments are typical, they can't attract attention if they are used too much. On the contrary, it will be better to choose the new argument that "people have me without me, and people have me", which will make commentators feel fresh when reading. In addition, some students are used to reasoning with ancient examples, and the whole article fails to connect with reality, has no running water of the times, and cannot achieve the purpose of full reasoning. It is best to quote fashionable sentences and examples that the media generally pay attention to to to assist reasoning, strengthen the pertinence and sense of the times of reasoning, and make the article more convincing.

6. Knot your tail

The ending is the inevitable result of the development of the full-text content and an important part of the article structure. Shi Tuo, a famous modern writer, once said, "When writing an article, no matter how long it is, we should first consider the ending. With the end, how to start, how to arrange in the middle, it will be solved. " A good ending should be like a leopard tail, loud and powerful, alarming and inspiring. For example, Lu Xun's "On the Collapse of Leifeng Tower" ends with only two words: "What a suck!" Just two words can be said to be concise, penetrating the back of the paper.

In fact, the end of an article is sometimes more important than the beginning. Because the rater begins to grade after reading the end, its quality directly affects the rater's scoring psychology. Li Yu once said: "At the end of the article, we should capture the soul with flattering words and let it linger on the picture scroll. If it is hard to say goodbye." If the ending has this effect, the whole article will add a lot of color. At the end of the argumentative paper, collect the full text and highlight the central argument; To reflect the compactness and integrity of the full-text structure, we should not retreat hastily or gild the lily; Language should be crisp and powerful, clear and loud, inspiring and inspiring.

7. The language image is fluent

Language items are an important criterion for composition grading. The language of argumentative writing should be accurate, vivid and vivid. When some students write argumentative essays, they often pose as telling the truth. In order to reason thoroughly, they move out the terms of philosophical principles and dialectics, but the effect is counterproductive.

There are 1000 versions of a truth. Try to choose a vivid version. In order to show vivid effect, vivid and even gorgeous language is essential in addition to using analogy, analogy and examples. For example, an article commenting on what China's culture will be like after China's entry into WTO quoted: "After China's entry into WTO, global culture will enter countries with abundant capital to satisfy or resist nationalist sentiments. What China cultural people need to learn is how to enjoy the happiness of the capital. " Although this passage is concise, it is very simple. If it is slightly modified, it will be dazzling: "After China's accession to the WTO, global culture has come with the fierce wind of capital to meet or resist the nationalist sentiment that is no longer epic. What China cultural people need to learn is to dance happily in the capital. " The same reasoning, after revision, although the language is complex, is full of fun, pleasing to the eye and not boring.

Modify the language of argumentative writing, pay attention to the use of rhetorical devices such as metaphor, parallelism, duality and repetition, and form a beautiful and smooth feeling of the article; Pay attention to using hypothetical sentences, rhetorical questions or whole sentences to make the article more irrefutable. Although the power of modifying language cannot be achieved overnight, as long as it is accumulated over time, it will naturally make progress and make people feel like mountains and rivers.

Example 1: Believe in yourself? Trust others?

In your life, have you ever asked such a question: Who should I trust? Have you ever asked yourself: Is it important to believe in others or to believe in yourself? In fact, trusting others is as important as trusting yourself. We don't agree with stubbornness, arrogance, cowardice and indecision. Therefore, we should not only believe in ourselves, but also listen to other people's opinions.

Believing in yourself plays an important role in a person's success. Some people listen to their parents and learn whatever their parents want them to learn. They have no opinions of their own. Were you born to live for your parents? The outside world is wonderful. You can't live under the protection of your parents forever. One day you will leave your parents and go out into the society. They can't tell you what to do, so you must believe in yourself and put yourself into society to exercise and explore. Only in this way can you reflect your true self in society and be a useful person to society. But if you lack self-confidence, can't understand the true meaning of life, and always think that you are inferior to others, then in today's fierce competition, you will be eliminated by society and become a useless person. There are countless examples of success because of self-confidence: Yang Liwei, as a pilot, how can he walk into the spaceship calmly and become the "first person in space" in China if he is not confident in himself. So be confident and believe in yourself. I am the best.

But just believing in yourself is not enough. We should also trust others and listen to their opinions. As the saying goes, gold is not enough, and no one is perfect. Life is so long that no one can guarantee that he will be perfect and not make mistakes. There will always be some minor setbacks and bumps, but as long as they are found and corrected in time, they can be as perfect as possible. At this time, confidence alone is not enough. You must listen to others' opinions and learn from others' experiences and lessons, so that you can overcome many difficulties better. As the old saying goes, it is light to listen to others, and it is dark to listen to others. That's the truth. If Emperor Taizong did not listen to Wei Zhi's advice and criticized himself, how could there be a prosperous scene of "Zhenguan rule"? If Leonardo doesn't listen to the teacher's criticism, how can he become a world-famous painter ... So, we should also pay attention to trusting others, so as to make ourselves invincible.

To sum up, we should not only believe in ourselves, but also believe in others. Therefore, while remembering "Go your own way and let others talk", please also remember a Polish proverb: People who often ask for directions will never get lost.

Comments: This article is a normative argumentative essay. From the beginning, I used the way of asking questions and put forward the argument that we should not only believe in ourselves, but also listen to other people's opinions. Then there are two arguments: believing in yourself plays an important role in a person's success. We should also trust others and listen to their opinions. Finally, strengthen the argument again: not only believe in yourself, but also believe in others. Tight structure and clear organization. The examples of Yang Liwei, Tang Taizong and Da Vinci cited in the article are very convincing.

8. How to set the arguments of argumentative essays?

In argumentative writing, students often make such a mistake: after an article makes a point, it is followed by examples, one after another, and when the number of words is almost the same, the central argument is simply settled at the end. In this way, the pattern of "argument+argument" has been formed, and such an article, no matter how good, can only barely pass.

When the central argument of an argumentative paper is clear, how to accurately decompose it into several sub-arguments is an important link in writing an argumentative paper. The sub-argument is relative to the central argument, but it belongs to the central argument and is used to demonstrate the central argument. Generally speaking, an article should be divided into more than two sub-arguments around the central argument, so that it can be convincing not only by stating facts, but also by reasoning. If the sub-argument is not established, or the sub-argument is not established, the central argument will not be strongly proved. So, how to set up a sub-argument? Here are some common decomposition methods.

1), concept analysis. The concept here refers to the key words in the central argument of the article. Analyzing these words and making clear their connotation and extension will help us to decompose the central argument. For example, the center of an article is that "the face of safeguarding the dignity of the people of the country cannot be lost, and the idea of paying too much attention to personal face cannot be lost." The discussion of this center must be divided into two levels: one is to emphasize the need to safeguard the dignity of the country and the people; The second is to emphasize not to care too much about personal vanity. These are two sub-arguments decomposed from the central argument.

2), causal analysis. The "cause" here refers to the partial argument, and the "effect" refers to the central argument. After establishing the central argument (fruit), analyze the reasons for this result. To prove that "youth is the golden age", you can ask questions first. Why is youth the golden age? The following points can be cited: ① Youth is an era of physical strength and energy; Youth is an era of accumulating knowledge and increasing talents; (3) Youth is an era of making contributions. These three sub-arguments prove the central argument from three different angles.

3) Dialectical analysis. It includes two aspects: ① the positive and negative comparative analysis of the central argument, and ② the analysis of the split of the central argument. ① Contrastive analysis, if we want to prove that "practice makes true knowledge", we can demonstrate it from two aspects: a. Only through practice can we understand things and grasp the development law of things; B, don't participate in practice, don't proceed from reality, behind closed doors, you can't find the key to solve the problem. This can further clarify the view that "practice makes true knowledge". ② Analysis of two places. If we want to prove that "adversity is not the key to success", we should analyze it from two places: a. adversity can make talents, which has been proved by many facts at home and abroad; B, not all adversity can make talents. These two arguments seem to be contradictory, but they are all unified under the general point of "Can adversity make talents?"

4), condition analysis. The central argument here refers to the result, while the sub-argument refers to the "conditions" to meet the result. If we want to demonstrate "striving to be a cross-century successor", we can adopt the method of conditional analysis on this topic. First of all, imagine, "What conditions do we need to become successors across the century?" In this way, we can get the following three arguments: ① determination to serve the motherland, ② excellent skills and ③ good psychological quality.

5) Comparative analysis method. This is a relatively simple method to expand the central argument into sub-arguments. For example, the center of this article is to advocate lofty aspirations, rather than fishing for three days and drying the net for two days. When discussing, we can compare the two methods, analyze their respective characteristics and different results, and make it clear that only by setting up lofty ideals and fighting for them can we achieve something.

These are the methods we often use. If you can't think of a good analysis method at the moment, you can also use the conventional analysis method, that is, you can ask some questions when facing the topic, such as "What is it?" , "Why?" "What should I do?" , list the arguments in this regard, and then filter them. Mr. He Yongkang once said: "In the college entrance examination composition, due to the limited number of words in the whole article, it is best to control the elaboration of each small argument to about 260 words. Generally speaking, the process of elaboration is: first point out the small argument in a few sentences, then briefly analyze and discuss it, then put forward the facts in combination with the reality, and finally summarize it. " This passage explains in detail the realization process of a sub-argument.

Example 2: Language, Building a Bridge of Communication

One thing that distinguishes humans from other animals is that they have their own unique language. Language builds a bridge for human communication. Through this bridge, we can understand each other's needs, feel each other's feelings and share each other's joys and sorrows.

Language is sometimes a good medicine to resolve misunderstandings. Lian Po, the general of Zhao, was jealous of Lin Xiangru, who was highly valued by the prince of Zhao, and threatened to embarrass him. But Lin Xiangru avoided the conflict with him everywhere, and everyone was puzzled. Lin Xiangru's phrase "national emergency comes first, then personal enmity" expresses his feelings. This sentence also eliminated Lian Po's prejudice against Lin Xiangru. He offered a humble apology, and finally became a tight-fisted friend with Lin Xiangru. Lin Xiangru's words on the floor turned into a bridge, which enabled the two ministers to communicate and made Lian Po understand Lin Xiangru's noble personality. It can be seen that language is the carrier of information. Through language, many misunderstandings can be eliminated and many spiritual barriers can be broken.

Language is a carrier pigeon that conveys love and understanding. In modern society, many parents often complain that their children are always self-centered and never listen to themselves. Many children also complain that their parents always don't understand themselves and always bind themselves. There are many reasons for this situation, but the main point is that there is too little communication between parents and children. Some parents don't let their children do anything, just ask their children to study hard and not be distracted. This is not a concern. Real concern should be based on mutual understanding. Some families will set aside some time every day to let their families express their thoughts and hopes. Parents listen carefully to their children's voices, and children silently remember their parents' teachings and expectations. Mutual understanding promotes mutual communication. Language is like a homing pigeon, which transmits one person's heart to another, so as to establish understanding. The understanding between parents and children enables parents to find the best way to express their care, and also enables children to show sympathy to their parents and know how to repay them. Mutual language communication opens the door to communication and understanding.

If the communication in language is inappropriate, it will lead to misunderstanding in communication. The fable that Mrs. Feng died in a fire is thought-provoking. If the language is accurate, this tragedy can be completely avoided. Therefore, learning language expression well is of great benefit to communication. Only by building a bridge of communication can we get to know each other better.

With language, communication will become smooth; With language, communication will be so colorful.

Comments: From the content point of view, this paper discusses the relationship between "language and communication", which conforms to the meaning of the topic and highlights the center. This paper first puts forward the central argument, and then discusses it from three aspects: "language is sometimes a good medicine to resolve misunderstandings", "language is a homing pigeon to convey care and understanding" and "improper language communication will lead to misunderstandings in communication". Lin Xiangru and Feng Fu, one is a positive example, and the other is a negative example, which set each other off in sharp contrast. Examples of parent-child communication are full of life and sincere feelings. From the expression point of view, this paper meets the expression requirements of argumentative writing, adopts the writing idea of "total-sub-total", with detailed content, rigorous structure and fluent language. From the perspective of development, this article can go deep into the essence through phenomena, which can be called an argumentative paper with profound understanding.

The twelfth lecture on the development of argumentative writing ideas

Expand the thinking of argumentative writing

Argumentative writing should be well founded. Rationality means that the viewpoint is correct, which conforms to the objective laws of things and people's right and wrong concepts. If there is evidence, there is an argument. The correct view often can't convince the reader, only by producing sufficient evidence can it be convincing. Some arguments are theoretical laws and some are objective facts. No matter what kind of argument, in order to be very convincing, we must pay attention to the following points: first, it must be true and reliable, and there must be no difference between telling facts and using other people's words; Second, it should be typical, that is, the arguments used are the most convincing; Third, we should be fresh, that is, fresh arguments that others have not used will attract readers' attention, impress people and be convincing.

When we have achieved the above points, how to expand our thinking has become the key issue in argumentative writing. So, how to expand our thinking?

First, horizontal expansion. Students write argumentative papers, focusing on "why". Then, after adding "why" in front of the central argument, we can think of it as a question. What reasons can be used to answer this "why" and think as much as possible; Then sum up the reasons of each aspect into declarative sentences, making them sub-arguments; Then consider these sub-arguments, make choices and combinations, and let the sub-arguments form a parallel and parallel relationship. For example, the discussion of the article "External Beauty and Internal Beauty" can be carried out as follows:

Argument: We should pay attention to external beauty as well as internal beauty.

Sub-argument:

1, we should not only pay attention to the beauty and generosity of clothes, but also cultivate our own thoughts and sentiments.

2. We should say it beautifully and do it beautifully.

3. We need a beautiful diploma and a beautiful level.

4. Products need good packaging and reliable quality.

In the sub-argument, 1, 2, 3 and 4 are juxtaposed, and the central argument of "paying more attention to external beauty and internal beauty" is demonstrated from different angles.

Second, vertical expansion. In order to make the article convincing and easy to be accepted, it can be discussed in the order from shallow to deep, from simple to complex, from phenomenon to essence, from concrete to abstract, and it is closer to the essence of things layer by layer. For example, the article "Don't follow the trend" can be summarized as follows:

Argument: You can't follow the trend.

Sub-argument:

1, conformity.

2. The harm of conformity.

3. The essence and ideological roots of conformity.

In the sub-argument, 1 expounds the appearance, 2 analyzes the harm, 3 prompts the essence, and advances layer by layer, so the argument is easier to understand and accept.

Thirdly, it discusses the importance and necessity of the research. The so-called importance of elaboration is that correct thoughts and behaviors can produce good results, while wrong thoughts and behaviors can lead to bad results. The so-called necessity of discussion is the reason for discussing "otherwise impossible" for the central argument. In students' usual writing, "importance" is often discussed, because its relationship with arguments is "linear" and explicit, and it will immediately come to mind; However, "necessity" is rarely discussed, because the relationship between it and the argument is nonlinear and implicit, and it is not easy to think of it without serious thinking, thus becoming a "blind spot" for many students to discuss. For example, the article "Be good at listening to others' opinions" can be summarized as follows:

Argument: Be good at listening to others' opinions.

Sub-argument:

1, even the cleverest person may have concerns, especially for ordinary people.

2, the authorities are fascinated, and the onlookers are clear.

3, listen to advice, benefit others.

4. If you don't listen to advice, you will harm yourself and others.

Those who have changed it will be encouraged if they haven't changed.

In the sub-argument, 1 and 2 discuss the necessity, 3 and 4 discuss the importance, and jointly solve the "why" problem. Discuss the "how" in argument 5.

Four, not only from people's attitudes, practices and results of things contained in the argument, but also from the characteristics of things. For example, the article "Cherish One-third of Life" discusses ideas:

Argument: Cherish one third of your life.

Sub-argument:

1, youth is fleeting, but it is hard to come by.

Youth is the golden age of life.

Cherish your youth and you will achieve something.

If you waste your youth, you will hate it all your life.

Cherishing youth is the requirement of the times and the need of society.

In the sub-argument, 1 and 2 discuss the characteristics of the things contained in the argument, and 3 and 4 discuss the attitudes, practices and results of the characters to the things contained in the argument.

In students' compositions, most of them only involve the latter, so the discussion ideas are narrow and the intensity is insufficient. However, if we can discuss it from the characteristics of "youth" itself, our thinking will be broadened, our reasoning will be sufficient, and the strength of our argument will be greatly enhanced.

Fifth, ask questions from the opposite side. That is, after the positive discussion, imagine from the negative what reasons others will put forward to refute their own views, and then refute other people's reasons is untenable, thus proving that their views are correct. For example, Ren Hong discussed this idea in Zhi Ping Pian:

Argument: It is enough to worry that the population will increase sharply after a long period of governance.

Sub-argument:

1, life is getting worse and worse, making ends meet.

2, the gap is not exhausted, and the leisure is not exhausted.

3. There are laws in heaven and earth, and there are laws in monarch.

Among the sub-arguments, 1 is the positive argument; 2, 3 is to ask questions from the opposite side (if all the idle land can be reclaimed and all the empty houses can be used, the population explosion is not enough; I think that heaven and earth will use "floods, droughts, diseases and epidemics" to curb the population explosion, and the rulers have their own ways to solve it. Then I refute that it is useless to "create the world" and "settle down". Heaven and earth can't, and the monarch can't, which also makes people completely lose unrealistic illusions. This broadens our thinking and makes our argument more convincing.

Sixth, from a dialectical point of view. Some topics, such as diploma and level, imitation, reference and creation, all contain two or more concepts, which are often both related and contradictory. Analyzing the relationship and contradiction between these concepts, their possible development and changes, and how to promote their transformation must be discussed from a dialectical point of view. Such as "diploma and level":

Argument: You need a diploma and a level.

Sub-argument:

1, diploma reflects the level to some extent.

Generally speaking, diploma is the simplest and most intuitive standard to measure a person's level.

3. Diploma does not fully reflect the level.

(1) diploma, but the level is not necessarily the same;

(2) Level is a variable;

(3) Diploma does not necessarily represent the level;

(4) Not having a high diploma does not necessarily mean not having a high level.

4. It is difficult to have a diploma without a level.

In the sub-arguments, 1 and 2 discuss "having a diploma", and 3 and 4 discuss "having a higher level".

VII. Examples of Material Analysis

1, material:

Read the following materials and write as required.

A great sculptor finished a perfect sculpture, and someone asked him how he carved such a perfect sculpture. He said: actually, the statue is there, I just removed the extra corners. In life, you are a statue. You can get your perfect self by removing the edges and corners, and a good sculptor is yourself. Please write a composition on the topic of "shaping yourself".

Note: (1) Self-determination; (2) Style selection; (3) the topic is self-drawn; (4) Not less than 800 words.

2, thinking method tips:

1) Start with the content of sculpture (lateral thinking)

1), sculpting a healthy body

2), profound knowledge of sculpture

3) the noble quality of sculpture

Second, start with the method of sculpture (longitudinal thinking)

1), we must first realize our own shortcomings.

2) Be confident.

3) persevere.

4) Respect individuality.

Example 3: Striving for victory in stability

Liang has Wu Yong, Tao has Gong Sun, Wu is a hero like a cloud and a hero like rain, but Song Jiang is the leader. Shu seeks to rely on Kong Ming, brave, and Liu Bei is king. East wood and west gold, south water and north fire, but in the middle of the soil. What is this?

Song Gongming is calm, Liu Bei is practical and modest. He finally stood out and showed his style, each with its own position. So he said: be calm, strive for victory steadily, and be lucky.

Calm comes from ambition. If a person has no lofty aspirations and only indulges in the reality of the world of flowers and flowers, it is naturally impossible to have a calm personality. Ban Chao joined the army in order to serve his country. He took his time and remained calm in the battle with the Huns, and finally carried forward the national prestige and did not teach Huma to spend the Yinshan Mountain. Lin Zexu has a firm attitude and is determined to ban smoking. In the negotiations with foreigners, he was neither humble nor humble, but he was firm. In the end, Humen destroyed opium and frightened foreigners. If you aim high, your eyes will be far away and your mind will be calm. So ambitious people can't be stable.

Peace comes from difficulties. If a person has not experienced numerous setbacks and hardships, trapped in honey water and infancy, it is naturally impossible to have a calm personality. He will be impetuous when he encounters difficulties. How can he become a so-called great event? Didn't you see that King Wen was arrested and played Zhouyi, while Zhong You wrote Spring and Autumn Annals? Zuo Qiu is blind and can speak Mandarin. The Art of War has been revised. Without suffering, it is impossible to form a calm character and achieve brilliant achievements. Since the first emperor built Qin, he has not been prepared for danger in times of peace, and has fallen into debauchery, anger and impatience. When one person is in trouble, the seven temples are destroyed, and he dies, laughing at the world. If the king of Qin doesn't care about luxury and goes through hardships for peace, he can be the king of three generations, even forever.

Peace comes from no desire. Mencius said, "He who has no desire can be king." No desire means no selfish desire. People who do great things can't ruin the overall situation because of self-interest. Only in this way can they develop a calm personality and win the final victory. The Tathagata Buddha put aside selfish desires, was calm in character, and finally came to fruition, benefiting all beings. Zhu Gekongming was indifferent to Zhi Ming, quietly and profoundly influenced, and finally he succeeded. With selfish desires, you will naturally be unable to calm down, panic when things happen, and be confused when you do things. With his own selfish desires, the overlord drove away his father and Han Xin, and finally got into prison. It was a pity for the ages, and the hero cried on his skirt. After the defeat of the overlord, future generations have sorrow. Future generations mourn, and if they fail to learn from it, they will mourn for future generations.

Song Gongming won the hero's support with a calm heart, Liu Bei won half of the country with a calm heart, and the mountains of nature also changed different colors in four seasons with a calm personality. Let's have a calm heart and change different colors in our lives.

Comment: This is a "normative" argumentative paper. After revealing the central argument of "to be calm and strive for victory in stability", the article fully discusses from three aspects: "Calm comes from ambition, calm comes from difficulties and calm comes from no desire". Thankfully, these three sub-arguments are not developed on the same plane, but "in-depth". The examples used in this paper are all taken from high school Chinese textbooks. The figures mentioned in this article, such as Song Jiang, Liu Bei, Kong Ming, Ban Chao, Lin Zexu, Qin Shihuang and Chu, are well known. What's more commendable is that the author has mastered the classical poems, such as "Out of the fortress", "On Qin" and "Fu to Epang Palace", as well as the "famous sentences" of famous people such as Mencius and others, and used them very flexibly. The language of this article is concise and clear.