Inheritance and Development of Zhangjiakou Folk Dance

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Inheritance and Development of Folk Dances in Zhangjiakou 1 Abstract: Thousands of years of history have created diverse and unique cultural forms in Zhangjiakou, including Nihewan ancient culture, Huangyanguo Sanzu culture, Fu Xuan culture, Yuan Zhongdu culture, Liao Dynasty culture and Northern Silk Road culture. It is a two-way path of "grassland culture" and "farming culture", and it is also the center of various cultural and artistic exchanges, so it was born. However, with the death of the old artist, this folk art form is facing the situation of "no successor, no generation". Therefore, in-depth study, inheritance and development of Zhangjiakou local folk dance is a realistic measure to carry forward local culture, inherit and protect intangible cultural heritage.

Keywords: Zhangjiakou folk dance, development and inheritance

Zhangjiakou, a mountain city beyond the Great Wall, used to be the commercial distribution center at the source of Zhangku Avenue and the intersection center of culture and art in Shanxi, Shaanxi, Hebei and Mongolia. Thousands of years of history have created diverse and unique cultural forms in Zhangjiakou, including Nihewan ancient culture with human civilization significance, Huangyan Qi Sanzu culture with Chinese national significance, Fu Xuan culture, Yuan Dynasty culture, Jinlianchuan culture, Qin and Liao dynasties culture, and the "Northern Silk Road" culture with Yangshao culture, Hongshan Culture culture and Longshan culture. All kinds of trade exchanges during the "Going East" period made Zhangjiakou a prosperous trade city, and at the same time brought many art forms with local characteristics here, making Zhangjiakou the center of various cultural and artistic exchanges. Therefore, the unique folk dance art forms in Zhangjiakou area were born, such as: duet, flower arrangement, bending the pavilion on the back of the Great Wall, carrying the pavilion, beating sticks, punching valves and so on. Among them, Donglu Erzhuan was included in the list of "the first batch of national intangible cultural heritage" in 2006.

However, these folk dances are generally facing a dangerous situation. The older generation of folk art inheritors have been sick for many years, while the younger generation mostly dislikes this art form. According to the author's questionnaire survey, 98.6% of Zhangjiakou youths know about the art of duet in Zhangjiakou, and 96.3% people don't like duet, thinking that it is rustic and can't keep up with the times. There are also 23% young people who don't know that there are other dance forms in Zhangjiakou, such as arranging flowers, bending the Great Wall to carry pavilions, carrying pavilions, beating sticks and punching valves. Let alone like it or not. In the reality that the old artists have passed away one after another and the young actors are unwilling to inherit, how far Zhangjiakou folk dance can go and how to inherit and protect it scientifically and effectively is a question that a dance teacher in Zhangjiakou College has the responsibility and obligation to think about.

First, the types of Zhangjiakou folk dance

1, table for two

There are many popular folk dance forms with local characteristics in Zhangjiakou, such as duet, flower arrangement, bending the back of the Great Wall, beating sticks and valves. Among them, the most distinctive and widespread art is duet. Errentai is a comprehensive folk art form with strong local flavor, which is popular in Shanxi, Shaanxi, Hebei, Mongolia and other places and combines many artistic elements such as folk songs, dances, folk arts and operas. Props are mainly overlord whip, octagonal silk, fans, colored silk and so on. Among them, the dance movements come from the dance movements and scenes of folk social fires, which are characterized by rough and unrestrained, compact rhythm, generous and powerful, simple and bodybuilding. Dance of Errentai occupies a very important position in the performance of Errentai, and it is an important means to shape characters, express stories, render the stage atmosphere and enhance artistic appeal in Errentai art.

2. Flower arrangement

"Flower arrangement" is an art form popular in Shangyi and Zhangbei areas of Zhangjiakou, which has the artistic characteristics of lively rhythm, dancing while playing, crisp sound of the board, smooth music and beautiful dance.

Flower arrangement has a long history. According to the late old artist Lu Ye, it was formed in the late Ming and early Qing dynasties, and was mainly used for begging or street singing. At first, it was easy to play. In the long-term practice, Lu Ye incorporated some boxing skills into his movements, and created such movements as "arranging flowers to cover the top" and "holding the moon". On the basis of the original work, its cotyledons have carried out reform and innovation, and created dance movements such as "Dragon Sucking Water", "Zhang Fei Crossing the Horse" and "Shooting at the Door", and also created more than 50 new paragraphs reflecting real life such as "Good Family Planning", which enhanced the distinctive artistic characteristics and made the art more perfect.

3, Qu Great Wall back pavilion and lift pavilion

The back pavilion and the lift pavilion of the Qu Great Wall are both unique folk dance forms popular in Yuxian and Yangyuan in Zhangjiakou area. "Pavilion" refers to a tall wooden frame, about 2.5 meters high. It is made of an iron bar with a diameter of 10 cm and several wooden boards, which are tied to the back before the performance. There are usually four to eight performers, two of whom are in a group. Most of them are young and middle-aged men, and there are 1 or two children standing on them, which looks like they are standing on the shoulders of the men below. During the performance, the men danced to the rhythm, and the children above also twisted and swayed to the rhythm. This art form is deeply loved by local people, and it is a performance of important local festivals such as Spring Festival and Lantern Festival.

There are two ways to lift a pavilion: a small pavilion with less than eight people and a large pavilion with more than eight people. It's a group dance, divided into two or three layers. The last person played various roles in the play, one of them dragged the actor, and the next one was the most difficult. The three layers of collaborative performances cooperate with each other, and the middle layer is covered with flowers and silks, as if the actors above stood directly on the hands of the people carrying the museum below, making all kinds of beauty and difficulty.

4, hit the valve

Playing Liu Zi is a popular folk dance form of worship ceremony in Zhangjiakou. In 2008, it was listed in the municipal intangible cultural heritage list. During the performance, men carry drums and women carry fans. With the rhythm and drums, dance movements and formations change from time to time, which is a popular dance form for local people during the Spring Festival and Lantern Festival.

Step 5 hit a stick

Playing with sticks is a popular folk art form in Wanquan County, Zhangjiakou, which was listed as the third batch of intangible cultural heritage in Hebei Province in 2009. It is a comprehensive performance form that combines folk social fire performance, martial arts stick skills and drama plots. Among them, the dance movements are vigorous and powerful, and the performance form is hot and enthusiastic, which is deeply loved by local people.

Second, the research status and trend of Zhangjiakou folk dance

At present, the research on the art of duet in China has achieved more detailed and mature results. For example, in the book "The Art of Errentai", Master Xing introduced the historical origin, style characteristics, development context and development measures of Errentai in detail. Li Yan of Shanxi University elaborated on the art form of Errentai in Bashang, Zhangjiakou. Ma Jie of Hebei University studied the inheritance and development of Kangbao Errentai. Jiping, Hebei Normal University, conducted an investigation and study on the development status of the East Road Errentai. Compared with Errenzhuan, the research data of flower arrangement art forms such as falling, lifting pavilions, lifting pavilions, punching valves and beating sticks are very limited. For example, Tian Chaochao of Hebei Normal University described in detail the similarities and differences between Tujia percussion music "beating gongs and drums" and instrumental ensemble "beating valves" in his master's thesis, but there is a lack of information on beating valves in Zhangjiakou in China. Big Mistake and Big Liu Zi briefly describe their development history and artistic characteristics in the List of Intangible Cultural Heritage of Hebei Province and the List of Intangible Cultural Heritage of Zhangjiakou City respectively, but other materials are very limited. "Flower Arrangement" has only a simple description of its artistic characteristics and performance forms in the North Volume of China Dance Records, and other materials are lacking; "Ju Ting Bei Ting" is rarely mentioned in literature and history materials and academic papers. Even if there is, it is just about the winding ditch pavilion, the dragon lantern pavilion and the Jintan pavilion. There is a lack of research data on lifting pavilions and back pavilions in Zhangjiakou. These present situations have become obstacles to the development of Zhangjiakou folk dance.

In this regard, local colleges and universities in Zhangjiakou have also made a lot of efforts. For example, in 2008, the duet "Golden Whip" created by the Art College of Hebei North University represented Hebei Province in the "National Intangible Cultural Heritage Exhibition" and the "Second College Students Art Exhibition of Hebei Province" and won the "second prize" in the professional group. However, there are few researches and achievements on other dance types, which makes it very difficult to inherit and study these endangered and rare species. Compared with universities in Zhangjiakou, dance majors in many domestic universities have made positive efforts and contributions in promoting local culture. For example, under the development strategy of "laying a good foundation for the Southern Song Dynasty", Hangzhou Normal University organized and studied the "Southern Song Dynasty Music and Dance"; "Guangdong Hakka Folk Dance Curriculum Development" by Guangzhou University and "Dunhuang Dance Research and Curriculum Development" by Northwest University for many years; Yunnan Art College "Research and Curriculum Development of Local Minority Dances"; "Kunwu Research and Creative Performance" of Nanjing University; Shandong Art College also plans to add the direction of "Shandong Folk Dance" to the dance performance major. These studies not only carry forward the local culture, but also contribute to the development of the school's own characteristics and the establishment of its brand.

At present, the curriculum system of China folk dance offered by comprehensive universities in Zhangjiakou area has considerable scale and teaching experience. However, there is no relevant course for the inheritance and protection of local folk dances in Zhangjiakou. Therefore, in-depth study of Zhangjiakou local folk dance is a practical measure to carry forward local culture, inherit and protect intangible cultural heritage. Especially in the context of the Olympic bid, it is of great historical and practical significance to let Zhangjiakou's folk dance go global and create its unique cultural brand.