Study on the historical evolution and connotation of livable buildings?

What is the specific content of the study on the historical evolution and connotation of livable buildings? Here, Zhong Da Consulting will answer your questions.

1. Livable evolution from the perspective of social development With the improvement of people's requirements for quality of life, the contradiction between urbanization process and urban environment, resources and population is increasingly intensified. Livability has become the trend of urban construction and development in the new era, and urban livability has also become a new theme of urban development and competition in the world. The connotation of livable city can be divided into broad sense and narrow sense. In a narrow sense, a livable city refers to a city with pleasant climatic conditions, harmonious ecological landscape, beautiful artificial environment and good public security environment, which is suitable for living and focuses on survival needs; A livable city in a broad sense refers to a city with harmonious human environment and natural environment, sustained economic prosperity, harmonious and stable society, rich cultural atmosphere, comfortable and complete facilities and suitable for human work, life and residence. This livable city not only means suitable for survival, but also contains content suitable for development. Livability is the crowning touch of livable city construction, whether in narrow sense or broad sense. As the basic cell of the city and the carrier to realize the livability function, the improvement of the livability of the building is the key to the livability of the city. However, in different times and socio-economic conditions, people's feelings and evaluation criteria for building livability are different. For architects, it is particularly important to grasp the connotation of livable buildings, construct the design technology system of livable buildings, and build buildings that conform to modern people's livable concept. 1. 1 Livable demand of primitive society In primitive society, due to low productivity and ignorance, people can't explain natural phenomena and resist natural disasters, so they can only rely on nature and choose natural nests, caves and trees. And establish a living place through simple labor reform. Therefore, the main living forms of people in primitive society are caves, nests, semi-caves and ground buildings. During this period, satisfying food and clothing and maintaining life are people's main purposes, and the desire to pursue food and clothing is higher than life. Therefore, in terms of living, the human demand for architecture only stays at the stage of finding a solid and reliable place to shelter from the wind and rain. The safety of buildings is the main demand of residents in primitive society for buildings. 1.2 Livable demand of agricultural society Agricultural society is a society with family as the basic production unit, manual as the main mode of production and self-sufficient small-scale peasant economy as the leading factor. This mode of production requires the residence to have both life and production functions. Although the level of productivity is not developed enough, people's understanding of the importance of living environment has made great progress than that of primitive society. Mainly manifested in: (1) building materials: mainly civil masonry, people try their best to use natural conditions to build houses suitable for local conditions; (2) Architectural style: The architectural design emphasizes the harmony between man and nature, and fully combines the local climate, geographical location, building materials and other natural conditions, so that the regional characteristics of the building and human wisdom can be better reflected. Such as quadrangles in the northern region and diaojiao buildings in Yunnan and other places. During this period, in addition to the safety against severe cold, intense heat and sandstorm, the building also increased the production requirements such as convenient storage of tools, seeds and other means of production, storage and processing of products, poultry and livestock breeding, cottage industry and social interaction. Nomadic people are a unique social existence arising from the agricultural society. They are mainly nomadic people, and they are basically in a state of relying on the sky to grow grass and raise livestock. Tents and yurts are typical buildings that meet the living requirements of nomadic people. Their advantages are easy to build and disassemble, easy to transport and not easy to be damaged. The convenient migration of tents and yurts is to adapt to the mobility of production sites, and its essence is still to facilitate production. Therefore, the requirements of human beings for the livability of buildings in agricultural society mainly include the safety and convenience of life and production. 1.3 Livable demand of industrial society Industrial society is a society with socialized industrial production as the economic leading factor. Production and family activities are separated, and the livability of housing is mainly the requirement of life. In this historical period, the research in various fields of thought and science has made extensive development, and the construction industry has also made great progress, and many landmark buildings have sprung up like mushrooms after rain. However, due to the acceleration of urbanization, people's living space has been compressed, and the high-paced and competitive life has aggravated people's psychological burden and physical discomfort, so the influence of living environment conditions on human physiology and psychology has begun to be concerned. The requirements for the comfort of residential buildings are higher than those of primitive society and agricultural society. In the pursuit of a better and more suitable indoor environment, some embryonic forms of exploration and research have begun to sprout. Therefore, the requirements of human beings for architecture in industrial society not only emphasize the safety and convenience of life, but also include physical and mental health and comfort. 1.4 Livable demand of modern society In modern society, the appearance of heating and air conditioning equipment, the continuous evolution of HVAC forms, the innovation of various technologies, and the application of renewable energy technology in buildings and air conditioning are all the results of unremitting exploration and efforts to meet the growing comfort requirements under the background of current energy and environmental crisis. With the rapid development of economy and the high penetration of information technology in all aspects of modern life, the pace of people's life has obviously accelerated, and most people have heavy tasks and long-term great pressure; In addition, the lifestyle of modern people leads to the increasingly indifferent relationship between people, and mental exhaustion and emotional emptiness are the outstanding feelings of most modern people. All these make people put forward higher requirements for the quality of life, and the significance of livable in modern society should be interpreted at a deeper level and keep pace with the times. The livable demand of modern society for architecture is mainly determined by the survival and development mode of modern society. Family is the basic unit of people's life, and housing is the mainstream feature of people's life in modern society. Although some people (especially freelancers) take home as their workplace and make the house a space for living and working, this is not the mainstream way of social life at this stage, and this situation will not be discussed in this paper for the time being. As a carrier to provide people with living space, modern people have two levels of demand for livable buildings: physiological level and psychological level. In terms of physical livability, the outdoor environment of modern buildings must meet the requirements of convenient transportation, beautiful and pleasant external environment, perfect community service facilities, rich and elegant cultural and entertainment life in the community, beautiful and practical appearance of the building itself and comprehensive and diverse functions. The indoor environment is required to meet the individual needs and taste requirements of different people (even individuals) on the basis of safety, health, energy saving, environmental protection, convenience and comfort. From the point of view of psychological livability, the key is to create an architectural space that can alleviate the work pressure and weaken the tense attitude towards life. Pay more attention to the slow-release effect of architecture on various harmful mental health and warm concern for human nature. Its purpose is to give full play to the inclusive role of architecture in the adverse effects of fast-paced life in modern society on people's health, and to make architecture a living space that makes people feel peaceful, relaxed and happy physically and mentally. In addition, modern people's requirements for architecture should also include the convenience of transportation, public safety, the ecological environment of open space, the perfection of living facilities, the socio-economic development of surrounding areas, the perfection of functions, the safety of space, environmental comfort, energy conservation and environmental protection, and the environmental friendliness and social friendliness of the building itself. Therefore, the requirements of modern people for architecture have made a qualitative leap. They not only pay attention to the basic use function of architecture, but also pay attention to the coordination and unity between architecture and the development background of the times, pay attention to relying on architecture to meet people's spiritual needs, and pay attention to the promotion of architecture to people's physical and mental health. 2. Livability analysis of typical modern buildings 2. 1 Livability analysis of energy-saving buildings. Building energy conservation, as an effective means for the country to achieve the goal of energy conservation and emission reduction, has long been put on the important agenda. In recent years, national and local government departments have adopted policies, regulations and standards to control building energy consumption in the process of design, construction and operation management, and great progress has been made in building energy conservation. In China, especially in the south of China, building energy conservation undertakes the important task of improving people's living conditions and reducing building energy consumption. However, while reducing energy consumption, the livability of buildings is often ignored. Taking the design as an example, the requirements of building energy efficiency have limited values for parameters such as window-wall ratio, shape coefficient, building orientation and thermal insulation performance of envelope. These requirements have an obvious effect on reducing building energy consumption, but they will conflict with the livability of buildings to some extent. For example, the "65% Standard for Energy Efficiency of Residential Buildings in Chongqing" limits the window-wall ratio of buildings in Chongqing, so that it can fully play the role of reducing building energy consumption. Theoretically speaking, the smaller the ratio of window to wall, the more beneficial it is to reduce building energy consumption. However, the reduction of window-wall ratio and the enhancement of building closure have reduced the indoor air quality, reduced the visibility of outdoor landscape and blocked the communication between people and the external environment. Working and living in such a building for a long time is easy to make people feel agitated and nervous, which has a negative impact on people's physiological and psychological feelings, thus affecting work efficiency and living conditions and failing to meet people's requirements for high-quality living conditions. Energy-saving is the external performance requirement of the contemporary energy situation for buildings, and it is also one of the necessary conditions to ensure that people in modern society generally enjoy livable buildings. 2.2 Livability analysis of green buildings Green buildings refer to buildings that save resources (energy, land, water and materials) to the maximum extent, protect the environment and reduce pollution, provide people with healthy, applicable and efficient use space and live in harmony with nature.

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