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History expository questions answer skills topic training

The importance of learning for everyone we all know, we all know that learning represents the future, performance represents the past, learning to achieve life, learning to change fate, learning to get rich, these words in fact is not exaggerated at all, learning can really change our fate, learning can really achieve our life, learning can also really get rich. Below to share with you some on the history of expository question answering skills topic, I hope to help you.

History Expository Question Answer Techniques Topic Training

Ancient Chinese History Part

I (feudalism)

After Sima Yan (Emperor Wu of Jin) replaced Wei, he believed that Cao Wei lost power because there was no strong clan to arch the central royal family. In view of the historical fact that the clans were unable to defend the king, he divided the kings before unifying the whole country by appointing 27 kings of the same surname, and built up the country by counties.

The Western Zhou, Eastern Zhou, and Han dynasties all had feudal lords, who were given land and population in exchange for the obligation to defend the kingdom, protect the king, and pay tribute. However, because the vassal kings had absolute dominion in the fiefdom, they became independent kingdoms of various sizes. Under certain conditions, the power of these kingdoms gradually grow, directly or indirectly threaten the security of the king, resulting in the king's hegemony and constant warfare. The king's power declined, and he even lost power, which ultimately led to the division of the country, and the people were trapped in the chaos, hindering the socio-economic development. Therefore, the feudal system is also a threat to the centralized rule.

-- Excerpts from the Compulsory Education Textbook Teachers' Book of Chinese History, Grade 7

(1) What is the name of the system of "dividing the kings" in the material?

(2) Read the above material and extract a point of view from the angle of "the role and influence of the division of the kings", and discuss it in the light of the material and the knowledge you have learned.

参考答案：(1)分封制。

(2) Viewpoint: The feudal system consolidated the rule.

Argument: In order to stabilize the political situation and consolidate the territory at the beginning of the Zhou Dynasty, the king of Zhou divided the clansmen and meritorious ministers, etc. into various places according to the proximity of their blood relations and the magnitude of their merits, so as to ensure the Zhou Dynasty's control over the localities, stabilized the political situation, and enlarged the scope of his rule.

Opinion: The feudal system threatened centralized rule.

Argument: the Western Zhou dynasty divided the feudal lords, resulting in the Zhou Emperor facing the situation of the lords of the war, a serious threat to the centralized rule; the early years of the Western Jin Dynasty, Emperor Wu of the Jin Dynasty thought that Cao Wei weakened the power of the feudal lords, resulting in the isolation of the death of the king, and so the large feudal lords of the same name. Later, when Emperor Hui of Jin Dynasty, the eight feudal kings who held heavy military power in order to compete for the centralized power, successively rose up and fought with each other, which was called the "Rebellion of the Eight Kings". The "Eight Kings Rebellion" lasted 16 years and seriously weakened the power of the central authority of the Western Jin Dynasty, and the Western Jin Dynasty declined from then on.

Two (Shang Yang's change of law)

The Shang ruler for filial piety fair weights and balances, the right measure, the adjustment of the weight, the decision to break the strata, and teach the people to cultivate and fight. The first time I saw this was when I was a young man, and it was the first time I'd ever seen a man like you," he said, "I'm not sure if I've ever seen a man like you before.

Argument: During the Warring States period, Duke Xiaodong of Qin appointed Shang Yang to change the law, and by rewarding military production, recognizing private ownership of land, and standardizing weights and measures, Qin's state power was greatly increased, which laid a solid foundation for the later annexation of the six states.

Conclusion: The fact that Qin was strengthened by Shang Yang's change of law shows that the change of law was the way to enrich the country and strengthen the army.

Three (Qin Shi Huang)

The Qin dynasty started the great unification of the Chinese nation's greatness to the age of Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty, completed from the geographic space to the spiritual space of the integration and cohesion, and it is this great cohesion of the national **** the same body, carrying Chinese civilization throughout the ages of the unending, more than 2,000 years in China! For more than 2000 years, China's history has gone through many vicissitudes, and there have been wars and divisions, but no matter how deep the crisis is, this national ****some issue started by the Qin and Han empires was able to get back on the road of unity and stability, and regained its vigorous vitality.

-- From the narration of "Chinese Civilization"

(1) Who was the founder of the Qin Dynasty?

(2) Read the above material to refine a point of view, and discuss it in the light of the material and your knowledge. (6 marks, Requirements: clear viewpoints, combination of history and theory, clear logic)

Reference Answer: (1) Qin Shi Huang.

(2) Viewpoint 1: The Chinese nation***similarity started by the Qin and Han empires can be put back on the road of unity and stability, and regain vigorous vitality.

Argument: The unification of the whole country by King Ying Zheng of Qin put an end to the situation of the feudal lords' division and confusion since the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, and united all the nationalities. During the reign of Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty, economic, political and cultural unification was achieved. Since then, although Chinese history has gone through the Wei, Jin, North and South Dynasties, the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms, and the Liao, Song, Xia and Jin periods of fragmentation and division, it will eventually return to the path of unity and stability, and will regain its vigor and vitality. For example: the Sui Dynasty re-unified the north and south, ending the Wei Jin North and South Dynasties divided and fragmented situation, creating the Sui and Tang Dynasty more than 300 years of unification; Yuan Dynasty in 1279 re-unified the country, ending the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms, Liao, Song, Xia, and Jin divided and fragmented situation, creating the Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasty more than 600 years of unification; Republic of China, although our country has experienced the situation of the warlords divided and mixed wars, but ultimately realized the National unification.

Viewpoint 2: The rule of Qin Shi Huang laid the foundation of the great unification system in ancient China.

Thesis: After Qin Shi Huang unified the six states, he established the supremacy of the emperor, set up a prime minister, a lieutenant, and an imperial envoy at the central government, and implemented the county system at the local level, which strengthened the control of the central government over the local level; Qin Shi Huang also strengthened the centralization of power through the unification of the weights and measures, the car track and currency, and the writing of words, and the construction of chi-tao across the country, and promoted the exchange of economy and culture in different parts of the country. Through a series of political, economic, and cultural measures, Qin Shi Huang laid the foundation for the great unification system of ancient China.

Four (Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty)

Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty reigned for 54 years, which was a relatively long reigning emperor in ancient China. During the era of Emperor Wu, the Western Han Dynasty began to enter its heyday. Emperor Wu of Han demonstrated eloquent political thinking and political practices that left a deep mark on history. During his reign, the unified multi-ethnic state with the Han race as the main body was consolidated as never before, and the mainstream form of Han culture was basically formed.

Argument: After his accession to the throne, Emperor Wu of Han promulgated the "Pui En Decree", implemented the supervision system, attacked the Xiong Nu in the north, envoys to the Western Regions, and united the ideology, thus realizing the unification of the Western Han Dynasty, which began to enter a period of heyday. In particular, the implementation of Confucianism, which "deposed the hundred schools and honored only the Confucians", not only became the orthodox ideology of the Western Han Dynasty, but also became the mainstream of Han culture for more than 2,000 years.

Conclusion: Han Wu Di, a brilliant and strategic man, brought the Western Han Dynasty into its heyday.

V (Silk Road)

One day in the 1st century BC, Julius Caesar, the consul of ancient Rome, entered the theater wearing a silk robe that looked like a sunburst, and all the officials and ladies there marveled at the fact that Julius Caesar was so handsome. It was later realized that the celestial clothes worn by Caesar were sewn with Chinese silk, so wearing Chinese brocade and embroidered clothes became a popular fashion for men and women nobles at that time.

Opinion: The Silk Road bridged the gap between China and the West.

Argument: Along the Silk Road, Chinese silk fabrics spread westward, and western furs, sweat horses, pomegranates, grapes and other fruits, as well as Buddhism, magic, music, dance, sculpture and so on also came eastward. The Silk Road promotes the economic and cultural exchanges between China and foreign countries, connects the ancient Chinese culture, Indian culture, Persian culture, Arab culture, etc., and becomes the road of integration and exchange between Eastern and Western civilizations.

Conclusion: The Silk Road communicated the economy and culture of the East and the West, and built a bridge between the East and the West.

Opinion: The Silk Road promoted the intermingling of nationalities.

Argument: After the opening of the Silk Road, it promoted the development and development of the northwest region of China, and closed the relationship between the Han Chinese and Hui, Uyghur, Tibetans, Turks, Manchus and other ethnic groups along the way. Promoted the intermingling of nationalities.

Six (Xuanzang traveled west and Jianzhen East)

Material: Xuanzang (602-664), in search of accurate texts of the Buddhist scriptures, westward "for the Dharma", through hardship, more than a decade, traveled tens of thousands of miles, traveled to more than a hundred countries. After returning to China, he translated more than 1,300 volumes of Buddhist scriptures, which were concise and accurate.

Jianzhen (688-763), deep understanding of Buddhism, more than 50 years old, invited by Japan, wishing to go east. He excluded thousands of difficulties and dangers, lasted 12 years, after six efforts, and finally arrived in Japan. Jianzhen's eastward journey had a great influence on Japanese Buddhism, architecture, sculpture, medicine, art and even daily life. --Yuan Xingyu and others, editors, A History of Chinese Civilization

(1) What is the name of the book that was dictated by Xuanzang and recorded his personal experiences?

(2) Distill an idea from the material and discuss it in the context of other relevant historical facts of ancient Chinese history.

参考答案：(1)《大唐西域记》.

(2) Viewpoint 1: Perseverance is the foundation of success.

Argument: both Xuanzang and Jianzhen in the material have the spirit of perseverance, which is the foundation of their success in reaching their destinations and realizing their life ideals. Zhang Qian of the Western Han Dynasty, by the order of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty to the Western Regions, encountered Xiongnu's detention on the way, but he also has the same spirit of perseverance, so he spent ten years, and finally did not dishonor the mission to reach the Western Regions, and finally returned to Chang'an, thus, opening the connection between the Eurasian continent of the land channel - the land Silk Road, promoting the East and West economic and cultural exchanges. The Silk Road was a great opportunity to promote the economic and cultural exchanges between the East and the West.

Viewpoint 2: The foreign exchange of the Tang Dynasty was proactive and two-way.

Argument: The foreign exchanges of the Tang Dynasty were two-way. On the one hand, the Tang Dynasty had extensive economic and cultural exchanges with Asia and Africa, such as the Tang Dynasty's economic and cultural impact on Japan, Tianzhu and other countries, which promoted the social progress of each country; on the other hand, the Tang Dynasty also became an open country in economic and cultural exchanges, absorbing beneficial foreign cultures and transforming them to become a part of the Chinese culture, which further promoted its own economic and cultural development and made the Tang Dynasty stronger.

Seven (imperial examination system)

The imperial examination system has been practiced in China for a full 1,300 years, and has had a profound impact on the social structure, political system, education, and humanistic ideology of China since the Sui and Tang dynasties. The original purpose of the imperial examination was to promote talents from the private sector for the government, to break the phenomenon of hereditary nobility, and to reorganize the official system. Compared with the hereditary, recommendation and other selection systems, the imperial examination is undoubtedly a fair, open and impartial method to improve the employment system.

The bad influence of the imperial examination was mainly in the content and form of the examination. Starting from the Ming Dynasty, the examination content of the imperial examinations became ossified, and became as long as the candidates were required to produce articles that conformed to the form, instead of emphasizing the actual knowledge of the candidates. Most of the readers for the examination, the idea of gradual by the narrow four books and five classic, pedantic eight-legged essay bound; Whether it is the eye, creative ability, independent thinking are greatly restricted. As long as they can "a Dragon Gate", will naturally be "ten times the value". Throughout the years, students, head down willing to be a child cow, the purpose of more than just hope to become famous, honoring their ancestors. It can be said that the imperial examination is a kind of effective method of enlisting and controlling the scholars in order to consolidate their rule. In the Qing Dynasty, the imperial examination system finally died out.

From this, we can see that the political system is realistic. Each system must be tailored to the reality, and at all times seek to adapt to its changes. The system has to grow continuously, and it has to grow under the real environment and real requirements. -from "Qian Mu's Political Gains and Losses in China Throughout the Ages"

(1) What is the symbol of the birth of the imperial examination system in China?

(2) Combining the above materials and knowledge, please talk about your views on the imperial examination system. (Talk about one of the aspects can be)

Reference Answer: (1) In 605, Emperor Yang of Sui set up the entrance examination.

(2) Opinion 1: The imperial examination system of Sui and Tang dynasties was a fair, open and just employment system.

Argument: Sui and Tang Dynasty's imperial examination system did not care about the rank of the family, the low-born scholar can take the imperial examination based on his talent, and if he passes the examination, he can become an official, so that in the early years of the Tang Dynasty, there were many famous prime ministers who were born in the imperial examination, such as Fang Xuanling, Kong Yingda, and so on, so the imperial examination is undoubtedly a fair, open, and impartial method of improving the system of employing people as compared with the system of hereditary, recommendation, and other selection of talents.

Viewpoint 2: The imperial examination system was a way for the feudal rulers to enlist and control the readers.

The Sui and Tang rulers created the imperial examination system with the aim of recruiting more talented scholars for the central government and breaking the hereditary situation of the nobility, thus enlisting many talented scholars. To the Ming and Qing dynasties, the imperial examination using eight shares, the scope of the examination is limited to the four books and five sutras, the provisions of the candidates can only be specified according to the point of view of the answer, and the style is divided into eight parts, can not have their own point of view, resulting in readers for the test, all day long to read the four books and five sutras, study the eight shares, but not pay attention to the actual study, the examination after the official, only to be the emperor's loyal slaves. Therefore, the imperial examination system is the feudal rulers to enlist, control the method of the readers.

Viewpoint 3: The imperial examination system of the Ming and Qing dynasties was ossified.

Argument: From the Ming Dynasty onwards, the examination content of the imperial examination was limited to the Four Books and Five Classics, which fell into ossification, and became as long as the candidates were required to create an article in line with the form, instead of focusing on the actual knowledge of the candidates, i.e., the candidates had to answer according to the specified viewpoints, and the style of the text was divided into eight parts, and they were not allowed to have their own viewpoints. Most of the readers for the examination, all day reading the four books and five sutras, study the eight shares, but not the actual learning, after the examination as an official, can only become the emperor's loyal slaves, and thus the idea of gradual by the narrowness of the four books and five sutras, the pedantry of the eight shares of the text of the bondage; whether it is the eyesight, the ability to create, independent thinking are greatly restricted.

Viewpoint 4: The system must evolve with the times.

Argument: the beginning of the founding of the imperial examination system, the examination content is more, and a variety of forms, the candidates can have their own views, it does make the central government enlisted many talents, created many of the imperial examination origin of the wise prime minister. However, in the Ming and Qing dynasties, the adoption of the eight shares, its content is limited to the four books and five classics, the viewpoints specified by the court, and the style of uniformity, the candidates can not be free to answer, resulting in the increasing rigidity of the system of the imperial examinations, to the end of the Qing Dynasty, the imperial examination system because of its inability to adapt to the demand for modern talents and was abolished, so that the system must be kept up to date with the times, in order to have the vitality of the continuous improvement and development.

Eight (Ancient Architecture and Traditional Culture )

① Sui Dynasty Grand Canal, Zhaozhou Bridge

The magnificent Grand Canal, centered on Luoyang, reaches Zhuo County (now Beijing) in the north, and Yuhang (now Hangzhou) in the south, runs through the five waterways, spanning a length of more than 2,000 kilometers, which is 10 times longer than that of the Suez Canal, and is the longest in the world. In June 2014, the Grand Canal was approved for inclusion in the World Heritage List

The Grand Canal has been recognized as one of the world's most important canals, and has become a hub for communicating between the inland Silk Road in Asia and the Silk Road on the sea. "Hundred feet high rainbow across the water, a bend of the crescent moon out of the clouds"; the bridge on both sides of the railings, railings and engraved with stone lions and dragons and other patterns, very vivid and exquisite ---- "stone lions do not speak to view the world, swimming dragon patrol water boundaries border". Zhaozhou Bridge is the world's oldest existing stone arch bridge, its design created the world's first flat arch bridge construction, the human bridge-building technology a big step forward.

Opinion: The Grand Canal Zhaozhou Bridge is an amazing work.

Argument: the Sui Dynasty's Grand Canal, on the basis of existing natural waterways and artificial canals, running through five major waterways, spanning more than 2,000 kilometers, is the longest canal in the ancient world; Zhaozhou Bridge is, is the world's well-preserved, the oldest single-hole bridge, which created the world's flat-arched bridge construction precedent, the human bridge-building technology forward a big step, is the "a miracle in the history of world bridge building".

Conclusion: the Grand Canal and Zhaozhou Bridge is the crystallization of ancient cultural achievements, reflecting the high degree of wisdom and creativity of the ancient people of China.

② (the Great Wall and the Forbidden City)

Chinese architecture has a long historical tradition and glorious achievements, to the Great Wall and the Forbidden City, for example ...... the Great Wall of the Ming Dynasty in terms of scale and quality have reached the highest level in history. In the focus of the defense section more masonry, filled with soil and stone, engineering solid, the shape of the structure is more reasonable. Not only in the heavy strategy to repair double and even multiple walls, but also in the Great Wall in the danger of constructing hollow enemy platform, both "internal defense soldiers" and can be fired artillery archery, greatly improving the overall defense function of the Great Wall system ...... The Forbidden City is " On the surface of the earth's greatest individual works of mankind", its architectural form of majestic, solemn, but also rigorous, harmonious, is the world's largest existing, most complete ancient royal high-level architectural complex, is the crystallization of the Oriental art and architecture. 1987 was assessed by UNESCO as a world cultural heritage.

Opinion: The Great Wall and the Forbidden City in Beijing are masterpieces of ancient architecture in China.

Argument: the Great Wall of the Ming Dynasty, regardless of scale and quality have reached the highest level in history ------ form structure is more solid and reasonable, the overall defense function has greatly improved; the Forbidden City architectural form of majestic, solemn, but also rigorous, and harmonious, is the world's largest surviving, the most complete ancient royal high-level architectural complexes, is a crystallization of the Oriental art of architecture.

Conclusion: the Great Wall and the Forbidden City in Beijing is China's ancient outstanding architecture, is a symbol of the Chinese people's wisdom and innovation.

③ (Literature, Thought, Chinese Medicine, Science and Technology)

Opinion: The rich and excellent Chinese cultural heritage will be honored by future generations.

Argument: The oracle bone inscriptions of the Shang and Zhou Dynasties have become the root that sustains the Chinese nation; the Dujiangyan built during the Warring States period still benefits the people; and the Treatise on Typhoid and Miscellaneous Diseases compiled during the Eastern Han Dynasty has had far-reaching world impact. In addition, there is also the Confucianism founded by Confucius, which has become the traditional mainstream thinking of China since the Western Han Dynasty and is of great significance to the development of mankind and is an important part of the cultural heritage of mankind, and so on. It can be seen that the Chinese nation has created many outstanding cultures which have been passed on to posterity.

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