Bibliography of Classical Literature Studies in China

Reading Chinese Classics 1 Drinking Li Bai

Have you ever noticed how the water of the Yellow River flows out of heaven and into the ocean, never to return?

Have you noticed that the lovely hair in the bright mirror in the high room, although it is silky black in the morning, has turned into snow at night.

Oh, let a man with spirit take risks where he wants to go, and never point his golden cup at the moon empty! !

Since God has given talents, let them be used! As for the money, although it is scattered, it will get together again.

Cook a sheep, kill a cow, sharpen your appetite, and let me, 300 bowls, take a big drink! !

Master Cen, Dan Qiusheng, bring the wine in! Let your cup never stop! !

Let me sing you a song! , let your ears participate! !

What are bells and drums, delicacies and treasures? Let me get drunk forever and never be rational! !

Ancient sober people and sages have been forgotten, and only great drinkers can be immortalized!

Chen bought a barrel of wine with 10 thousand gold coins at a banquet in the temple, and everyone laughed and said one-liners

Why do you say, my master, your money is gone? Go buy wine, and we'll drink together! .

Galla Chinensis, Hsi Chin, give them to that boy for good wine, and we can drown the sorrows of generations! !

Ailian said Zhou Dunyi.

The flowers of land and water plants are very fragrant. Tao Jin Yuanming loves chrysanthemums alone; Since Li Tang came, people all over the world love peony. Love lotus alone, dirt-free, clear but not demon. Straight outside, not crawling, fragrant and clear. It is graceful and quiet, but it doesn't look ridiculous from a distance. Want to call chrysanthemum, the hermit of flowers; Peony, blooming with wealth; Lotus, the gentleman of flowers. Hey! The love of chrysanthemum flowers is rarely heard after Tao; Lotus love, who is the giver; Peony love is suitable for many people.

Li Bai, a scholar with difficulty in Shu Dao

Hey, hey, it's dangerous! The difficulty of Shu Dao is difficult to go to the sky! Until the two rulers of this area forced their way through in the foggy age! Forty-eight thousand years have passed. Don't talk to Qin Sai. And Dabaishan, to the west, still has only one bird path, which can cross Emei Mountain. It was once broken by an earthquake, and some brave people lost it, only completing the stone steps leading to heaven. On the high flag, six dragons drive the sun, and far below, the river lashes its twisted channel. Such a height is difficult for a yellow crane, poor monkey, they only have claws to use. The Green Mud Mountain is made up of many circles. For every hundred steps, we have to turn nine times in the middle of its mound. Panting, we passed Orion, passed Jingxing, and then fell to the ground with our arms folded and groaned.

We don't know whether this road to the west will never end. The road ahead is getting darker and darker. Nothing can be heard except the cries of birds surrounded by ancient forests. The males fly past the females around the forests. Jathyapple, what comes to us is the melancholy voice of Du Fu, a sad empty mountain. It's hard to get through the Shu Road, and it's hard to get to the sky, and it turns pale when you smell it. The highest cliff is less than a foot from heaven, and the withered pine trees hang low on the cliff surface. One thousand waterfalls rushed forward one after another, sending out the thunder of rotating stones in ten thousand valleys. This is the risk. Why do people who live at a safe distance come here? .

Although the pass of the watchtower is strong and steep, one person guards it and ten thousand people can't beat it. What if he is not loyal, but a wolf to his companions? . There are hungry tigers in the daytime, and there are poisonous reptiles at night. Their teeth and fangs are ready to kill people like hemp. Although the Silk City is beautiful, I'd rather go home soon. The difficulty of Shu Dao is difficult to go to the sky, and it is difficult to squint at the west.

The second chapter, reading the classics of Chinese studies: Haw answers Haw, Mulan Weaver is like home, but she can't hear the sound of the loom, but she hears the sigh of the woman. Ask a woman what she thinks and what she remembers. She has nothing to think about and nothing to remember. The military post I saw last night was full of soldiers. Twelve volumes of the art of war, each with your grandfather's name. Grandpa has no eldest son and Mulan has no big brother. She is willing to be a pommel horse, so she will sign for you from now on.

Buy horses in the east, saddle dogs in the west, reins in the south and whips in the north. Say goodbye to parents and go to the Yellow River at dusk. I didn't hear my parents calling for a female voice, but I heard the Yellow River splashing. But bid farewell to the Yellow River and stay in Montenegro at dusk. I can't hear my parents calling for a female voice, but I hear Yanshan Hu riding a horse.

Wan Li to Rongji, the mountain is flying. New Qi Chuan Jin Yan, cold light iron clothes. The general died in battle, and the strong man returned in ten years.

See you later, the son of heaven is sitting in the hall. Policy 12 turn, before reward 100. Khan asked him what he wanted, and Mulan didn't need Shang Shulang. I am willing to send my son back to his hometown.

When parents heard that their daughter was coming, they went out to help Guo. Sister-in-law heard that her sister-in-law was coming to take care of red makeup. When I heard my sister coming, I sharpened my knife at pigs and sheep. Open my East Pavilion door and sit on my West Pavilion bed. Take off my wartime robe and put on my old clothes. When the window is decorated with clouds and temples, the mirror is painted yellow. When you go out to meet your partner, your partner is depressed. After traveling together for twelve years, I didn't know Mulan was a girl!

The male rabbit's feet are confused and the female rabbit's eyes are blurred. When two rabbits walk on the ground, Ann can tell whether I am a male or a female.

A Classic Reader of Chinese Studies, Part III, On King Hui Liang, from Mencius King Hui Liang. Although King Hui of Liang was a little kind to the people, he waged war and oppressed the people, and there was no essential difference between him and tyrants in other countries. This fable tells us that we should look at the essence of things and not be confused by superficial phenomena. The idiom "pot calling the kettle black" is extracted from this fable.

Liang is the title of the first article in Mencius. Mencius, like The Analects of Confucius, has no title. Later generations generally use the first two or three words of the first chapter as the title. Mencius consists of seven chapters. At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, when Zhao Qi annotated Mencius, he divided each chapter into two chapters, and later generations took this as the basis.

Note: Liang is human.

original text

Mencius met Liang. The king said, "You have come a long way, but will it benefit our country?"

Mencius said to him, "Why should you talk about profit? And benevolence and righteousness. Wang said,' Why is it good for our country'? The doctor said,' Why is it good for my family'? Shu Ren said,' Why is this good for me? It is dangerous for the state to pay taxes from top to bottom. If the country of a thousand riders kills its monarch, it will be the home of a thousand riders; A thousand times the country kills its king, then a hundred times the home. It's not too much to walk a thousand roads and a hundred roads. Righteousness before righteousness, profit first, and embarrassment if you don't take it. Those who leave their relatives without benevolence and righteousness, and those who leave their husbands without benevolence and righteousness. Wang also said that this is benevolence and righteousness. Why did he say profit? "

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Mencius visited Liang. Liang said, "old man, you really come from afar." You must have some good ideas for my country. "

Mencius replied, "Your Majesty! Why talk about profits? Only talk about benevolence and righteousness. The king said, "How does my country benefit?" The doctor said,' How can I benefit my family?' Ordinary people and ordinary people say,' how can I benefit myself?' The result is that the upper class and the lower class compete for each other's interests, and the country is at stake! In a country with 10000 personnel carriers, the person who killed his monarch must be a doctor with 1000 personnel carriers; In a country with/kloc-0.000 chariots, the person who killed his monarch must be a doctor with/kloc-0.000 chariots. There are 1,000 of these doctors in countries with 10,000 vehicles and 100 in countries with 1,000 vehicles. They don't have much. If we put morality first and interests first, we will not be satisfied until we win the status of monarch. People who never talk about "benevolence" abandon their parents, and people who never give lectures ignore Wang. So the king only talks about benevolence and righteousness, why must he talk about profit? "

Mencius' point of view: benevolence and righteousness are more important than interests.

Thirty-six stratagems, or thirty-six stratagems, are classics of Chinese studies, referring to the thirty-six stratagems of China's ancient art of war. Language originated in the Southern and Northern Dynasties and was written in the Ming and Qing Dynasties. "Biography of Wang Jing in the Southern Qi Dynasty" said: "Tan Gong (Tan Daoji) has thirty-six plans, and going is the best policy." It is a military work based on China's excellent ancient military thoughts and rich struggle experience. So far, it is very practical and is one of the long-standing cultural heritages of the Chinese nation.

Yang, the author of Thirty-six Strategies, was born in Xianyang, Qin Dynasty. It is a military work based on China's excellent ancient military thoughts and rich struggle experience, and it is one of the long-standing cultural heritages of the Chinese nation. The phrase "Thirty-six Strategies" was written earlier than the year of writing, and its etymology can be taken from Tan Dao Ji (? -A.D. 436), according to the Biography of King Jingze of the Southern Qi Dynasty: "Tan Gong's thirty-six plans are the best policy, and your father and son should only listen to them." It means that defeat is inevitable and only retreat is the best policy. This sentence was used by later generations. Hui Hong's "Cold Zhai Night Talk" in Song Dynasty: "Thirty-six plans, walking is the best plan." . In the late Ming and early Qing dynasties, more people quoted this language. So a man of heart collected a batch of books and compiled "Thirty-six Plans". However, it is difficult to determine when and by whom this book was written.

The original book is arranged according to the plan name and divided into six sets, namely, winning plan, enemy plan, attack plan, melee plan, merger plan and defeat plan. The first three sets are for superiors and the last three sets are for subordinates. Each set contains six meters, a total of 36 meters. Among them, the explanation after each name comes from the theory of Yin and Yang changes in the Book of Changes and the thoughts of the ancient military strategists on the mutual transformation of opposites, such as rigidity, strangeness, aggression, defense, self-denial, falsehood and falsehood, and subject and object, which contains simple military dialectics factors. After the commentary, most of the comments quoted the war examples before the Song Dynasty and the incisive expositions of military strategists such as Sun Wu, Wu Qi and Wei Liaozi. There is also a general introduction and postscript in the book.

"Thirty-six Strategies" is a summary of China's ancient military strategists' strategies, and it is a valuable legacy of military science. In order to make it easier for people to remember these thirty-six wonderful plans, a scholar took one word from each of the thirty-six plans and wrote poems in turn: Explore the palace strategy today to catch thieves, fish and snakes laugh at the sea, sheep and tigers are separated by peaches and mulberry, the trees are dark and stupid, the pot is empty and bitter, and there is a beautiful corpse on the roof, and William is cut down.

Except for Tan Gongce, every word in the poem contains one of the thirty-six strategies. In turn, it is: golden cicada, throwing a brick to attract jade, killing people with a knife, waiting for work, catching thieves, taking advantage of the fire to rob, closing the door to catch thieves, fishing in troubled waters, startling the snake, cheating, stealing a column, attracting a tiger out of the mountain, Li Jiang, referring to cursing mulberry trees, watching the fire from a distance, flowering on trees, and secretly crossing the river. The above is thirty-six plans!

China Classic Reading Catalogue 5 Original

The way of university is to be moral, to be close to the people and to stop at perfection. Zhi Zhi then decided: calm down first and then be quiet; Be quiet before you can be safe; Worry first; Think about it before you take it. Things start and end, and things end. If you know the order, you will find a shortcut. If the ancient desire is obviously superior to the world, rule the country first; If you want to govern your country, you should first get your family together; If you want to reunite with your family, you should first repair your body; If you want to cultivate yourself, you should be upright first; If you want to be correct, be sincere first; Be sincere, let him know first; Knowledge exists in things. Things are known; Knowing it is sincere; Sincerity before righteousness; Put your mind right and practice again; After the body is repaired, the family is clean and tidy; Family harmony, and then national governance; The country rules and the world is at peace. From Tian Zi to Shu Ren, one is based on self-cultivation. If it goes wrong in the end, it can't be cured. Thick is thin, thin is thick, nothing!

To annotate ...

(1) The way of university: the purpose of university. The word "university" had two meanings in ancient times: one was "erudite"; The second is the "university" compared with primary schools. Ancient eight-year primary schools learned basic cultural knowledge and etiquette such as "sweeping to cope with advance and retreat, shooting books to be polite and happy"; At the age of fifteen, I went to college to study ethics, politics, philosophy and other knowledge, such as "being poor means being benevolent, cultivating self-cultivation, governing the country and leveling the world". So the latter meaning is actually similar to the former meaning, and it also means "erudition". The original meaning of "Tao" is Tao, and it is extended to law and reason. In China's ancient philosophy and politics, it also refers to the origin and individual of all things in the universe, a certain political viewpoint or ideology, etc. It has different meanings in different contexts.

(2) Ming Ming De: As a verb, the former "Ming" means to make it move, that is, "to make it clear", which means to carry forward and carry forward. The latter "Ming" is an adjective, and Mingde is also an aboveboard figure.

(3) Being close to the people: According to later generations, the word "pro" should be "new", that is, bringing forth the old and getting rid of the old. Being close to the people means being new to the people, which makes people abandon the old and seek the new, and get rid of evil and do good.

(4) Zhi Zhi: Know the target.

(5) gain: gain.

(6) Maintain family order: manage your family or clan well, and make the family or clan harmonious, beautiful and prosperous.

(7) Self-cultivation: Self-cultivation.

(8) Know it: make yourself acquire knowledge.

(9) Wu Ge: Understand and study everything.

Shu Ren: It refers to ordinary people.

(1 1) One is: both. Ben: Not at all.

(12) End: Compared with Ben, it refers to branches and the ends of branches.

(13) thick people are thin: people who should pay attention are not. Thin is thick: pay attention to what you should not pay attention to.

(14) Nothing: Nothing. There is no such reason (thing, practice, etc.). ).

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The purpose of the university is to carry forward the aboveboard moral character, make people innovate and reach the most perfect state. Only by knowing what you should achieve can you be firm; With determination, you can be calm and calm; Only when you are calm can you feel at ease; Only when you feel at ease can you think of glory; Only by thinking about glory can we gain something. Everything has roots and branches, and everything has a beginning and an end. Knowing this truth from beginning to end is close to the law of development of things. In ancient times, if you want to carry forward the aboveboard character in the world, you must first manage your own country; To govern the country well, we must first govern the family and clan; If you want to manage your family and family well, you must first cultivate your own character; If you want to cultivate your character, you must first correct your mentality; If you want to correct your heart, you must first make your heart sincere; If you want to make your ideas sincere, you must first acquire knowledge; The way to acquire knowledge is to know and study everything. Knowledge can only be acquired through the understanding and research of everything; Only after acquiring knowledge can the mind be sincere; Sincere heart, square heart; With a correct mind, we can cultivate our own character; Only through the cultivation of character can we manage the family and family well; Only when the family and clan are well managed can the country be well managed; Only when the country is well governed can the world be peaceful. From the head of state to the common people, everyone should be self-cultivation-oriented. If this is fundamentally disturbed, it is impossible for families, families, countries and the world to be well governed. You can't put the cart before the horse, and you want to do a good job regardless of priorities!

reading comprehension

What is shown here is the pursuit of the three cardinal guides and eight aims of Confucianism. The so-called "three cardinal guides" means to point out morality, new people and perfection. It is not only the program purport of "University", but also the goal of "teaching from the world" of Confucianism. The so-called "eight eyes" refers to discipline, knowledge, sincerity, integrity, self-cultivation, keeping the family in order, governing the country and leveling the world. It is not only an introductory kung fu designed to realize the "three cardinal guides", but also a life learning ladder displayed by Confucianism. Looking at the Four Books and Five Classics, we find that all the theories of Confucianism actually develop along these three cardinal principles and eight orders. Therefore, mastering these three basic principles and eight orders is equivalent to mastering a key to open the door of Confucianism. Step by step along this learning ladder, you will walk into the room and feel the classic meaning of cowardice. As far as the ladder itself is concerned, it actually includes two aspects: "internal repair" and "external treatment": the first four levels of "discipline, knowledge, honesty and correctness" are "internal repair"; The last three principles of "managing the family, governing the country and calming the world" are "external governance". The middle part of "self-cultivation" is the hub connecting "annual cultivation" and "external treatment", which is connected with the previous "internal cultivation" project and is "independent"; Linked to the later "external treatment" project, it is "good for the world." For more than 2,000 years, generations of China intellectuals have laid their own life course on this ladder, that is, "if you are poor, you will be immune to it, and if you are up to it, you will help the world" (Mencius). Therefore, in essence, it is not only a series of theoretical learning steps, but also a life pursuit ladder with strong practical color. It has cast the personality psychology of China intellectuals from generation to generation, and it still plays a subtle role in us. Whether you are conscious or not, whether you are active or not, whether you are negative or not, the concepts of "personality, dedication, sincerity, integrity, self-cultivation, neatness, governance and equality" always influence your thoughts or actions implicitly or explicitly, so that you finally find that your life course is unfolding on the ladder of Confucian learning. In fact, as intellectuals in China, how many people are really wild crane hermits who made their debut in Buddhism? In the final analysis, there are still ten people and nine Confucianism, that's all.

The original "Kang Patent" in the Classic Reader of Chinese Studies reads: "Kemingde." "Everyone" said: "The life of Grain Rain." The emperor's canon says, "Honest and clean." It goes without saying.

To annotate ...

(1) Chen Kang: One of The History of Zhou Shu. Shangshu is a compilation of ancient historical documents and some articles describing ancient deeds. It is one of the "Five Classics" and is called "Book Classics". The book is divided into Yu Shu, Xia Shu, Shangshu and Zhou Shu.

(2) G: Yes.

(3) Everyone: Tai Jia, one of Shangshu Shangshu.

(4) Gu: Missing. Yes: here it is. Mingming: cheerful personality.

(5) Emperor Dian: Yao Dian and Shang Shu Yu Shu.

(6) Keming Junde: The original sentence of Yaodian is Keming Junde. Jun: Like Jun, it means great and lofty.

(7) all: all, referring to the words quoted earlier.

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"Gao Kang" said: "It can carry forward the bright character." "Tai Jia" said: "I don't forget the nature of this light." Yao Dian said: "It can carry forward lofty morality." These are all to promote their aboveboard character.

Pan Ming said, "New is new, new is new." Gao Kang said, "Be a new citizen." The poem reads: "Although Zhou is an old country, his life has changed." Therefore, a gentleman does his best.

To annotate ...

(1) Tang: namely Tang, the founding monarch of Shang Dynasty. Inscription: a motto engraved on the ship to warn yourself. The utensils here refer to Shang Tang's bathtub.

(2) if. New: The original meaning here refers to taking a bath to remove dirt from the body and make the body look brand-new. The extended meaning refers to abandoning the old and welcoming the new, and drawing a new picture mentally.

(3) Work: Cheer up and boost morale. Xinmin: that is, "being close to the people" mentioned in the Classic should actually be "Xinmin". It means to make the people new, that is, to make the people abandon the old and establish the new, and to do evil and good.

(4) Poem-like sentence: Poetry here refers to The Book of Songs, Elegance and King of Literature. Zhou, Zhou Dynasty. Old country, old country. Its fate refers to the fate entrusted to it by the Zhou Dynasty. V: auxiliary words are meaningless.

(5) Therefore, what a gentleman does is not done: Therefore, people with noble moral character pursue perfection everywhere. So, so. Gentleman, sometimes refers to nobility, sometimes refers to a person with noble moral character, which has different meanings according to different language environments.

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The motto of King Shang Tang carved on the bathtub is: "If you can update it every day, you should keep updating it every day." Kang's Patent said: "Encourage people to discard the old and adopt the new. The Book of Songs said: "Although the Zhou Dynasty was an ancient country, it was endowed with a new destiny. "So, people with high moral character have nowhere to pursue perfection.

The original "Poetry", the eighth classic reading of Chinese studies, said: "The country is a thousand miles away, and the people stop." The poem says, "A wild yellow bird stops at the corner of the mountain." Confucius said, "When you stop, you know what you have stopped. Can people be worse than birds? "

The poem says, "King Mumuwen, stop at Ji Xi!" A gentleman stops at benevolence; Being a minister ends with respect; Being a son stops at filial piety; Being a father stops at kindness; Making friends with China people ends with letters.

"Poetry" said: "Look at him and he will be happy. It is really awkward to have a Fijian gentleman, such as cutting, cutting and grinding. If you have a Fijian gentleman, don't be embarrassed! "Those who are" incisive "are also Taoists. Those who "sharpen their knives and don't miss the woodcutter" practice self-study. People who are "sad" are also embarrassed. People who are "noisy" also have dignity. " A gentleman, don't make noise. "The sage is the best, and the people can't forget it.

"Poetry" said: "In the play, the former king never forgets!" A gentleman is virtuous, close to his relatives, and a villain is happy and profitable, so that he will not forget the world.

To annotate ...

(1) The country is thousands of miles away, but the people stop here: quoted from The Book of Songs, Shangsong and Xuanniao. Bangji (Hebei), the capital and its surrounding areas. There are many meanings, such as arrival, arrival, stop, residence, habitat and so on. , depending on the context. In this sentence, it means to be alive.

(2) Huang Man bird parked in the corner: quoted from The Book of Songs Xiaoya Mianman. Man, that is, Mianman, birdsong. Corner corner. Stop it, Perch.

(3) "Jiang Mumu" sentence: quoted from "The Book of Songs". Jiang Mumu, beautiful and dignified appearance. Yu (Wu), interjection. Check, go on. Xi, Guangming. Stop, auxiliary words are meaningless.

(4) "Poetry" cloud: These poems are all quoted from "The Book of Songs Feng Wei Qi Ao". Qi, meaning qi water, is in the northern part of Henan Province today. Australia (Yu) Waterfront. Fee, literary talent. Hi (Xi 'an) people, solemn and open-minded. Loud and loud, showing off a grand appearance. (Obituary), the original text of The Book of Songs was "(Obituary)", I forgot.

(5) Tao: the meaning of saying and saying.

(6) fear, fear.

(7) in the play! Never forget the previous dynasties: quotations from The Book of Songs, Zhou Song and Levin. Wuhu: interjection. Former Kings: Zhou Wenwang and Zhou Wuwang.

(8) this is: therefore. No world: death.

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The Book of Songs says: "The capital and its surroundings are places that people yearn for." The Book of Songs also said: "The yellow bird is called Mianman and lives on the mountain." Confucius said, "Even the yellow bird knows where it should live. Can people be inferior to a bird? " The Book of Songs says: "A king of letters with high moral character is always aboveboard, solemn and cautious." To be a monarch, be kind; To be a courtier, be respectful; Children should be filial; Father should be kind; When dealing with people, you should keep your word. The Book of Songs says: "Look at the curved bank of the water, with lush green bamboo. There are gentle gentlemen who study the knowledge of processing bone implements and learn from each other constantly; Self-cultivation is like polishing beautiful jade and pondering it over and over again. He is solemn, cheerful and handsome. Such a gentle gentleman is really unforgettable! " Here, "learning from each other like a bone tool" refers to the attitude of learning; Here, "polishing beautiful jade, pondering repeatedly" refers to the spirit of self-cultivation; To say that he is "solemn and cheerful" means that he is cautious and timid; To say that he is "handsome" means that he is dignified; He said, "Such a gentle gentleman is unforgettable!" "It means that his moral character is very noble and has reached the most perfect state, so it is unforgettable. The Book of Songs says, "Ah, the kings of the previous generation are really unforgettable! "This is because the monarchs and nobles can follow the example of the previous generation of kings, and they are close to their loved ones, and ordinary people are also blessed, enjoy and benefit. Therefore, although the former kings have all passed away, people will never forget them.

reading comprehension

This passage gives play to the moral significance of "stop at the best". Firstly, it is "where does Zhi Zhi stop", that is, knowing where he should stop, and then talking about "stop at the best". As the saying goes, "Man struggles upwards, and water flows downwards." Birds still know how to find a forest to live in. How can people not know where they should stay? Therefore, "the country is thousands of miles away, but the people stop." Metropolis and its suburbs have always been places where people yearn for and live together. But this is only the "Zhi Zhi" of the body, not the place of healthy qi. The essence of Confucian classics lies in the spirit of "Zhi Zhi", that is, "stop at the best". To achieve this "perfect" state, different people, different identities, different efforts, all roads lead to the same goal. The ultimate goal is to achieve "the best of morality, the people can't forget!" Become a person with perfect personality forever. This is of course an education of idealism and heroism: longing for immortality, advocating greatness and pursuing perfection. For general readers, especially today's readers, this requirement seems too idealistic and too far away. On the contrary, talking about "Zhi Zhi" is still instructive to us. "Zhi Zhi" is easier said than done. It is to know where you should "stop" and find your place. Heaven and earth are long, passers-by are in a hurry, and many people drift with the tide all their lives, and they don't know where to go, especially in today's era, there are too many temptations and opportunities in life, which brings people confusion in choosing. For example, in the past, "everything is inferior, but reading is high." Readers have a balanced mentality, and may even "know what to stop" and know what to do. However, after entering the market economy era, the so-called "going to sea" opportunities and temptations have impacted people's hearts, and scholars have been pushed to the crossroads of life: where to go? Where do you stop? Many people don't know what they should do-mentally homeless children are homeless. As a result, there have been abnormal social phenomena such as professors selling cakes. In fact, "University" itself puts it well: "Be a gentleman and stop at benevolence; Being a minister ends with respect; Being a son stops at filial piety; Being a father stops at kindness; Make friends with China people and end with a letter. " Different identities and people have different "stop losses". The key is to find the position and role-"Zhi Zhi", which is most suitable for your own conditions and can foster strengths and avoid weaknesses. That's all that matters. In this way, the professor will certainly not sell pies! Grasp the root of everything

It turned out that Confucius said, "When I heard the lawsuit, I was still alone. I will definitely not go to court!" " A heartless person must not try his best. Afraid of what people want. This is called knowing it.

To annotate ...

(1) "Confucius" sentence: quoted from The Analects of Confucius Yan Yuan. To hear a lawsuit, to hear a lawsuit is to hear a case. Jews are like everyone else.

(2) A heartless person will never try his best: a person who conceals the truth cannot be sweet.

(3) popular will: popular will, popular will.

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Confucius said: "I, like others, listen to the lawsuit in order to try the case and prevent it from happening again." Call for grasping the root, so that people who hide the real situation dare not say sweet words, which makes people fear.

reading comprehension

This passage uses Confucius' words about litigation to illustrate the truth that "things have a beginning and an end, and things have an end", emphasizing that everything must be fundamentally grasped. The fundamental purpose of trying a case is to prevent it from happening again, just like the truth that "I hope there is no disease in the world, why worry about putting medicine on the shelf to produce dust". Handling cases and selling drugs is only a means, or the "end point", which makes people psychologically afraid to commit crimes, strengthen their health and stop getting sick, or the "foundation". In the final analysis, this is a question of education and governance. Education is the foundation and governance is the goal. It is from this perspective that we can understand that "university" emphasizes self-cultivation, and housekeeping, governing the country and leveling the world are only the last truths. This is the relationship between beginning and end, and it is also the cause and effect of the end. From the philosophical proposition, the purpose is essentialism and the purpose is development view. Throughout the ages, the two major categories of philosophy have come out in eight words in the introductory books of Confucianism: "Things have an end, and things have an end." Then solve it neatly in eight words: "Take a shortcut if you know the order!" It is really that the language is extremely concise and profound, showing the true colors of "essence". learn knowledge

The so-called knowledge seekers in the original text want to know what I know, and the content is poor. The spirit that covers the heart knows everything, and everything in the world is unreasonable. Just because it is reasonable, its knowledge is endless. It is based on the learning of "university" that scholars will learn everything in the world, and what they know will be beneficial to the extreme. As for the hard work for a long time, once suddenly enlightened, everything is fine and thick, and the use of the heart is unknown. This is called the situation of things, and this is called knowing.

To annotate ...

(1) The original text of this chapter is only "This is called knowing this. This is called knowingly committing a crime. Zhu believes that the sentence "This is based on knowledge" is an extension of the previous chapter, and there is a paragraph missing before the sentence "This is based on knowledge". Therefore, Zhu added a paragraph of text according to the context, and the text added by Zhu is selected here.

(2) that is, proximity and contact. Poverty: poor research and thorough research.

(3) Not poor, inexhaustible and incomplete.

(4) benefits, more.

The way to acquire knowledge is to know and study everything, that is to say, to acquire knowledge, we must contact things and study their principles deeply. The human mind has cognitive ability, and everything in the world always has certain principles, but because these principles are not fully understood, knowledge is very limited. Therefore, from the very beginning, universities teach learners to get in touch with everything in the world, use their existing knowledge to further explore, and thus thoroughly understand the principles of everything. After a long time of hard work, one day I will suddenly get over it. At that time, everything inside and outside will understand, and my internal cognitive ability will be brought into full play without any cover. This is called knowing everything, saying everything, and this is called the acme of knowing.

reading comprehension

Knowledge is acquired by understanding and studying everything, not from books to books. This kind of epistemology is very practical and breaks the general misunderstanding of Confucianism. After the Song Dynasty, "learning from others" became an important category in China's philosophy. By the end of the Qing Dynasty, "Shi Shi" (the provincial name of "Shi Shi") had become the general name of natural science departments such as acousto-optic, electricity and so on. Lu Xun said in Shout for Self-recommendation: "In this school, I realized that there are so-called disciplines, mathematics, geography, painting and gymnastics in this world." This shows the far-reaching influence of "learning from the classics". In fact, today, when we talk about the acquisition of knowledge, we can't do without the way of "learning from things". Because it doesn't mean that "scholars don't go out, and the world knows it." Instead, he said, "If you want to know the taste of pears, you have to eat them yourself. (Mao Zedong's theory of practice) In short, "learning from things" leads us to everything, to practice, to "practice is the only criterion for testing truth" and "practice is the only source of knowledge". "