Changes of land ownership and management right in China history

first, the land system in the western Zhou dynasty

the land in the pre-Qin period was state-owned. At that time, the mine field system was implemented. The mine field system appeared in Shang Dynasty, and was fully popularized in the Western Zhou Dynasty. Because the land is zoned "well", it is named. According to different records, mine field planning in different countries is not completely consistent. Generally, 1 mu (about 31.2 mu today) is used as a farming unit, which is called a field. Nine fields connected vertically and horizontally are combined into one well. Ten wells make ten percent, and ten become one. There are also calculations based on a field as a husband, ten husbands as a well, and then hundreds and thousands of husbands. In the middle of the standard mine field, there are irrigation and drainage canal systems, which are called tunnels, ditches, rivers, rivers, and the corresponding road systems are called roads, ditches, roads and roads. The roads criss-crossing the mine field are called buildings. Around a considerable number of mine fields, "opening up the soil to make things useless" has formed a government. Minefield legally belongs to the king. According to the rank of title, the king of Zhou granted governors and doctors a considerable amount of land, including a certain number of mine fields. The sealed person only has the right to use the mine field and has the right to selflessness. Land can't be transferred or bought or sold. The management mode of the mine field is the collective labor of slaves.

Second, the land system in the Qin and Han Dynasties

After the reunification, the State of Qin implemented the farmland system. Although the land was privately owned, a certain amount of fallow land was reserved, and the government intervened more in the land use right, and the collection of taxes was more complicated. After reunification, this land system and tax system can no longer meet the needs of the development of the situation. Therefore, in 216 BC, Qin Shihuang "ordered the leaders of Guizhou to make their own fields", that is, let the people (leaders of Guizhou) truthfully report all their land (including cultivated land and fallow land). On this basis, the farmland system was abolished and private ownership of land was promoted nationwide. During the Han Dynasty, the land was owned by the state in principle, and it was called "public land", which was cultivated by the emperor "falsely" for farmers.

third, the reclamation system in Cao Wei period

after the founding of Cao Wei, the reclamation system was implemented. At that time, there were two forms of stationing farmland: civilian stationing and military stationing. The so-called civilian stationing was to compile the recruited refugees and the families of the Yellow Scarf Army according to the military system and specialize in agricultural production. The organizational system of Mintun is from top to bottom: Dasinong → Diannong corps commander → Diannong Duwei → Tunsima → Tun (5 field visitors). Juntun, also called Bingtun, was cultivated by the army. Dasinong sent a captain and a captain to the location of Juntun to manage the army. Its establishment is still based on the battalion of the army, and each battalion has 6 soldiers who are renting farmland. The practice of reclaiming farmland has promoted the recovery and development of agricultural production. The reflection? Wu Di Ji "quotes Wei Shu" cloud: "The state and county set up a field official, where the valley is located. Conquering the four directions, there is no labor to transport grain, so we can destroy the thieves and level the world. "

fourth, the land system in the western Jin dynasty

according to the needs of the door-to-door politics, the western Jin dynasty implemented the land occupation system economically. The so-called occupation of land refers to the amount of land that the state allows individuals to occupy, and it is not granted by the state. It mainly includes two aspects: first, the provisions on the occupation of land by the people. Ordinary people, men occupy 7 mu of land and women 5 mu. The first is the rule that officials occupy land. One to nine products can occupy 5 hectares to 1 hectares of land.

During the reform of Emperor Xiaowen in the Northern Wei Dynasty, the system of land equalization was implemented. Provisions: (1) 4 mu of open farmland (general farmland) and 2 mu of mulberry field for men over 15 years old; Women granted 2 acres of open fields. In order to prepare for fallow, the open field is doubled. Lu Tian returned to the official at the age of 7; Mulberry field can be used as a private field, and there is no need to return it to the official. (2) Neither open field nor mulberry field can be bought or sold, but the original mulberry field exceeding 2 mu can be bought or sold. (3) Landlords can obtain additional land according to their own handmaiden and cattle. Handmaiden's land is the same as that of farmers, and each farm cow is given 3 mu of land, but only four cows. (4) According to the size of the official position, the local officials awarded the public field with a secretariat of 15 hectares and a county magistrate of 6 hectares.

v. Land system in the Northern Wei, Sui and Tang Dynasties

Land equalization system was the most important land system in the early Tang Dynasty. It includes: (1) the provisions for the people to receive land. Middle-aged men and young men over eighteen receive 8 mu from Kubunden and 2 mu from Yongye Field. The old man, the sick, and the sick are subject to 4 mu in Kubunden and 3 mu in Kubunden; If these people are heads of households, each person will receive 2 mu of Yongye field and 3 mu of Kubunden. Miscellaneous families receive land as the people, businessmen and bureaucrats receive land and reduce half of the people. Abel Tamata, a Taoist and monk, has 3 mu, and Abel Tamata, a nun and a female crown, has 2 mu. In addition, women, women, and handmaiden are not subject to farmland. (2) the provisions of the aristocratic bureaucrats by the field. Nobles with titles, from princes to princes and sons, were handed down from one hundred hectares in Yongye field to five hectares. The career officer went from the first grade to the ninth grade, and was handed down to the second grade by Yongyetian from sixty hectares. More than five grades of scattered officials are accepted by Yong Yetian. Xunguan went from Shangzhu to Wuqiwei, and was handed down to 6 mu from 3 hectares of Yongye field. In addition, bureaucrats and government officials at all levels have different levels of job fields and government fields, respectively. The land rent of job fields is used as a supplement to the salary of bureaucrats, and the land rent of government fields is used as the expenses of government offices. The ownership of these two kinds of land belongs to the state. (3) Provisions on the sale of land. Permanent fields and bestowed fields of aristocratic bureaucrats can be bought and sold freely. People who move and cannot afford to be buried are allowed to sell Yongye field, move to a wide township with a small population and a large number of people, and sell houses, houses and mills, and are allowed to sell Kubunden. The amount of land purchased shall not exceed the legal amount that I should have.

Compared with the previous generation, the method of sharing land in the Tang Dynasty has undergone great changes: ① The objects of receiving land are somewhat different from the previous generation, that is, ordinary women other than widows and concubines, ordinary handmaiden and cattle other than official households are not subject to land, but monks and nuns, Taoist priests, female crowns and businessmen are added to receive land. (2) the regulations on the official receiving land are more complete than those of the previous dynasties. Officials at all levels in the feudal dynasty, from the central to the local, can generally receive land. The bigger the official, the more land he receives. (3) the restrictions on land sales are relaxed. (4) preferential treatment for government soldiers. Most of these changes began in the Sui Dynasty and ended in the Tang Dynasty. In particular, the perfection of official land acquisition methods and the relaxation of restrictions on land sales show that private ownership of large land is increasingly dominant.

VI. Form of land possession since the Song and Yuan Dynasties After the Tang Dynasty, the tendency of land privatization became more and more obvious. But the state and the royal family still keep a lot of land. These lands appear as "imperial villages" and "official villages", and their management methods are not much different from those of landlords. In the Ming dynasty, the land was cleared, and the "Fish Scale Atlas" was drawn to determine the private ownership of the land.