History Questions and Answers

The progress of modern Chinese students on society can be roughly divided into the following aspects:

One, science and technology

Sending foreign students - the "founding move" of the foreign affairs movement, Guangdong scholar Yung Ma-te. China's first person to study abroad, graduated from Yale University in 1854, liberal arts. 1872, 120 Chinese young children were brought to the United States by his "unprecedented" across the ocean, which is the first batch of modern China's official foreign students, opened the first page of China's history of study abroad. Unfortunately, due to the opposition and sabotage of the stubborn conservative forces in the Qing court, the majority of the students who went to the United States failed to complete their studies, and were all withdrawn in 1881. Although the "mail-order foreign students" was aborted, the first batch of government-sent students and the subsequent batches of students going to the United States and Europe lived up to their studies and devoted themselves to the country, and a lot of talents came out of them, and they made important contributions to the spread of Western science and technology in China, to the construction of China's army, railroads, and industry, as well as to diplomacy and education. Contributions. Cultivated a lot of useful materials for building the country and transforming the society, and also promoted the cultural exchange between China and the West, which is an important chapter in the history of cultural exchange between China and the West.

The official send people to study abroad, for advocating and facilitating the move of foreign affairs, mainly to meet the growing demand for talent in the foreign affairs business. Obviously, there are obvious utilitarian colors. But it is undeniable that can send people abroad to study, in the social context of the time, itself is a shocking move, is a manifestation of social progress. As Zeng Guofan, Li Hongzhang said, is "China's founding move", is "something that has not been done in ancient times" ②; or as Yung Ma-te said, the opening of a "new era" of Chinese history ③.

Second, the political

The foreign affairs movement as the beginning of the foreign students abroad into a trend. 1894-1895 Sino-Japanese War Qing Dynasty's fiasco to the people of the country with a strong reminder of the East neighboring Japan has gradually become the goal of learning and the formation of the climax of the stay in Japan. Tens of thousands of students went to Japan, Europe and the United States to study with great ambition. In the first decade of the 20th century, more than 50,000 students crossed Fuso to study in Japan. They sought not only advanced science and technology, but also bourgeois socio-political doctrines. Many influential revolutionaries, thinkers, literati and scientists in modern China emerged almost exclusively from these foreign students. With their achievements, they changed the face of China, pushed forward the course of Chinese history, and signaled to future generations to seek and strive for the revitalization of the nation.

Shortly after bequeathing students to the United States, the Qing court sent several groups of foreign students, also numbering more than a hundred, to several countries in Western Europe. After graduating and returning to China, many of these foreign students also became useful. Among the students who stayed in the UK, there later appeared a famous one in China's modern history, the first president of Peking University, Adam Smith, the author of The Wealth of Nations. Yan Fu, the first president of Peking University in modern Chinese history, the translator of Adam Smith's The Wealth of Nations and Huxley's The Theory of Acts of God, and China's "first person to be proficient in Western studies", wrote works on economics, political science, law, sociology, philosophy, aesthetics, and other aspects of the world.

Three, economic aspects

Mainly manifested in the establishment of Marxism in China, they mainly studied in France, Russia, Japan. 1951, the Chinese intellectual circles to revitalize China's science and technology, encourage young people to learn from the West, advocate "hard work, thrift to study", initiated the establishment of the "stay in France, hard work and thrift", "to study in France, hard work and thrift to study". The "French Worker-Student Association" recruited students who voluntarily went to France to study, and made great contributions to the development of China's political, scientific and technological, cultural and artistic undertakings, especially in the field of economy, and cultivated a large number of talented people.

Four, culture and education

In 1920, the Soviet Union established the Moscow Oriental University, dissemination of Marxism, the enrollment object is the Soviet Union Far East minorities and the Asian countries of the revolutionary youth. 1925 Sun Yat-sen died, Oriental University of the Chinese Department of the University of the renamed Sun Yat-sen University, also known as Sun Yat-sen University. At the time of the first national **** cooperation, by the Central Political Committee of the Kuomintang selected a group of people Sun Yat-sen University, it is not difficult to find, this period of study in the continent, the Soviet Union, the vast majority of students who later became the founders of the new China in various fields ⑤.

This era is also famous for the Gengzai international students.

In 1907, the U.S. President Roosevelt proposed that the U.S. share of the Gengzai reparations in excess of the actual consumption of the part of the refund for the establishment of higher education in China and the enrollment of Chinese students to stay in the U.S. In 1908, the U.S. Senate and the House of Representatives approved this proposal. After that, Britain, Japan, France and other countries followed the example of the United States, returned part of the Gengzi reparations for the establishment of higher education in China. Culture is the result of the cohesion of the human spirit, and it is the dynamic process of the cohesion of this result. In the process of the gradual disintegration of traditional culture and the construction of a new culture in modern China, international students played a key role. Modern education abroad promotes the emancipation of women's rights. Modern education abroad has brought many benefits to China's democratic science and social progress, and has impacted the old education system, opening a gap in the reform of the feudalistic education system.

Looking at the history of study abroad in the past hundred years, international students have invariably played an important role at every important juncture in the course of China's modern history. In the major decisions affecting the destiny of the nation, we can always see the figure of international students: whether in the revolutionary years of overthrowing the imperial system and striving for national independence, or in the changes and innovations of developing the economy and perfecting the social system, international students have played an indispensable and irreplaceable important role. With the advanced professional knowledge and skill in foreign languages and cultures, the global network and international vision they acquired during their study abroad career, Chinese students have given a great impetus to China's social development process, both historically and even more so today with the reform and opening up of China.

In summary, international students have played a great role in the development of China's modern history and in the process of promoting social progress. They have played an active role in promoting the reform of China, the Xinhai Revolution and the establishment of a democratic **** and country at all stages of the calendar. They played a pivotal role in various fields such as politics, economy, science and technology, culture and military. Mr. Ji Xianlin once said: "For the modernization of China, foreign students can be compared to the spring bird and Prometheus, and their achievements are everlasting! ⑦" This vividly summarizes the role of international students in the process of modernization of Chinese society.

References:

①Fan Wenlan, Modern Chinese History (First Book), People's Publishing House, 1955.

② Qian Gang and Hu Jincao co-authored "Young Boys Staying in the United States - China's Earliest Official Foreign Students" ③ Liu Zhonghua and Huang Xiaodong co-authored "Biography of Yung Ma-teh"