The history of paper, fast! Urgent!

In the ancient times, our ancestors mainly rely on the rope to record things, and then gradually invented the oracle bone writing, began to use the oracle bone as a writing material. Later, they discovered and utilized bamboo and wood chips and thick silk as writing materials. However, thick silk was too expensive and bamboo was too bulky, which led to the invention of paper. According to evidence, China's Western Han Dynasty has begun the production of paper, the Wei Jin and North and South Dynasties period paper widely spread. Commonly used by people, papermaking further improved. Paper raw materials are also diversified, paper names such as bamboo curtain paper, rattan paper, fish egg paper ...... Cai Lun paper making a wide range of raw materials, to rotten fishing nets made of paper called net paper, rags made of paper called cloth paper. During the Sui and Tang dynasties, the famous Xuan paper was born. (In the main origin of Xuan paper in Anhui Xuanzhou has this legend: Cai Lun's disciple Kong Dan, in the south of Anhui Province to make paper for the industry, he has always wanted to create a particularly desirable white paper, used to come for the master to draw portraits to repair the genealogy. However, after many trials, he could not get what he wanted. Once in the mountains, he happened to see some sandalwood trees fell next to a mountain stream, because of the depth of time, water erosion by rotting white. Later he used this bark to make paper, finally succeeded. (It can be concluded that: the use of bark manufacturing rice paper, in the Tang Dynasty when it is more prevalent.) Tang Dynasty in the previous generation dyed yellow paper on the basis of the paper, and evenly coated with wax, so that the paper has a glossy and moist, colorful and beautiful advantages, known as hard yellow paper. Five Dynasties paper industry still continues to develop, Shezhou manufactured Chengxintang paper, until the Northern Song Dynasty, has been recognized as the best paper. To the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the paper industry and prosperity and innovation. All kinds of paper once again prevalent, in the texture of white paper and elegant color paper, color to the sharp and quiet, such as Kangxi, Qianlong period of powder wax paper, printing and painting stained flower paper, paper production, to the Qing Dynasty, has reached the point of perfection. By the time of the Jin Dynasty (4th century), paper had finally replaced silk Jane as the main writing material. Cai Lun played a great role in promoting the production of hemp paper and leather paper, although he was not the inventor of papermaking, but as a technological innovator and the organization of the promotion of the historical position should be affirmed. Papermaking has played a significant role in promoting the development of world civilization. Regarding the relationship between Cai Lun and papermaking, there are two different opinions today. The first opinion is that he is the inventor of papermaking, and the second opinion is that paper has been used to replace the simple at the beginning of the Western Han Dynasty, and Cai Lun is only the innovator of papermaking. It seems that the second opinion is correct, because as early as 200 years before Cai Lun, at the beginning of the Western Han Dynasty, there was already hemp paper used for writing. Cai Lun's contribution is to organize and promote the production of high-grade hemp paper and fine work, promoting the development of papermaking, but "the intention to use the skin of the tree as paper", it is possible that Cai Lun or his subordinates. Bark paper made of bark fibers, the technical difficulty is greater than hemp paper. Cai Lun's contribution is to make the production of paper in the Eastern Han Dynasty development. Hemp paper and leather paper were the two mainstays of Chinese paper for 1,200 years from the Han Dynasty onward, and Chinese culture depended on the supply of these two types of paper for its rapid development.

Paper is one of the four great inventions of science and technology in ancient China, which, together with the compass, gunpowder and printing, provided the material and technical basis for the prosperity of ancient Chinese culture. The invention of paper put an end to the complicated history of ancient simple documents and greatly facilitated the dissemination and development of culture. In ancient times, our ancestors mainly relied on knotted ropes to keep track of things, and later gradually invented writing and began to use oracle bones as writing materials. Later, they discovered and utilized bamboo and wood (i.e., jianzhi) as well as thick silk as writing materials. But because thick silk is too expensive, bamboo and wood is too bulky, so it led to the invention of paper. According to evidence, paper production began during the Western Han Dynasty, and in 1957 the Shaanxi Provincial Museum unearthed a batch of what it called "Baqiao paper" in a Western Han tomb near Baqiao in the eastern suburbs of Xi'an, dating back to the time of Emperor Wu of the Western Han Dynasty. Later, fragments of paper from the Han Dynasty were excavated in Lop Nur in Xinjiang and Juyan in Gansu, dating from about 150 to 200 years earlier than the paper made by the eunuch Cai Lun during the Jianchu-Yuanxing period of the Eastern Han Dynasty. But we should also see, although the invention of paper is very early, but at first did not get widely used, government documents are still written with simple documents, thick silk books. To the time of Emperor Xian, Donglai people Zuo Bo and the previous paper-making method has been improved, further improving the quality of paper. He made the paper white, delicate, soft, dense, bright color, paper quality is particularly good, the world called "Zuo Bo paper", especially five-color flower paper, senior letter paper for the top. Wei Jin and North and South Dynasties period of paper widely spread, generally used by people, papermaking technology to further improve the papermaking region is also concentrated in Henan Luoyang area before the Jin Dynasty and gradually spread to the Yue, Shu, Shao, Yang and Anhui, Gan and other places, production, quality and increasing. Paper raw materials are also diversified, the name of the paper. The paper has a distinctive pattern, and its paper is tight, thin, and uniformly fine. Hepatitis C is a kind of paper that is made from the skin of the rattan, and the paper is even and fine and smooth, white as jade, and does not leave any ink. Dongyang has fish egg paper, also known as fish paper, soft, smooth. Jiangnan to straw, straw fiber paper, yellow, rough texture, difficult to write. North of the mulberry tree stem bark fiber paper, excellent texture, white color, thin, soft, strong tensile force, paper pattern torn as cotton silk, so called cotton paper. Cai Lun papermaking raw materials widely, with rotten fishing nets made of paper called net paper, rags made of paper called cloth paper, because at that time the fishing nets rags classified as hemp fibers, so collectively referred to as hemp paper. In order to extend the life of the paper, Jin has invented a new technology of dyeing paper, that is, from the yellow tiller in the boiling juice, dipping and dyeing the paper, some first write after dyeing, some first dyeing after writing. Dyeing paper called dyeing decorative paper, natural yellow, so also known as jute paper. Yellow paper has the function of exterminating insects and preventing moths. In the 8th century A.D., paper was widely used in China, and in the following centuries, China exported paper to various places in Asia and kept paper-making a secret. In 751 AD, the Tang Dynasty and the Arab Empire clashed, and the Arabs captured several Chinese papermakers. It was not long before papermaking began in Samarkand and Baghdad. In this way, paper-making technology was gradually spread throughout the Arab world, where paper began to be widely used, and then through the Arab countries to North America and Europe. According to historical records, in Cai Lun invented papermaking more than 1,000 years after the establishment of the first paper mill in Europe. Although the modern paper industry has been very developed, but its basic principles are still the same as the method of Cai Lun paper. Raw materials for papermaking seven or eight of ten has been replaced by wood pulp, but the manufacture of high-level printing paper, cigarette paper, rice paper and typewritten wax paper, etc., is still not outside the rags used by Cai Lun, bark, hemp, waste fish nets and other raw materials. During the Sui and Tang dynasties, the famous Xuan paper was born. In xuan paper's main place of origin in xuanzhou, anhui province there is such a legend: Cai Lun's disciple Kong Dan, in the south of anhui province to make paper for the industry, he has always wanted to create a particularly ideal white paper, used for the master to draw and repair the genealogy. However, after many trials, he could not get what he wanted. Once in the mountains, he happened to see some sandalwood trees fell next to a mountain stream, because of the depth of time, water-soaked rot and white. Later he used this bark to make paper, finally succeeded. It can be concluded that: the use of tree bark manufacturing rice paper, in the Tang Dynasty when it is more prevalent. Tang dynasty writing scripture hard yellow paper, five generations and the Northern Song dynasty Chenxintang paper, etc., all belong to the cooked Xuan paper class. Since then, Xuan paper has been writing, painting indispensable treasures, to the Ming and Qing Dynasties, Chinese painting and calligraphy almost all with Xuan paper. At the same time, because of the invention of engraved brush, greatly stimulate the development of the paper industry, papermaking region to further expand, famous paper, such as Yizhou yellow and white hemp paper, Hangzhou, wuzhou, quzhou, Yuezhou rattan paper, all the state of the big mold paper, puzhou thin white paper, xuanzhou xuanpian paper, hard yellow paper, shaozhou bamboo paper, linchuan slippery thin paper. Tang Dynasty around the Ruixiang skin, stack incense skin, kozo skin, mulberry skin, rattan skin, wood hibiscus skin, green sandalwood skin and other bast fibers as raw materials for papermaking, this kind of paper paper is flexible and thin, the fibers staggered uniformly. Tang Dynasty in the previous generation on the basis of dyeing yellow paper, and evenly coated with wax on the paper, after calendaring, so that the paper has a glossy and moist, beautiful advantages, known as hard yellow paper. There is also a hard white paper, wax coated on both sides of the original paper, and then with pebbles or curved stone grinding friction, so that the paper shiny, lubricated, dense, uniform and meticulous fibers, slightly thicker than the hard yellow paper, known as hard white paper. In addition, the politicians filled with mineral powder and waxed powdered waxed paper; in the powdered waxed paper and color paper on the basis of the processing of gold, silver foils or powdered glossy paper products, known as gold flower paper, silver flower paper or gold and silver flower paper, also known as the cold gold paper or sprinkled with gold and silver paper; there are also color and pattern of the most elaborate calendared paper, which is the paper one by one in the engraving of the pattern of the plate on the grinding pressure, so that the surface of the paper hidden up all kinds of patterns, also known as the flower curtain paper or patterned paper. At that time, the Sichuan-produced calendared watermarked paper with caviar paper was highly popular among the literati and the elegant. In addition, also appeared after a simple re-processed paper, the famous Xue Tao paper, Xie Gong ten-color paper and other dyed paper, Jin Su Shan Jing paper, as well as a variety of stamped paper, pine flower paper, mixed-color quicksand paper, colorful Xia gold powder dragon paper and so on. Five generations of the paper industry continues to develop, Shezhou Chengxintang paper, until the Northern Song Dynasty, has been recognized as the best paper; this paper "slippery as spring water, as fine as cocoons, tough than Shu paper, faster than the bright blue kozo". This paper can be fifty feet long for a picture, from first to last uniform thin as a Song Dynasty inherited the Tang and the Five Dynasties paper-making tradition, there are a lot of different texture of the paper, paper quality is generally light and soft, thin and tough, the best paper is all made in Jiangnan, also known as Jiangdong paper. Paper reuse began in the Southern Song Dynasty, to waste paper as raw materials to recreate a new about, known as the soul of the paper or cooked soul of the paper, with material saving, time saving, fast results. Yuan dynasty paper industry withered, only in Jiangnan still barely maintain the scene of the past. To the Ming Dynasty, the paper industry is thriving again, the main products are Xuan paper, bamboo paper, Xuande paper, Songjiang Tan paper. Qing Dynasty Xuan paper manufacturing process further improved, become a household name of the famous paper. Most of the local papermaking, the use of a variety of raw materials, the manufacture of a wide range of paper, paper processing technology, such as sizing, alum, dyeing, waxing, calendaring, sprinkling, printing and other processes, there are further development and innovation. All kinds of paper once again prevalent, in the texture of the white paper and elegant color paper, color to distinctive and quiet mainly. Kangxi, Qianlong period of powder and wax paper, such as the gold and silver patterns of powder and wax paper, gold cloud dragon depicting wax paper, colorful depictions of calendared wax paper, stamped drawing dyed flower paper, three-color paper using pastel and wax calendared, and then painted with clay gold or clay silver with a variety of patterns. The production of paper in the Qing Dynasty has reached the degree of exquisite. In addition, China's court from the Jin Dynasty onwards from neighboring countries to receive tribute paper, such as South Vietnam's tribute to the side of the paper (or moss paper), seaweed as a raw material, together with the taste of sweet, warm, non-toxic side of the made of Vietnamese paper. North Korea's tribute to the Koryo paper, chicken paper for successive rulers loved. To the Qing Dynasty, there are North Korea's Li Jin paper, Jinling paper, mirror flower paper, bamboo paper, Vietnam's moss paper, Japan's snow paper, Fengshu paper, the Western gold-rimmed paper, mica paper, leakage of flowers, paper, paper, color paper, back to the color of paper, and so on. Paper, cardboard and processed paper. It is a sheet-like fiber product for a variety of purposes such as writing, recording, printing, painting or packaging. It is made by suspending pulp in water, depositing it on the paper machine's forming screen to form an intricately interwoven layer of fibers, and then pressing and drying it. Stone paper is made by grinding calcium carbonate, the main component of stone, into ultrafine particles and then blow molding them into paper. This technology is not new, but in the context of the global call for energy saving and emission reduction, this "fashionable" concept of environmental protection has been re-emphasized. [Edit paragraph] Technology Introduction Stone paper new technology, is the most abundant mineral resources within the earth's crust of calcium carbonate as the main raw material, polymer materials and a variety of inorganic materials as auxiliary raw materials, the use of polymer interfacial chemistry and filler modification technology, processed by a special process of a reversible recycling, with modern technology characteristics of the new paper-making technology. Stone paper technology, is the domestic leading world advanced new technology. The birth of the technology, both to solve the traditional paper pollution to the environment brought about by the problem of harm, but also to solve the use of a large number of plastic packaging caused by white pollution and a large number of petroleum resources waste problem. [Production and its characteristics Production process Extraction of calcium carbonate from limestone, and then grind the ore into high calcium 1500-2500 mesh ultra-fine powder, followed by the second process, 85% modified calcium carbonate with 15% additives to make the masterbatch, and finally through the extrusion of the blown film equipment made of paper or bags. Characteristics Earth Guardian stone paper technology in the entire production process without the need to use water, do not need to add strong acid, strong alkali, bleaching powder and many organic chlorides, than the traditional paper-making process eliminates the cooking, washing, bleaching and other important pollution links, fundamentally eliminate the paper-making process due to the generation of the "three wastes" caused by the pollution problem. At the same time, due to the low-priced ore powder as the main raw material, the cost is 20% to 30% lower than the traditional paper, the price is also 10% to 20% lower. Types Stone paper products have an extremely wide range of applications, can be applied to disposable life consumables, such as garbage bags, shopping bags, food bags, dense bags, lunch boxes, footwear gloves, tablecloths, raincoats, dust covers, etc.; can also be applied to cultural paper, such as printing paper, writing paper, advertising and decorative paper, dowry paper, coated paper, membrane paper, graphic paper, poster paper, typewriting paper, postal envelope paper, cigarette paper, graham cracker paper, Newsprint, etc.; can also be applied to building materials decoration, such as decorative wallpaper, etc.; can also be applied to industrial packaging and other fields, such as fertilizer bags, cement bags, rice bags, garment bags, various handbags, cardboard boxes, cartons, etc.; can also be applied to the special aspects of the paper, such as field operating paper, underwater operating paper, mining operating paper, military special paper and so on. It can be said that the field of application is very wide, and with the continuous maturation and upgrading of stone paper technology, the field of application will be greater. The cost of stone paper products is 20%-30% lower than alternative products, with strong competitiveness, the market outlook is very favorable. As paper and paperboard consumption and economic growth is closely related to the decline in GDP growth, will have an impact on the growth of paper and paperboard consumption will have an impact on the first half of next year, we expect the paper industry boom will still be downward, with the expected warming of the environment in the second half of the year will improve. Cultural paper by economic fluctuations less impact, demand is relatively stable; coated paper pressure from the reduction of exports, new production capacity; white card boom by the impact of the new capacity boom decline is the most significant; newsprint out of the trough is still waiting for time; boxboard by the economic fluctuations in the impact of the significant boom down will continue. Due to shrinking demand in the paper industry, high inventory, freight decline and exchange rate factors, fiber raw material prices fell after September, wood pulp prices fell 15%, waste paper prices fell 60%, is expected to stabilize after the center of gravity of pulp prices. Fiber raw material prices fell in favor of enterprises to reduce costs. [1] "energy saving and emission reduction comprehensive work program", "paper industry industrial policy", the new "Pulp and Paper Industry Water Pollutant Emission Standards", value-added tax reform will be conducive to the development of leading enterprises. Looking forward to 2010, China's paper industry, will be in the process of going global to further consolidate the status of the paper industry in the status of a large country and closer to the conditions of the paper industry in a strong country: the industry's average economic efficiency indicators higher than the world's average level; energy consumption and environmental pollution is lower than the world's average level; exports to reach the world's exports of 5% of the total volume. Going global is the development strategy of China's paper industry for 2010, and will be the inevitable result of China's paper industry to strive for strength. Anti-counterfeiting paper has become one of the most common paper, such as banknotes.