Identification of gypsum lime white cement

Gypsum (gypsum dihydrate, gypsum) (gypsum)

Ca[SO4]？ 2H2O

[crystal chemistry]

Theoretical composition (WB%): Cao 32.5, 46.6,+20.9. The composition has not changed much. There are often mechanical inclusions, such as clay and organic matter. Sometimes it contains impurities, such as silica, alumina, ferric oxide, magnesium oxide, sodium oxide, carbon dioxide and chlorine.

[Structure and Morphology]

Monoclinic system, a0=0.568nm, b0= 1.5 18nm, c0=0.629nm, β= 1 18? 23'; Z=4. The crystal structure is composed of ‖(0 10) double layer formed by [SO4]2- tetrahedron and Ca2+, which are connected by H2O molecules. The perfect division takes place in this direction. The coordination number of Ca2+ is 8, and it is connected with 6 O2- and 2 H2O molecules in four adjacent [SO4] tetrahedrons. H2O molecules are connected with O2- in [SO4] by hydrogen bonds, and water molecules are connected by molecular bonds.

Diamond crystal, C2h-2/m(L2PC). Crystals often develop into flakes or granules. Ordinary simple forms: parallel double-sided B, P, oblique square column M, L, etc. Crystal plane and usual longitudinal stripes; Sometimes it is lentil-shaped. Twins are common, one is Gary twin or dovetail twin with (100) as crystal plane, and the other is Paris twin or arrowhead twin with (10 1) as crystal plane. Aggregates are mostly dense granular or fibrous. Fine-grained blocks are called alabaster; Fiber aggregate is called fiber gypsum. Rare rose-like polymer formed by lentil crystals. There are also soil-like and flaky aggregates.

[Physical and chemical properties]

Usually white, colorless and colorless transparent crystals are called transparent gypsum, and sometimes they are gray, light yellow, light brown and other colors because of impurities. The stripes are white. Transparent. Glass luster, cleavage pearl luster, fiber aggregate silk luster. Cleavage is extremely complete and moderate, and the cleavage sheet splits into rhombuses with plane angles of 66 and114 respectively. Sexually fragile. The hardness is 1.5~2. Slight changes in different directions. The relative density is 2.3.

Under the polarizer: colorless. Biaxial crystal (+). 2V=58 .Ng= 1.530, Nm= 1.523, Np= 1.52 1 .2V decreases with the increase of temperature, and 2V is zero around 90℃.

During the heating process, the crystal water is discharged in three stages: 105~ 180℃. At first, 1 water molecule is discharged, and then half of the water molecules are immediately discharged and converted into calcined gypsum Ca[SO4]? 0.5H2O, also known as plaster of Paris or gypsum hemihydrate. At the temperature of 200~220℃, the remaining half of water molecules are discharged and converted into type Ⅲ anhydrite Ca[SO4]? εH2O(0.06 & lt； ε& lt； 0. 1 1)。 At about 350℃, it is transformed into type Ⅱ gypsum Ca[SO4]. It was further transformed into anhydrite I at 1 120℃, and the melting temperature was 1450℃.

The microporous structure and heating dehydration of gypsum and its products make it have excellent sound insulation, heat insulation and fire prevention properties.

[Appearance and combination]

It is mainly the product of chemical deposition, often forming a huge seam or lens, occurring in limestone, red shale and sandstone, marl and clay rock series, and often coexisting with anhydrite and halite. The anhydrite layer near the surface is converted into gypsum by surface water due to the decrease of external pressure: caso4+2h2o-? CaSO4？ At the same time, the volume of 2H2O increased by about 30%, which caused the destruction of gypsum layer.

[identification features]

Low hardness, a set of extremely perfect cleavage, and various recognizable morphological features. Dense massive gypsum can be distinguished from carbonate because of its low hardness and no foaming when exposed to acid.

[industrial application]

Mainly used in cement raw materials, chemical raw materials, fillers and so on.

Medicinal efficacy of gypsum

Relaxing tendons, clearing away heat, relieving vexation and quenching thirst.

therapy

Treat fever with persistent fever, vexation, delirium, thirst, dry throat, acute lung heat, heatstroke, spontaneous sweating, stomach fire, headache, toothache, toxic heat, macula and tongue sore. Burn and apply raw muscles to heal the wound. External treatment of carbuncle, sore, ulcer, soup and fire scald.

Sexual taste orientation

Xin gan, cold. 1 classic: "pungent, slightly cold." ② Don't record: "Sweet, cold and nontoxic." ③ Medical origin: "The secret of attending is yin, cold in nature and light in taste." Enter the lung and stomach meridians. ① Herbal soup: "It begins with Taiyin, Shaoyang and Zuyangming meridians." (2) Herbal Supplement: "Enter Yangming, Taiyin and Shaoyang."

dosage

Oral administration: decoction, 0.3 ~ 1 2 (large dose 6 ~ 8); I still took the pills and dispersed them. External use: calcining, grinding, coating or applying.

Avoid medication

People with spleen and stomach deficiency and cold, blood deficiency and yin deficiency and fever should not take it. Medical origin: The Indication Secret says that it can cold the stomach and make people inedible. Unless the abdomen is extremely hot, it should not be used lightly. "

Drug compatibility

(1) Notes on Materia Medica: "Chicken makes it. Evil grass and horses are poisonous to many people. " ② Theory of medicinal properties: "Croton hates iron." Use mulberry leaves to clear lung heat; With cassia twig, both exterior and interior are solved; With angelica dahurica, clearing away heat and purging fire, reducing swelling and relieving pain; Use Anemarrhena asphodeloides to clear away heat and trouble; Pinellia ternata is used to clear the lung and stomach, reduce the adverse flow and eliminate phlegm; With licorice, clearing lung and relieving cough; Using bamboo leaves can clear away heat and trouble.

Another name

Fine stone, fine stone (not recorded), soft gypsum (herbal supplement), cold water stone (compendium) and white tiger (medicinal chemical meaning) are collectively referred to as gypsum, raw gypsum, gypsum lamb, calcined gypsum and gypsum paste, which are the original medicinal materials. Remove impurities, remove soil and grind them fine. Calcined gypsum is also called plaster of Paris. Put gypsum in a crock, calcine it in smokeless fire until it is crisp, take it out, let it cool, and grind it into powder for medicine. The trademark is gypsum. It is best to be white, large and translucent, and the longitudinal section is filiform.

Distribution of animal and plant resources

Hubei, Anhui, Henan, Shandong, Sichuan, Hunan, Guangxi, Guangdong, Yunnan, Xinjiang and other places.

Collection and storage of medicinal materials

Generally, excavation is carried out in winter, and dirt and miscellaneous stones are removed after excavation.

Latin name

Natural minerals in gypsum.

job operation

Gypsum: remove miscellaneous stones, wash the soil and break it into small pieces. Gypsum calcination: take clean gypsum blocks, put them in a crucible, calcine them in the absence of fireworks until they are crisp, take them out, cool them and crush them. (1) Lei Gong's theory of baking: "When making gypsum, it must be pounded into powder with a stone mortar, which is called raw licorice water flying over, clarified, dried and studied." (2) "Outline": "Gypsum, in the ancient method, was only broken as big as a bean, wrapped in silk and boiled in soup. Because of its cold, burn it with fire, or fry it with sugar, you may wish to spleen and stomach. " ③ "medicinal meaning": "Gypsum, slightly calcined, raw and used, but too much calcined makes the body tired."

Examination certificate

From Shennong Herbal Classic; Outline: "Because of its fine arts and sciences, it is named Xilishi, which is cold as water, so it is named Hanshui Stone, which is a foreign body with the same name as Ningshi." "There are two kinds of gypsum, soft and hard: large pieces of soft gypsum, which are layered in stones, such as flat rice cakes. Each floor is several inches thick, with red and white. You can't take the red one, and the white one is clean. The fine prose is short and dense as a needle, like white wax condensed, soft and fragile, and it burns as white as powder. Among them, bright and clean, the color is slightly blue. And the text is as thin as white silk, called stone. It's the same thing as plaster, but it can't be distinguished when it's broken. Anhydrite, as a block, is straight and upright, with the edge like a horse's tooth, hard and white, and it is broken by a blow and bright as mica. Bai Shiying with walls is easy to disperse when burned, but it is still difficult to make powder. Just like massive anhydrite, it can be solved by hitting a block, and the wall is bright, also called calcite. It's scattered when burned, not rotten. It's two kinds of anhydrite. It's the same if it's broken. You can't tell them apart. Since Tao Hongjing, Su Gong, Daming, Lei? Yan uses anhydrite and soft gypsum as cold water stones. It was not until Zhu Zhenheng categorically used soft plaster that later talents followed the experiment, and it was not clear until after eternal confusion. Gaixi people's so-called cold water stone, namely soft gypsum; The so-called anhydrite is feldspar. Gypsum, marble, feldspar, calcite, these are all cold, which can clear away heat and relieve qi, but gypsum can also relieve muscle sweating. Shili is gypsum, feldspar is Fang Jie, and all of them can be substituted. People today use gypsum to collect tofu, which was unknown in the past. " "According to the ancient cold water stone, it is a kind of condensed stone. Since the Tang and Song Dynasties, all parties have used cold water stone, which is today's gypsum. Neighbors also use feldspar and calcite as cold water stones, which cannot be distinguished. "

Identification of raw medicinal materials

It is a long block or irregular fibrous crystal aggregate with different sizes. All white to grayish white. Both sides of the block are flat, dull and textured. Loose weight, easy to be divided into small pieces, fibrous texture in longitudinal section and silky luster. Odorless and tasteless. It is best to be large white, loose, fibrous and free of miscellaneous stones. When burning, the dyed flame is red and yellow, which can be melted into white magnetic alkaline pellets. When fired to 120℃, some crystal water is lost, that is, it becomes white powder or massive gypsum. Microscopic identification: under the polarizer, this product is colorless and transparent in the sheet; Crystalline columnar or fibrous; Low negative protrusion, rough surface is not obvious. A group of cleavage is obvious. The interference color is first-class grayish white to yellowish white. Parallel extinction on cleavage plane is clear, and oblique extinction on cleavage plane. Biaxial crystal, positive light, optical axis angle 2v = 58, refractive index Np= 1.52 1+0, nm = 1.523, ng =1.530; Birefringence ng-Ng-Np=0.009.

Chemical constituents of traditional Chinese medicine

The main component is hydrated calcium sulfate (CaSO4 2H2O). Among them, Cao is 32.5%, 46.6% and H20 is 20.9%. In addition, impurities such as adherends, sand, organic matter and sulfides are often mixed in. According to the analysis of Beijing Medical College, in addition to calcium sulfate, there are trace amounts of Fe++ and Mg++. Gypsum is anhydrous calcium sulfate (CaSO4). It mainly contains hydrated calcium sulfate (CaSO4 2H2O). It usually contains a small amount of aluminum, silicon, magnesium, iron and trace elements such as strontium and barium. Some products are also mixed with impurities such as soil, organic matter and sand.

Chemical identification of traditional Chinese medicine

(1) Take a small piece (about 2g) of this product, put it in a test tube with a small cork and burn it. Water is generated on the pipe wall, and small pieces become transparent body. (2) Take this product powder (0.2g), add 10ml dilute hydrochloric acid, and heat it to dissolve. The solution shows the differential reaction between calcium salt and sulfate. Sulfate identification test was carried out under mirabilite. Calcium salt identification reaction: take test solution` (1→20), add 2 drops of methyl red indicator solution, neutralize with ammonia test solution, then add dilute hydrochloric acid until it is just acidic, add ammonium oxalate test solution to generate white precipitate (CaC2O4), and filter. The precipitate is insoluble in acetic acid and soluble in hydrochloric acid. It can also be identified by infrared spectrum or X-ray diffraction.

lime

Lime is one of the earliest inorganic cementitious materials used by human beings. Because its raw materials are widely distributed. The production process is simple. Low cost and wide application in civil engineering.

I raw materials and production of lime

All natural rocks with calcium carbonate as the main component, such as limestone, chalk and dolomite limestone, can be used to produce lime.

Natural rock with calcium carbonate as the main component is calcined at a proper temperature, and the product with calcium oxide (CaO) as the main component is lime, also known as quicklime.

In actual production, in order to accelerate decomposition, the calcination temperature is often increased to1000 ~1100℃. Due to the large particle size of limestone raw materials or the uneven temperature distribution in the kiln during calcination, lime often contains undercooked lime and overheated lime. Calcium carbonate in immature lime is not completely decomposed, so it lacks cohesive force when used. Quicklime has a dense structure, and its surface is usually covered with a layer of melt, so its solidification is very slow. Because raw materials often contain magnesium carbonate (MgCO3) and quicklime also contains magnesium oxide (MgO), it can be divided into calcareous lime (MgO ≤ 5%) and magnesium lime (MgO >: 5%).

Quicklime is white or gray, and it is often processed into quicklime powder, hydrated lime powder or lime paste for convenience of use. Quicklime powder is a fine powder made by grinding massive quicklime, and its main component is CaO；; Hydrated lime powder is a kind of powder obtained by slaking massive quicklime with appropriate amount of water, also known as slaked lime, and its main component is Ca (OH) 2. Lime paste is a paste obtained by curing massive quicklime with more water (about 3-4 times the volume of quicklime). Also called lime slurry. Its main component is also Ca(OH)2.

Second, the curing and hardening of lime.

The process in which quicklime (CaO) reacts with water to produce calcium hydroxide is called lime digestion. The calcium hydroxide product produced by the reaction is called slaked lime or slaked lime.

When lime solidifies, it releases a lot of heat, and its volume increases by 1-2.5 times. Calcined lime with high calcium oxide content solidifies faster, and its heat release and volume increase are also more.

Depending on the amount of water added, lime can be solidified into mature lime powder or lime paste. The theoretical water requirement for lime solidification is 32% of the weight of lime. Fine and evenly dispersed hydrated lime powder can be obtained by adding 60% ~ 80% water into quicklime. If you use excessive water for curing, you will get lime paste with a certain consistency. Generally, lime contains calcined lime, which is slow to cure. If the lime slurry is cured after hardening, it will expand and crack due to the expansion caused by curing. In order to eliminate the harm of quicklime, lime should be "aged" for about 2 weeks after curing.

The hardening of lime slurry includes two simultaneous processes: drying crystallization and carbonization. Lime slurry is dried by evaporation or absorption of water, and the pore network in the slurry produces capillary pressure. Make lime particles more compact and gain strength. This strength is similar to that obtained by clay dehydration, and the value is not large, so it will be lost when it meets water. At the same time, due to drying water loss. The calcium hydroxide solution in the slurry is supersaturated, and the calcium hydroxide crystals crystallize, resulting in strength; However, the number of precipitated crystals is small and the strength increases little. In the atmospheric environment, calcium hydroxide will react with carbon dioxide in the air in a humid state to generate calcium carbonate, and release water, that is, carbonization will occur.

The calcium carbonate crystals generated by carbonization cross each other or grow with calcium hydroxide to form a closely intertwined crystal network, which further improves the strength of hardened lime slurry. However, due to the low content of carbon dioxide in the air and the dense structure of calcium carbonate layer formed on the surface, it will hinder the further penetration of carbon dioxide, so the carbonization process is very slow.

Third, the technical performance, quality requirements and application of lime

(A) the technical characteristics of lime

In the lime slurry formed by the digestion of quicklime, lime particles form the colloidal structure of calcium hydroxide, with extremely fine particles (particle size is about 1 micron) and large specific surface area (up to 10 ~ 30 m2/g). The surface of lime slurry can absorb a thick water film and a large amount of water, so it has strong water retention ability, that is, good water retention. Mixing it with cement mortar to make mixed mortar can significantly improve the workability of mortar.

Lime hardens by drying, crystallization and carbonization. Because of the low content of carbon dioxide in the air, the hard shell of calcium carbonate formed after carbonization prevents carbon dioxide from infiltrating into the interior and moisture from evaporating outward, so the hardening is slow and the strength after hardening is not high. The compressive strength of 1: 3 lime mortar for 28 d is only 0.2~0.5 MPa. When in a humid environment, the water in lime will not evaporate and carbon dioxide will not penetrate, so the hardening will stop. In addition, calcium hydroxide is easily soluble in water, and hardened lime will dissolve and collapse when it meets water. Therefore, lime should not be used in long-term wet and soaking environment.

In the process of hardening, lime will evaporate a lot of water, resulting in significant volume shrinkage and prone to dry shrinkage cracks. Therefore, lime should not be used alone. Generally, sand, paper reinforcement, hemp knives and other materials should be mixed to reduce shrinkage, increase tensile strength and save lime.

Lime is strongly alkaline, and can react with glassy activated silica or activated alumina at room temperature to produce hydraulic products, resulting in cementation. Therefore, lime is still an important raw material for building materials industry.

(2) Quality requirements of lime

The cementitious components in lime are available calcium oxide and magnesium oxide, and their content is the main index to evaluate the quality of lime. The contents of available calcium oxide and magnesium oxide in lime can be directly determined, and can also be reflected by the total amount of calcium oxide and magnesium oxide and the content of carbon dioxide. In addition to the main indexes of available calcium oxide and magnesium oxide, quicklime also has the requirement of undigested residue content; Require the fineness of quicklime powder; Hydrated lime powder also requires volume stability, fineness and free water content.

According to the national building materials industry standards, building quicklime, building quicklime powder and building slaked lime powder are divided into three grades: excellent products and qualified products. However, in the field of transportation, JTJ 034—2000 Technical Specification for Construction of Highway Pavement Base still divides quicklime and hydrated lime into three grades according to the original national standard (GB1594-79-79).

(3) Application of lime

Lime is widely used in civil engineering, and its main uses are as follows

1. Lime milk and mortar mixed with hydrated lime powder or lime paste with a lot of paint.

Lime paste or hydrated lime powder can be used to prepare lime mortar or cement-lime mixed mortar for masonry or plastering engineering.

2. Lime stabilized soil The mixture obtained by mixing, compacting and curing hydrated lime powder or quicklime powder into various crushed or primary loose soil is called lime stabilized soil. Include lime soil, lime stabilized macadam soil, lime macadam soil, etc. Lime stabilized soil has certain strength and water resistance. It is widely used as the foundation of buildings, the cushion of the ground and the pavement base of roads.

3. Silicate products use lime (hydrated lime powder or quicklime powder) and siliceous materials (sand, fly ash, volcanic ash, slag, etc.). ) is the main raw material, which can be made into bricks, blocks and other products after batching, mixing, molding and curing. Because the internal cementing substance is mainly hydrated calcium silicate, it is called silicate products, and lime-sand bricks and fly ash bricks are commonly used.

lime

(classic)

Different names of chalk ash (Classic), hope ash (don't record), stone chalk ash (Tao Hongjing), dyed ash, scattered ash, white ash, tasteless ash (Shi Yao Erya), forged stone (Rihuazi Materia Medica), stone forging (illustrated in Materia Medica) and mineral ash (Outline).

The raw material is heated and calcined limestone.

Mineral limestone

Mainly composed of calcite, it is dense and massive. Dull luster, earthy or stone luster. The color varies greatly, depending on the kind and quantity of impurities it contains. Transparency is also poor. When it is very dense, it is usually fan-shaped.

Medicinal material ① quicklime

It is an irregular block, white or grayish white and opaque. It's hard. Pink white. Soluble in acid, slightly soluble in water. After being exposed to the air to absorb water, it gradually weathers and matures into lime.

② slaked lime

Also known as hydrated lime. It is white or grayish white powder with occasional lumps.

Chemical composition The main component of limestone is calcium carbonate, and the common inclusions are silicic acid, iron, aluminum and magnesium.

When limestone is heated, it will produce carbon dioxide, leaving calcium oxide, that is, quicklime. Quicklime turns into hydrated lime when it meets water, and its composition is calcium hydroxide. Quicklime or slaked lime is exposed to the atmosphere, continuously absorbing carbon dioxide in the atmosphere to form calcium carbonate; Therefore, the lime has been aged for a long time, and the ingredients have become calcium carbonate.

Pungent, warm and poisonous in nature.

1 classic: "Xin Wen."

2 Shu Bencao: "Poisonous."

3 "Rihuazi Materia Medica": "Sweet and nontoxic."

Meridian-returning ① Materia Medica Seeking Truth: "Entering the Liver and Spleen."

② Compendium of Materia Medica: "It begins with Taiyin and Jueyin meridians."

Functions are mainly used for eliminating dampness, killing insects, stopping bleeding, relieving pain and eating meat. It can be used for treating scabies, wet sores, traumatic hemorrhage, scald caused by soup and fire, hemorrhoid, proctoptosis and wart. Oral antidiarrheal and leucorrhea stopping.

(1) Classic: "Treat carbuncle, itching, heat sore, dysentery, muscle death, eyebrow drop, hemorrhoid killing and freckle removing polyps."

② Don't record: "Treating Myeloid Bone Gangrene."

③ Theory of medicinal properties: "It's very good to cure carbuncle and scabies, eat bad meat, avoid soup, stop the blood of golden sores, and lose the boat with chickens."

④ "Rihuazi Materia Medica": "Promote muscle growth, stop bleeding, treat vitiligo, carbuncle and scar, etc. And treat cold, hemorrhoids, fistula, gangrene and warts. It also treats postpartum yin deficiency and thick soup fumigation. Treat alcoholism and warm water and dirty. "

⑤ Outline: "Removing blood and relieving pain, stopping water and diarrhea, leukorrhagia, prolapse of anus, stagnation of yin, indigestion, sticky mouth and drink, and dark hair."

⑥ Outline of Medicine Forest: "Clearing heart and strengthening kidney, breaking blood stasis and attacking accumulation, astringing lung and clearing gold, killing insects and detoxifying."

Usage and dosage for external use: grind it and apply it, or dissolve it in water and clean it. Oral administration: take pills, powder, or dissolve in water to get clear liquid.

Scheme ① Treatment of scabies: Rinse with lime juice. (Sun Zhenren's Food Taboo)

② Treatment of prickly heat and hot sore in Xia Yue: 1 (3) 2 parts of kudzu root powder, 1 or 2 parts of lime (slightly fried) and 2 parts of licorice (raw as the end). Mix the medicines together, grind them evenly, and throw cotton on them. (Sheng Huifang)

③ Treatment of sudden rash: mix lime with vinegar slurry. (secret recipe of Yuan Xisheng)

④ Treatment of traumatic hemorrhage: aged lime, borneol and alum (calcined). Parching lime, adding Borneolum Syntheticum and Alumen, grinding into fine powder, and applying to the wound for dressing. (Selected Works of Xuzhou Unilateral New Medical Law)

⑤ Treating hemorrhoid, anal swelling and pain is unbearable: three or two parts of weathered lime, three or two parts of Daphne genkwa, two or two parts of black coal in the furnace, and the medicine is smashed into Luo. Divided into two parts, stir-fry with vinegar in the hoe, wrap the iron tip with silk while it is hot, and change it when it is cold. (Sheng Huifang)

⑥ For a long time, you can't earn any money every time you drag it because of stool: lime is boiled hot, so it is wrapped in silk, and you can sit on it and change it when it is cold. (Sheng Huifang)

⑦ Treatment of gas pain: old lime (fried), gallnut, gardenia, etc. Apply it to the end and add vinegar to the noodles. (Summary of medical prescriptions)

8 wart removal: bitter wine stains lime for six or seven days, and the juice drops on the wart. (Qian Jinfang)

Pet-name ruby treatment of parotitis swelling and pain: apply it with vinegar and lime. ("purely unilateral")

Attending to treat phlegm, swelling, cold and heat, such as scrofula: lime calcination, ginkgo meat paste, or honey. ("Living with Heart")

⑾ Treatment of furuncle and swelling: three points for lime and two points for Swertia. The second flavor is mashed and coated with egg white. (Qian Jinfang)

⑿ Treat dysentery and blood for decades: three liters of lime, stir-fry until it is yellow, stir the water until it is clear, and take it three times per liter. ("Outside Taiwan Province")

[13] Treatment of leucorrhea, leukorrhagia and watery diarrhea: one or two parts of weathered lime and three parts of poria cocos. For the end, the cream pill is big. Take 239 servings each time and drink hollow rice. ("Hyun Ji Fang")

14. Treatment of abdominal and hypochondriac masses: half a catty of weathered lime, one or two pieces of extremely hot earth pottery, one or two pieces of rhubarb powder, stir-fried red, half a piece of cinnamon powder, slightly burned, rice vinegar mixed into paste, spread on silk, and taken orally to reduce swelling, which is very effective. (Danxi Heart Method)

Clinical application ① Treatment of chronic tracheitis

Take 0.5 kg lime, add 5 kg purified water, stir and precipitate for 24 hours, take supernatant, and filter. Three times a day, 20 ~ 30ml each time. Or take another 0.5 kg of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi, decoct in water twice, remove residues, concentrate the liquid medicine to about 200 ml, and add it into lime solution to make 2000 ml, with the content of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi being about 65438 00%. Three times a day, 20 ~ 30ml each time. * * * Treatment 162 cases. After 4 months of follow-up, 2 cases were cured, 36 cases were markedly effective, 2 cases were improved 1 12 cases were ineffective 12 cases.

② Treatment of lower extremity ulcer

Take old lime to remove scum, grind it into fine powder and apply it to the wound. When in use, the wound surface is cleaned first; After applying the medicine, wrap it with boric acid ointment. If the wound is wet and dripping, powder can be used alone. It can also be used for treating persistent trauma, frostbite and scald. More than 200 cases were treated, all of which were effective.

③ Treatment of burns and scalds.

Take 1 kg quicklime, put it in a pot, add 1250 ml of cold boiled water, and when the lime deliquesces into a paste, gently shake the pot to make the lime sink, take about 500 g of slag-free lime milk from the upper layer, add 8 egg whites and stir it into jelly, then add 60 ml of sesame oil and stir it evenly to get the "lime milk". When in use, first flatten the floating skin on the injured surface with tweezers, keep the blisters and eschar still, and do not disinfect with any liquid medicine; Take 3 ~ 4 layers of gauze larger than the injured surface, spread 1 ~ 1.5 cm thick lime milk, stick it on the injured surface, bind it up and fix it, and the tightness is appropriate. After 48 hours, the ointment will solidify. If the wound is in the neck, armpit or popliteal fossa, the medicine should be coated thicker, and the wound should not shrink within 48 hours after dressing to prevent the ointment from falling off and skin adhesion. 10 ~ 15 days, the gauze and lime milk were removed, the blisters were absorbed, and the eschar fell off on its own. At this point, the injured face is itchy, but it is not appropriate to scratch. After the ointment dries, the wound feels tight, so you can apply sesame oil on the gauze. For patients with large burn area and wound infection, infection should be controlled in time to prevent shock and maintain water-electrolyte balance. It is also reported that 500 grams of hydrated lime powder is added with l000 ml of cold boiled water, stirred evenly and left standing, and its clear liquid is filtered and mixed with the same amount of peanut oil (boiled to be cooled) to make scald oil. When in use, shake the oil evenly and apply it to the affected part. 72 cases were treated, including 48 cases in stage ⅰ, all of which were cured after taking 1 ~ 3 times; Ⅱ 21case, 9 cases were cured after 2-3 times, and more than 3 times 12 cases; ⅲ 3 cases were all cured after 10 ~ 30 times of treatment.

④ Treating tinea capitis.

Take half a bowl of fresh weathered lime, add water to 1 bowl, stir and settle for 3 minutes, take the upper emulsion, add about 4 drops of tung oil, stir vigorously, remove excess water to make paste, and apply it to the affected area. After treating more than 60 cases, it usually takes only a few times to get the results.

cement

English name of cement

Powder hydraulic inorganic cementing material. Mud can be hardened in air or water after being mixed with water, and can firmly bond sand, stone and other materials together. Cement is an important building material. Mortar or concrete made of cement is durable and widely used in civil construction, water conservancy, national defense and other projects.

The word "cement" is developed from the Latin caementum, which means crushed stone and flaky. The history of cement can be traced back to the mixture of lime and volcanic ash used by the ancient Romans in construction projects. 1796, an Englishman, J. Parker, fired a brown cement from marl, which is called Roman cement or natural cement. 1824, J. asp in England burnt limestone and clay to make cement. After hardening, the color is similar to the stone used in construction in Portland, England. It was named Portland cement and patented. At the beginning of the 20th century, with the improvement of people's living standards, the requirements for construction projects are increasing. While continuously improving portland cement, we have successfully developed a number of cements suitable for special construction projects, such as high-alumina cement and special cement, and the variety of cement has grown to more than 100.

In the production process of cement, limestone and clay are used as main raw materials, which are crushed, mixed and ground into raw materials, which are sent to a cement kiln to be calcined into mature materials, and then a proper amount of gypsum (sometimes mixture or additive) is added for grinding. According to the purpose and performance, it can be divided into three categories: ① general cement. Used in general civil engineering, such as portland cement (the general name of portland cement with calcium silicate as the main mineral, including ordinary portland cement, slag, volcanic ash, fly ash, mixed portland cement, etc. ) .② Special cement. Used in special projects, such as oil well cement and sand cement. ③ Special cement. It is used in projects that have special requirements for some properties of concrete, such as quick-hardening cement, hydraulic cement, sulfate-resistant cement, expansive cement, self-stressing cement, etc. The performance of cement must meet the requirements of national standards such as fineness, setting time, stability, strength, specific gravity, hydration heat, impermeability, frost resistance, expansion and contraction, heat resistance and corrosion resistance.

Cement classification

Cement is divided into two types according to its use and performance.

1, ordinary cement, commonly used in general civil engineering. General cement mainly refers to six types of cement specified in GB 175- 1999, GB 1344- 1999 and GB 12958- 1999, namely portland cement and ordinary portland cement.

2. Special cement and special cement. For example: G-class oil well cement and road portland cement.

3. Characteristic cement, a kind of cement with outstanding performance. Such as: quick-hardening portland cement, low-heat slag portland cement and expanded sulphoaluminate cement.

According to the name of its main hydraulic substances, cement is divided into the following categories.

(1) Portland cement, commonly known as Portland cement abroad; Aluminate cement; (3) sulphoaluminate cement; (4) iron aluminate cement; (5) Fluoroaluminate cement; (6) Cement with active substances such as volcanic ash or potential hydraulic materials as the main component.

The main technical characteristics of cement indicated in cement naming as required are divided into:

(1) Fast hardening: it can be divided into fast hardening and fast hardening;

(2) Hydration heat: divided into moderate heat and low heat;

(3) Sulfate resistance: divided into two categories: moderate sulfate resistance and high sulfate resistance;

(4) Expansibility: it can be divided into two categories: expansibility and self-stress;

(5) High temperature resistance: The high temperature resistance of aluminate cement is graded according to the content of alumina in cement. Four, the general principles of cement naming:

The naming of cement is based on the main hydraulic minerals, mixed materials, uses and main characteristics of cement according to different categories, and strives to be concise and accurate. Abbreviations are allowed when the name is too long.

General cement is named after the name of the main hydraulic minerals of cement and the name of the admixture or other appropriate names.

Special cement is named after its special use, and can be labeled with different models.

Characteristic cement is named after the main hydraulic minerals of cement, which can be named according to different models or mixed materials.

Cement with active substances such as pozzolan or potential hydraulic materials as its main components can be named after active substances or with characteristic names, such as persulfate cement and lime pozzolan cement.

Definition of main cement products

1. cement: a powdery hydraulic cementing material, which can be mixed with water to form plastic slurry, can be used to cement sand, stone and other materials, and can be hardened in air and water.

2. Portland cement: a hydraulic cementing material made of portland cement clinker, 0%~5% limestone or granulated blast furnace slag, and a proper amount of gypsum, which is called Portland cement and is divided into P.I and P.II. It is commonly known as Portland cement abroad.

3. Ordinary Portland cement: a hydraulic cementing material made of Portland cement clinker, 6%~ 15% admixture and a proper amount of gypsum, which is called ordinary Portland cement (abbreviated as ordinary cement) with code name: P.O. ..

4. Slag Portland cement: a hydraulic cementing material made of Portland cement clinker, granulated blast furnace slag and appropriate amount of gypsum, called slag Portland cement, code name: P.S..

5. Volcanic pozzolanic Portland cement: a kind of hydraulic cementing material made of portland cement clinker, volcanic pozzolanic mixture and appropriate amount of gypsum. It's called pozzolanic portland cement, code name: p.p.

6. Fly ash portland cement: a hydraulic cementing material made of portland cement clinker, fly ash and appropriate amount of gypsum, called fly ash portland cement, code name: P.F. ..

7. Composite Portland cement: a hydraulic cementing material made of Portland cement clinker, two or more specific mixed materials and a proper amount of gypsum, which is called composite Portland cement (hereinafter referred to as composite cement) with code name P.C. ..

8. Medium-heat Portland cement: a kind of hydraulic cementing material with medium hydration heat, which is made by grinding portland cement clinker with appropriate composition and adding appropriate amount of gypsum.

9. Low-heat slag portland cement: a kind of hydraulic cementing material with low hydration heat, which is made by grinding portland cement clinker with appropriate composition and adding appropriate amount of gypsum.

10. Quick-hardening Portland cement: adding appropriate amount of gypsum into Portland cement clinker, and grinding to make cement with high early strength, marked by 3-day compressive strength.

1 1. Sulfate-resistant Portland cement: cement with good sulfate resistance made of portland cement clinker and appropriate amount of gypsum.

12, white portland cement: white cement made of portland cement clinker with little iron oxide content, adding appropriate amount of gypsum and grinding.

13, Portland cement for road: a hydraulic cementing material made of skilled Portland cement, 0%~ 10% active admixture and appropriate amount of gypsum, which is called Portland cement for road.