What do you know about the Seven Sages of the Bamboo Grove?

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The name of seven famous scholars of the Three Kingdoms of Wei, China, who became famous later than the "Seven Sons of Jian'an." They include: Jikang, Ruan Ji, Shantao, Xiangxiu, Liu Xiu, Jikang in the period of Zhengshi (240-249) of Wei. Including: Wei Zhengshi years (240-249) Jikang, Ruan Ji, Shan Tao, Xiangxiu, Liu Ling, Wang Rong and Ruan Xian. Seven people often gathered in the then Shanyang County (today's Henan Xiuwu area) under the bamboo forest, wantonly unrestrained, so the world is called the seven sages of the Bamboo Forest. Seven people's political thinking and attitude towards life is different from the seven sons of Jian'an, most of them "abandon the classics and Shang Laozhuang, contempt for the rituals and Chong Fangda". In politics, Jikang, Ruanji, Liu Ling on Sima's group are uncooperative attitude, Jikang was killed. Shan Tao, Wang Rong, etc. is successively defected to Sima's, successive high officials, become Sima's regime of the heart. In the article creation, to Ruan Ji, Jikang as a representative. Ruan Ji's 82 poems of "Wing Huai", mostly using the techniques of picaresque, parasitic and symbolic, implicitly and curiously exposed the evils of the supreme ruling group, satirized the hypocritical men of propriety, and expressed the poet's bitterness under the political terror. Jikang's "The Book of Severance with Shan Juyuan", based on Laozhuang's argument of revering nature, explains that his own nature is not suitable for the civil service, and openly demonstrates his political attitude of not cooperating with Sima's family, and the article is quite prestigious. Other works, such as Ruan Ji's "Biography of Mr. Lord", Liu Ling's "Ode to the Virtue of Wine", and Xiang Xiu's "Fugue for Thinking of the Old", are also readable works. The Sui book - the book of the record Shan Tao has a collection of 5 volumes, has been anonymous.

Seven people were representatives of the metaphysics of the time, although their ideological tendencies are slightly different. Jikang, Ruanji, Liu Ling, Ruan Xian has always advocated the study of Laozhuang, "more than the name and teach and let nature", Shan Tao, Wang Rong is good Laozhuang and mixed with Confucianism, Xiangxiu advocate the unity of the name and teach and nature. In their lives, they were not bound by rituals and laws, they were quiet, and they gathered together in the bamboo forest to drink and sing. The work exposes and satirizes the hypocrisy of Sima's court.

The differences in political attitudes are more obvious. Jikang, Ruan Ji, Liu Ling, etc. Served Wei and on the ruling power, has replaced the trend of Sima's group held a non-cooperative attitude. Xiang Xiu was forced to leave his post after the murder of Jikang. Ruan Xian joined the Jin Dynasty and served as the minister of the Sanshou Riding, but was not valued by Sima Yan. Shantao was at first a "recluse", but at the age of 40, he left his post and joined Sima Shi, and became a senior official in Sima's regime, serving as a minister, a minister of defense, and a minister of justice. Wang Rong is mean and stingy, the heart of the most prevalent, after entering the Jin Dynasty for a long time for the service, the Ministry of Ministers, Secretary, etc., successive serves the Jin Emperor Wu, Jin Huidi two dynasties, to the eight kings of the chaos, is still Yu Yu, do not lose their position.

The uncooperative attitude of the Seven Sages of the Bamboo Grove was not tolerated by Sima's court, and finally fell apart: Ruan Ji, Liu Ling, and Jikang were uncooperative with Sima's court, and Jikang was killed. Wang Rong and Shan Tao, on the other hand, defected to Sima's court, and the Seven Sages of the Bamboo Grove were finally scattered to the west and east.

Introduction

Jikang (224-263)

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Jikang (223-262), the word Shuyi, the original family name Xi, ancestor of Huiqi (present-day Shaoxing, Zhejiang Province), his ancestors to avoid the enemy to move home Qiao nephews County (present-day southwest of Su County, Anhui Province), changed the name to Jikang. Although the family Confucianism, but learning is not taught, only good old, Zhuang said. Married with Wei clan, official to the middle of the San doctor, so also known as JI in the San. He advocated nature and the way of health, and wrote "Theory of Health", advocating "more than the name and religion and let nature". He was known as the "Seven Sages of the Bamboo Grove" because of his close friendship with Wang Rong, Liu Ling, Xiang Xiu, Shan Tao, Ruan Xian, and Ruan Ji. Later, because of the different interests with Shan Tao, Shan Tao will go to the government, lifting to replace himself, so he wrote a book and Tao to cut off friendship; and because of the gap with Zhong Hui, was slandered in the general Sima Zhao, forty years old was killed. Jikang is good at playing the zither, famous for playing "Guangling San". There are "JI in the loose collection", to Lu Xun school "Jikang collection" for the fine good.

Ruan Ji (210-263)

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Three Kingdoms period, the end of Cao Wei poet. Character Si Zong, one of the Seven Sages of the Bamboo Grove. Chenliu Yushi (Kaifeng, Henan Province), was a captain of infantry, known as Ruan Bubing. He was an advocate of Laozhuang, but politically he adopted a cautious attitude of avoiding disaster. With Jikang, Liu Ling and other seven people as friends, often set in the bamboo forest under the unrestrained and unrestrained, world known as the Bamboo Forest Seven Sages. Ruan Ji is a representative of the "sound of the beginning", and is best known for the 82 songs of "Wing Huai" (咏怀). Ruan Ji used different writing techniques such as simile, symbolism, and allusion to satirize the present and the past and to express his feelings, forming a poetic style of "sorrow, anger, and grief, with hidden twists and turns". In addition to poetry, Ruan Ji was also a master of prose and fugue. Nine prose essays have survived, of which the longest and most representative is the biography of Mr. Da Zhan (大人先生傳). There are also six fugues in existence, among which there are and ; and there are and in the category of aphorisms. Examination of the Sui book. Records of Ruan Ji collection of thirteen volumes, unfortunately, has been anonymous. The Ming dynasty Zhang Pu series "Ruan Bubing set", collection of "Han Wei six dynasties hundred and three sets". To the recent Huang Jie has "Ruan Bubing Wing Huai Poem Note". According to historical records, Sima Zhao, the Emperor of Wei, wanted to propose to Ruan Ji's daughter for his son, but Ruan Ji was drunk for 60 days, so that Sima Zhao did not have the opportunity to speak, and stopped by and by. These things were quite representative of the time and had a great impact on later generations.

Shan Tao (205-283)

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The character Ju Yuan was one of the Seven Sages of the Bamboo Grove. He was a native of Huai County, Hanoi, Western Jin Dynasty (present-day Wuzhi West, Henan Province). He was orphaned early, and his family was poor. Good old Zhuang doctrine, and Jikang, Ruan Ji and other social intercourse. Shantao will leave the election, want to call Jikang on behalf of the, Jikang to the book and its friendship. Year forty, began to be the county bookkeeper. Shantao see Sima Yi and Cao Shuang power, is hidden from the affairs. Sima Shi ruled, want to lean to adhere to, was cited by Xiucai, in addition to the Langzhong, cumulative relocation of the Ministry of the Shangshu mandarins Lang. When Sima Zhao, who was in charge of Zhong Hui's rebellion in Shu, was about to go on a westward expedition, he appointed Tao to be the Secretary of the Military Forces and the town of Yeh. When Zhao was promoted to the title of Duke of Jin, Tao advocated that Sima Yan should be the crown prince. When Si Ma Yan became the emperor of Wei, Tao was appointed as the Grand Honglu, and was given the title of Xin Tou Bo. Out for the Jizhou assassin, screening and selection of the hidden, searching for more than 30 talented people. Into the service, moved to the Ministry of Ministers, the Crown Prince, the Left Servant and so on. Whenever he chose an official, he first adhered to the will of Emperor Wudi of Jin Dynasty, and made comments in person, which was called "The Enlightenment of Shan Gong". He resigned several times due to old age and illness, but was not allowed to do so. Later, he was appointed to the post of chief of staff, but he resigned and returned home. He had a collection of ten volumes, which was lost, and now there is a compilation of this collection.

Xiu Xiang (ca. 227-272)

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Ziqi was a native of Huai, Hanoi (southwest of present-day Wuzhi, Henan Province), one of the Seven Sages of the Bamboo Grove in the Wei and Jin dynasties. He was one of the Seven Sages of the Bamboo Grove in the Wei and Jin dynasties. He served as a minister of the Yellow Gate and a permanent attendant of the Sangzhi Ride. He was an annotator of Zhuangzi, "inventing the strange and interesting, reviving the mysterious wind", "Autumn Waters", "to the music", and died before the annotation was completed. Later, Guo Xiang "described and expanded" it into a separate book. To the note early anonymous, the existing "Zhuangzi Note", can be regarded as to the two Guo **** the same work. He advocated the unification of "nominalism" and "nature" and the integration of Confucianism and Taoism into one. He believed that all things are self-generated and self-chemical, and each is left to its own nature, that is, "free", but "the ruler, the ministers, and the superior and inferior" are all out of "heavenly nature", so we cannot violate "free" and "natural" by asking for "free". However, as the "ruler, ministers, and hierarchy" are also due to the "nature of heavenly principles", they should not violate the "famous teachings" by demanding "freedom". He was good at poetry. Its mourning Jikang, Lu An's "thinking of the old fugue", the sentiment of the words of sorrow, famous world.

Liu Ling

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Word Bo Lun, Pei Guo (now Su County, Anhui Province). He was one of the "Seven Sages of the Bamboo Grove", and was good at drinking and tasting wine. At the end of Wei Dynasty, he was a senator of Jianwei. At the beginning of Emperor Wu's reign, he was summoned by Emperor Wu of the Jin Dynasty to answer questions and emphasized the principle of doing nothing, and was then deposed and dismissed. He opposed the dark rule of Sima and the hypocritical rituals. In order to avoid political persecution, he was addicted to wine and was wild and unrestrained. Once he was visited by a guest and was not wearing any clothes. When the guest reproached him, he said, "I take heaven and earth as my house, and my room as my pants, why do you get into my pants?" This kind of unrestrained behavior demonstrated his denial of the rules and regulations of Buddhism. He wrote only one article, "Ode to the Virtue of Wine".

Ruan Xian

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A native of Chenliu, Western Jin Dynasty (now Henan Province), his character Zhongrong. He was one of the "Seven Sages of the Bamboo Grove". Ruan Ji's nephew, and Ji and known as "big and small Ruan". He served as an official and a governor of Shiping. He was a free-spirited man who did not follow the rules of etiquette. He was good at playing the straight-necked lute, which was later renamed Ruan Xian, or Ruan for short.

Wang Rong (234-305)

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Wang Rong was a minister of the Western Jin Dynasty. He was a minister of the Western Jin Dynasty and one of the Seven Sages of the Bamboo Grove. He was a young man with a brilliant mind and a brilliant spirit. Good talk, and Ruan Ji, Jikang, etc. for the Bamboo Grove tour, Rong tasted after the arrival, Ji said: "the common things have come back to defeat the human will. He is "seven sages" in the most vulgar one. At the time of Emperor Wu of Jin Dynasty, he served as Huangmenlang of the Ministry of Appointments, the Permanent Attendant of Sanzhi, the governor of Hedong, the assassin of Jingzhou, and the title of Marquis of Anfeng County. Later, he was promoted to the posts of Guangluxun and Shangshu of the Ministry of Revenue. At the time of Emperor Huidi, his official position was as high as the chief of staff. Rong Goumei to gain favor, keen on fame and fortune, and no advice on the dynasty. Extremely greedy and miserly, the fields and gardens all over the states, convergence has no end, every self-executed tooth chip, day and night calculations, constant if not enough. Rong's family has a good plum, often sold, but afraid of others to get planted, so often drill its core and then sold, so by the world ridicule.

The Seven Sages of the Bamboo Grove refers to the seven celebrities Jikang, Ruan Ji, Shantao, Xiangxiu, Liu Ling, Ruan Xian and Wang Rong in the Three Kingdoms and Wei Dynasty.

They often set in Shanyang (present-day Henan Xiuwu) under the bamboo forest, wanton and unrestrained, so the world called the seven sages of the Bamboo Forest. Most of them advocated the study of Laozhuang, and were not bound by the rules of etiquette, and their nature was liberal. In politics, Ruan Ji, Liu Ling, Jikang on Sima's group are uncooperative attitude, Jikang more so was killed. On the contrary, Wang Rong, Shan Tao and other successive defection to Sima's, served as a senior official, and became the beloved of the regime. In the article creation, to Jikang, Ruan Ji as a representative. For example, Jikang's "The Book of the Exit of Friendship with Shan Juyuan", he used Laozhuang's thesis of revering to nature as an argument to show that he could not serve in the civil service, and openly showed his political attitude of not cooperating with Sima's family, which made his articles quite famous; and Ruan Ji's "Wing Huai" poems of eighty-two poems, which, through the techniques of comparing, contrasting, and supporting, implicitly revealed the evil deeds of the supreme ruling group, and satirized the hypocritical ritualists, which, through the articles of the Seven Wise Men, can be glimpsed into their The seven sages' writings provide a glimpse of their respective aspirations and interests.

Details

The Seven Sages of the Bamboo Grove is the name given to Jikang, Ruanji, Shantao, Xiangxiu, Liu Ling, Ruan Xian, and Wang Rong, seven famous sages of the Three Kingdoms period.

They often set in Shanyang (present-day Henan Xiuwu) under the bamboo forest, wanton and unrestrained, so the world called the seven sages of the Bamboo Forest. Most of them advocated the study of Laozhuang, and were not bound by the rules of etiquette, and their nature was liberal. In politics, Ruan Ji, Liu Ling, Jikang on Sima's group are uncooperative attitude, Jikang more so was killed. On the contrary, Wang Rong, Shan Tao and other successive defection to Sima's, served as a senior official, and became the beloved of the regime. In the article creation, to Jikang, Ruan Ji as a representative. For example, Jikang's "The Book of the Exit of Friendship with Shan Juyuan", he used Laozhuang's thesis of revering to nature as an argument to show that he could not serve in the civil service, and openly showed his political attitude of not cooperating with Sima's family, which made his articles quite famous; and Ruan Ji's "Wing Huai" poems of eighty-two poems, which, through the techniques of comparing, contrasting, and supporting, implicitly revealed the evil deeds of the supreme ruling group, and satirized the hypocritical ritualists, which, through the articles of the Seven Wise Men, can be glimpsed into their The seven sages can be seen through their writings, and their respective aspirations and interests can be glimpsed.

Jikang

Jikang (223~263) was a literary scholar of Cao Wei during the Three Kingdoms period. One of the "Seven Sages of the Bamboo Grove". The character Shuyu. He was a native of Qiao County (present-day Su County, Anhui Province). He lost his father at an early age, and his family was poor, but he was still motivated to study hard, and he was proficient in literature, metaphysics, music, etc. He married Cao Cao's great-grandson's daughter, Changle. He married Cao Cao's great-granddaughter, Changle Ting. He was once a doctor of Zhongsan (中散大夫), known as "JI Zhongsan (嵇中散)". Sima Zhao once wanted to draw in Jikang, but Jikang tended to favor the side of the royal family in the political disputes at that time, and took a non-cooperative attitude towards Sima, thus attracting a lot of jealousy. Sima Zhao's beloved Zhong will want to make friends with Jikang, was coldly treated, and from then on the feud. Jikang's friend Lv An was his brother was framed for unfiliality, Jikang came to Lv An's defense, Zhong will advise Sima Zhao to take advantage of the opportunity to get rid of Lv, J. One of the evidence of the crime is the "With the Mountain", which was written by Jikang. One of the proofs of his guilt was the "Book of Severance of Friendship with Shan Juyuan". At that time, three thousand students asked for pardon Jikang, willing to Kang as a teacher, Sima Zhao did not allow. The sentence, Jikang look calm. Play "Guangling San" song, calmly to death.

In the philosophy of life, his idea is: non-Tang Wu and thin weekly rituals, more than the name and teach and let nature. His personality is harsh and arrogant, and he is uninhibited.

Interestingly, Jikang before his execution, the most assured arrangement for his children is to tell them to rely on Shan Tao (Shan Juyuan). And after Jikang's death, Shan Tao has been carefully cared for and raised his children. The story of the "gentleman and the different" is a good one.

Ruan Ji --- Wei Ni (report part: Ruan Xian)

I, family history, birth and early years of Zhi Shang

Ruan Ji word Zu Zong, Chen Liu Yushi people (now belongs to Henan). He was born in the 15th year of Jian'an. His father, Ruan Yu, was a poet and essayist, one of the Seven Sons of Jian'an. He was a member of Cao Cao's personal staff, and at the time he and Chen Lin drafted most of the military and state papers. Ruan Ji's father died when he was three years old, but because of the longstanding friendship between the Cao's father and son and Ruan Yu, Ruan Ji and his mother were y sympathetic to him and took care of him. As a young man, Ruan Ji studied hard, following the example of Yan Hui and Min Ziqian, ancient readers who were tireless in their studies and who did not care for honor and wealth, and who had high morals. In addition, he also practiced martial arts. But the young Ruan Ji was also influenced by the style of some ostentatious gentlemen. At that time, there was a group of wealthy gentlemen who were relatives of Qi, and they were quite flashy, such as Hoyan and Li Sheng, who were connected with each other in Luoyang, and they organized and fanned the flames of the culture. Ruan Ji and their age is close, inevitably affected by some of the trend, but Ruan Ji has never been given to its flow.

Ruan Ji greatly despised the people of etiquette and law, the so-called people of etiquette and law are mainly some of the characters who defected to the Sima's father and son, these people are mostly literati, they do evil deeds for the tigers, and look up to the Sima's father and son's intention to advocate that "only the law is to repair, only the rituals are to be overcome," the etiquette and law and the name of the religion as a tool to consolidate the usurped power, and at the same time, to tie up the hands and feet of the political opponents. Such rituals were a means of political combat against dissent used by Sima's clique to complement their policy of bloody massacres. Ruan Ji is best known for his green and white eyes in dealing with these ritualists.

Pei Kai to hang, book emanation Keji, drunken and straight ......稽喜来吊, book for white eyes, hi not bashful and retired; hi brother Kang heard of it, is the fasting wine hostage Qin Zuoyuan, book is very happy, is to see the green eyes.

It is said that after his mother died, Jikang's brother Jixi came to pay tribute, but because Jixi is an official in the dynasty, that is, in the eyes of Ruan Ji of the rituals and laws, so he did not care about the mourning period of etiquette, to give Jixi a big blank stare; later, Jikang with wine, clip with the piano to come, he will be very happy, and immediately from the blank stare to the green eyes. From this story, we can not only find Ruan Ji's disdain for the people of etiquette and law, but also clearly see that he is not restricted by etiquette and customs, and the same is true for Jikang. He did not hide his emotions just because he was in mourning, and he let people know clearly what he did not like, which I think was a special phenomenon of that time. Ruan Ji's hatred for the men of propriety is expressed in his fugue in addition to his green and white eyes.

Two, medicine and wine

Ruan Ji seems to be not take medicine, in his writings rarely mentioned this matter, only in the first 70th poem of the Wing Huai Poetry had written: "picking medicine without spinning back, the gods and immortals do not match the will. I have been forced to do this, which is very confusing, and has made me hesitate for a long time." From this, we can see that even his belief in the immortals was sometimes shaken, and he was not free from confusion and hesitation, and he was not as convinced and enthusiastic as Jikang about taking medicine. Ruan Ji did not take medicines, but he had the meaning of "if you drink for the sake of wine, how do you know what is left". He drank soundly, drank bitterly, drank wildly, and got drunk when he had wine, regardless of the occasion. The starting point of Ruan Ji's addiction to alcohol is the same as that of Kikang's medication, which he hoped to use as a way to transcend reality and dissolve conflicts. Ruan Ji had several times under the cover of drunkenness escaped from the hands of Sima's group, which sometimes drew him in and sometimes harmed him. Characteristically speaking, taking medicine is a rather troublesome thing, to first pick the medicine, mixing prescription, there are many rules, and its steps require that there can not be a slight mistake, otherwise it may be poisoned or even death. Non-fine and patient people, can not be taken casually. Ruan Ji character simple and open, to this fine and dangerous high-level enjoyment is not adaptable, he preferred to engage in simple and easy to drink. Politically speaking, Ruan Ji's attitude is relatively weak, he saw the Cao Wei royal family has gone, Sima's rule has become an irrevocable reality; he understands that the drug ascension is too remote, he still have to pay a visit to the Choice R's rule to pass the days, he is not willing to go along with the dirt, but also the lack of political challenge to the Sima's group or the courage to clearly demarcate the boundaries, so Ruan Ji, drunkenness is the best way out of the political dilemma.

Here are a few short stories about Ruan Ji's drinking.

Ruan Ji, when burying his mother, steamed a fat gizzard, drank two buckets of wine, and then the final farewell, bluntly: "Poor! All have to number one, because of vomiting blood, waste a long time.

From this story, we can see that Ruan Ji his behavior against the law. His mother passed away, he not only insisted on finishing the game, but also ate meat and drank wine, although he did this on purpose, but I think he was also quite painful to suppress the pain of losing his mother in his heart, in order to show that he is not bound by the rules of etiquette, as far as I can see, he could have let out a loud cry, and after crying, he should be happy, because Ruan Ji is very much in favor of the old Zhuangzi, Zhuangzi, in the wife's death, not only do not grieve, on the contrary, he was also for the wife of the relief of the pain of the world. After his wife's death, Zhuangzi was not only not sad, but also happy that his wife was relieved of the pain of the world. Therefore, I think he can follow the example of Zhuangzi and improve on it, so that not only will he reach his desired state, but he will also not have to suppress the pain in his heart.

Ruan Gong's neighboring young woman was beautiful and dealt in wine in the shop. Ruan and Wang Anfeng often drink from the woman, Ruan drunk, they sleep on the side of his wife, the husband began to suspect that, wait to see the end of no other intention.

I think this is also rare in the society at that time. In the old days, when men and women were not close to each other, such a situation was not acceptable to the world. (d) The woman of the soldier's family had talent and color, but she died before she was married, so she did not know her father and brother, but went to cry, and returned with all her sorrow. I am afraid that if such a thing were to happen in modern times, it would still be hard to accept! If a person who did not know the deceased came to mourn his death and cried a lot, we would definitely think that he was crazy, or else he came to make trouble. It is rare to find someone like Ruan Ji who completely disregards other people's eyes and does what he feels is worthwhile; however, it makes me wonder why he has to act so strong when his own mother has passed away, but feels very sad about the death of a girl he doesn't know, which I think goes against human nature in addition to the laws of etiquette.

III. Literary Achievements

The late Three Kingdoms period saw the emergence of Zhengshi Literature, which was customarily used to represent the literature of the entire period of the late Wei Dynasty. The most important writers of Zhengshi literature were Ruan Ji and Jikang. Ruan Ji was a poet, a prose writer, and an author of poems. His poetic achievements mainly consisted of eighty-two poems. As far as the contents are concerned, "Contempt for life" and "Aiming at ridicule" occupy a large part of the poems. In addition to these two main contents, there are also descriptions of self-reporting of one's life and aspirations, remembrance of one's friends, and reclusiveness and immortality. There are two distinctive features in the artistic aspect of the poems, namely, the implicitness and the naturalness of the poems. Ambiguity is directly related to the fact that Ruan Ji wrote his poems in a vague and evasive manner in order to avoid serious practical consequences. This kind of implicitness is completely consistent with his style of "speaking in a mysterious way" and "not criticizing or denying people" in his life. Therefore, the ambiguity of the poems is a product of the reality of the times and a reflection of Ruan Ji's own style of thinking and attitude. From the point of view of artistic creation, ambiguity is not a style, and its advantage is that it avoids dullness and bluntness, increases the depth of the poem, and gives readers room for association and reminiscence. In the history of poetry, the poem of honoring the memory of the dead occupies a very important position. Ruan Ji's wistful poems are not as good as Jian'an's poems in reflecting the major social realities, but they have surpassed their predecessors in terms of the depth of their personal lyricism, the depiction of their inner twists and turns, and the use of the technique of pi xing (比兴). It can be regarded as one of the representative and outstanding five-character poems of the entire Wei, Jin, and North-South Dynasties era. Ruan Ji's prose is complete in ten pieces. The most important of his prose writings is the "Biography of Mr. Daolong", which is written in a style close to fugue, with dialogues, and is actually not a biography in the true sense of the word, although it is called a biography. On the whole, Ruan Ji is an important poet and prose writer in the history of Chinese literature. In particular, he made a remarkable contribution to the development of pentameter poetry.

Fourth, the conclusion

Prepared Ruan Ji, I think the environment at the time, creating a lot of people like Ruan Ji such as inner and real life contradictions, perhaps Ruan Ji when he heard his mother passed away, he would like to cry loudly, but in the way of the environment at the time to create contradictory character, so that he spit blood in the way of the biographies

Too much You see it yourself!