What are the main theories about the origin of literature? What are the main advocates and viewpoints of each theory? Ask the master for help ~ ~.

It can not only explain the mystery of literature from the perspective of genetics, but also

Explain the relationship between literature and social life, as well as various social ideologies.

Understand the essence of literature.

Since ancient times, there are many theories about the origin of literature at home and abroad.

Critics have different opinions on the origin of literature, which is more influential than this.

There are the following:

(1) Representative Theory. Democritus in ancient Greece first put forward the origin of art.

Imitate nature. Aristotle also believes that poetry is in poetics.

Originated from the imitation of nature and social life, and the instinct of imitation is rooted in

In human nature. Lucretius, Horace and Aristotle in ancient Rome

Dodd's view is similar. Italian Mazzoni during the Renaissance, all of them were

Poetry is regarded as the art of imitation, while poetry is regarded as a game, which is actually a text.

The origin of learning belongs to The Imitation Game. Later, Sydney, England died.

This paper discusses the primitive literature of Indians and points out the implication that literature originated from religion.

Imitate education and happiness. These statements admit that the source of literature comes from

Nature and social life are shining with materialistic thoughts. But they put

Imitation explains some human nature and ignores the social practice in the process of human formation.

It has a great influence on psychological ability.

2 god said. Poetry came into being from Plato in ancient Greece.

Life is interpreted as the attachment of God's inspiration to poets. European medieval trust

Mas Aquinas believes that art originates from human mind, and mind is spiritual.

The image and creation of the emperor. This view was very popular during the Renaissance.

For example, Boccaccio thought poetry was a practical art, which originated from the chest of God.

Pregnancy even the materialistic philosopher Bacon revealed poetry.

The song comes from the perspective of God's revelation. With the development of modern civilization

Evolution has gradually lost its persuasiveness. In18th century, there were many philosophies.

Home (such as holder and others), refute its absurdity.

3 game theory. Mazzoni advocated the representative theory in the16th century,

Reveals the viewpoint that "literature and art are games". German philosopher Kant and Kenichi

Think of poetry as a "free game of imagination". For Schiller, yes

Schiller, the "game theory" that formed the origin of art, believed that man was born in reality.

I am bound by both material and spiritual aspects in my life, and I am eager to use the surplus essence.

Freedom by force is a game; And artistic activities, that is, in the game.

Guide source. /kloc-Spencer, an English philosopher in the 0 th and 9 th centuries, supplemented Schiller's point of view.

It is pointed out that the essence of art and games is people's free imitation in order to vent their excess energy.

Activities. Gruss, the author of books such as "Human Games", is critical of this.

According to Schiller's "game theory", the game is not because of excess energy, but

It is the preparation and practice of practical activities. "Game Theory" was once influenced by the submarine Pingdingshan.

Criticism of plekhanov and others. When psychologist Feng De put forward that "the game is

Following the viewpoint of Working Children, plekhanov is also a part of this viewpoint.

Affirmed the "game theory."

④ Theory of spiritual expression. Regard art as human mind (including thoughts,

Emotions, etc. ), as early as in ancient Greek philosophy.

In the19th century, it was widely advocated by romantic artists and theorists. snow

Lai said in Debate on Poetry that poetry is "the place where barbarians express things around them.

Feel his feelings "is a kind of" expression of imagination ". Kohler Ryoji

It is believed that poetry originates from imagination, which does not reflect reality, but can be perfected by itself.

Force. This "imaginative expression theory" has also been recognized by Bradley and Wilde.

Human support. Russian writer Tolstoy believes that art is the feeling expressed by human beings.

Emotional tools originated from people conveying their feelings to others.

This "emotional expression theory" has more supporters. The author of art.

Hill, the author of The Origin of Art, described art as "the importance of exchanging ideas".

Means. "Modern aestheticians, such as Richard, abercromby and Richard.

Everyone agrees with the Italian idealism aesthetics of this "thought expression theory"

The economist Croce opposes any artistic expression of rational thought and advocates "intuition".

Performance "and" intuition is art "actually classify the origin of art as low.

Level, can only reflect the personal image intuition. Croce's "intuition"

"Say" was all the rage before the Second World War. Austrian psychologist

Freud used psychoanalysis to explain the origin of art, saying

There are two opposing parts of human psychology, consciousness and subconscious, which exist in the subconscious.

Sexual instinct is the basic motive force of psychological activities; Sexual instinct is always subject to reality.

Depression, when people transfer it to their own fantasy life creation.

Art came into being, so art is essentially based on sexual instinct.

Unconscious performance. Swiss psychologist jung's point of view, as well as Freud.

Probably. They all have a large number of believers and are still very popular in the west. exceed

All kinds of viewpoints have grasped the characteristics of art in expressing people's psychology from one side.

Sign; But they always regard people's psychology as a priori that is divorced from real life.

Things, did not really solve the problem of the origin of art, just ask this.

The topic is abstract and mysterious.

(5) Witchcraft theory. /kloc-the Italian philosopher Vico in the 0/8th century first talked about

The close relationship between primitive poetry and primitive religion; But he didn't make it clear.

Poetry originated from witchcraft. /kloc-since the 0/9th century, Taylor Frazier Ha

Anthropologists represented by tranter practiced witchcraft on the existing primitive tribes.

It provides rich materials for further studying the "witchcraft theory" of the origin of art.

French archaeologist Reinach put forward art on the basis of these materials.

The argument from primitive sympathetic witchcraft holds that primitive art is actually a witch.

An art whose purpose is to pray for the success of hunting. This debate in the 20th century.

Since then, it has been quite popular, and many contemporary aestheticians (Gidson and others) have adopted it.

Agreed. But Malinowski and other ethnologists provided some primitive departments.

Clans only have artistic information but no witchcraft, which makes it difficult to justify the "witchcraft theory".

It says.

6. Labor theory. Clearly think that art originated from labor point of view, real

/kloc-a group of ethnologists and art historians since the late 20th century. Germany

Beecher pointed out in Labor and Rhythm that labor, music and poetry

At first, they were trinity, and their foundation was labor. Masonry

It is believed that the most primitive poetry is labor poetry, and its purpose is to strengthen labor.

Effect. De Soto also talked about poetry and art in Aesthetics and Art.

The relationship between labor, but he believes that the purpose of labor poetry is not to strengthen labor.

Move, but to make work easier. Plekhanov is in his masterpiece.

In the Letter Without an Address, many questions about "labor comes before art" were discussed.

For example, his main point is: "The development of art is related to the development of productive forces.

Causality, though not always direct. "Over the past few years,

The view that art originates from labor prevails in the literary and art theorists in the Soviet Union and China.

But sometimes it is not enough to simply seek the "direct connection" between labor and art.

Explain the origin of all primitive art perfectly. "Labor" in the Origin of Art

Say ",should prevent its simplification and absolutization.

In addition to the above viewpoints, there are others since19th century.

Some theories about the origin of art. For example, French art historian Dana thinks that Wen

The origin and development of learning art depend on three aspects: race, environment and times.

Su, He and German anthropologist Laaser are called "social school";

British biologist Darwin believed that art (especially music) originated from birds.

Animal-like sexual attraction, the "sexual theory" of the origin of this art,

Now it has been abandoned by most aestheticians; Contemporary American prehistoric archaeologist Ma

Shaq believes that the earliest art is a sign that primitive people recorded seasonal changes.

Department, and so on.

In China's ancient books, there are many stories about the origin of art or primitive art.

Account. China's ancient books agree that literature and art originated very early. Han Dynasty

Zheng Xuan said in Preface to Poetry: "The prosperity of poetry is not in the hands of the emperor.

The world. "The legendary Yu Shun era" Poetry ". Kong Ying Da in Tang Dynasty

In Justice in Shi Mao, it is believed that poetry "cannot be reconciled at first" and "entrusted"

This song was a long time ago. "In the Northern and Southern Dynasties, Shen Yue wrote a biography of Song Xie Shu Lingyun.

There is a saying in China, "However, if you are from a singing background, let's start from a people's background." Liu is at the same time with him

I hold the same view. Visible, 1500 years ago, the ancient scholars in China, has been

Draw the conclusion that literature and art originated from primitive society. At the same time, ancient China

The book also expounds several viewpoints about the origin of art. Lu Chunqiu Ancient Music

Speaking of original music songs, they are The Voice of Eight Winds and Listen to the Voice of the Phoenix.

Produce; "Postscript X of Taoist History" wrote: Emperor Yao "lives on mountains and rivers."

The voice of the valley, with songs and eight winds. "Jin Ruan Ji also pointed out this primitive in" On Music "

The first music song has the characteristics of "the life of all things", which is actually an art.

Art originated from the idea of imitation. "Shangshu Shundian" said: "Poetry expresses ambition and songs also."

It is always said that sound is eternal, legal and harmonious. "The Book of Rites says,' Fan Yin.

From the beginning, it was born of people's hearts. When the heart moves, everything does its best. Be sensitive to things

Moving, so it is shaped by sound. "Preface to Mao Poetry" said: "Poets have ambition.

Have ambition in your heart and speak like a poem. Emotion moves in the middle and forms in words. Words are not enough.

Sigh it, lament its lack, so sing it. "These Views and the West" Table

Now say "similar". In the feudal society of China for more than two thousand years, "poetry expresses ambition"

Views dominate. Narrative biography of Lu Chunqiu's Ancient Music.

The appellation of "Ge Zhile" originated in ancient times, including "fen"

"Five Grains" is about agricultural production, and "The Extreme of the Total Animal Population" is about singing the inaugural song.

Hunting for life. Notes on Lu's Spring and Autumn Annals, Love Stories and Huai Nan Zi Dao Ying Xun

Describe the "song of weightlifting persuasion" which means "swearing before responding". exist

Historical Records quoted Huang San's biography and the fusion of ancient and modern books.

Music theory also describes the "song of the net" in Fuxi era. stand a good chance

Based on this situation, the commentary of "The Biography of the Ram, Fifteen Years of Gong Xuan" puts forward that

"Hungry people sing about their food and laborers sing about their things" includes labor production poems.

The idea of a song. The Book of Changes said: "When the thunder came out of the ground, it was exciting, and the former king worshipped it happily."

Virtue, praise God. "Zhou Li" said: "The spirits of joy show it."

"Hanshu" said: "Musicians sing nine virtues and recite six poems. This is a suburban temple worthy of recommendation, so

Ghosts and gods enjoy it. "Shangshu Daoshangba" said: "... is a song of drowning.

Live by phone. "These narratives reveal the music and dance of poetry and the witchcraft of sacrifice.

Close contact. Visible, in China's ancient books, the origin of art has also entered.

Discuss in many ways.

The views listed above are speculative assumptions and have not been obtained.

Academic recognition. This is because they are not comprehensive.

Possession of information, each only captures one side of the problem. Today, I am studying.

There are several materials to investigate the origin of literature and art: ① prehistory.

Archaeological data; (2) Ethnological data of existing primitive tribes; ③ In ancient books

A description of the origin of literature and art; ④ Children's artistic psychology can be used for reference.

Learn materials. Comparatively speaking, prehistoric archaeological data are the most reliable. Ji Dan

It is based on the original documents handed down orally, similar to music, dance and other time arts.

Art is extremely difficult to leave traces in prehistoric archaeological materials. Therefore, in

Australian aborigines, Bushmen in South Africa who still retained their original characteristics at the beginning of the 20th century,

Eskimos (they are roughly equivalent to the fishing and hunting people of the Paleolithic age),

People from melanesians and Porini in the Pacific Islands, West Asia, America and India.

The first batch of people (they are roughly equivalent to the Neolithic farmers and herdsmen), with

And the Oroqen, Ewenki, Wa, Naxi, Dulong, Nu and Brown in China.

And other ethnic minorities have become important research bases. In addition, ethnic mobility.

Myths, legends, ancient songs and epics handed down also have important reference prices.

Value.

According to the existing folk information of a large number of primitive tribes, we can know that in general

In some cases, primitive poetry is combined with music and dance. they

It won't be much later than the original plastic arts. According to the release

Determination of radioisotope carbon in Magdalene period by witchcraft ritual images

Cave murals appeared between 18000 BC and 1 1000 BC. this year

Generation can be defined as the lower limit of the origin of original poetry. In fact, primitive poetry

The origin time may be earlier.

A new trend in the study of the origin of literature, although primitive poetry is related to music and dance.

Dance is closely related, but it can't be regarded as dance like Vonde.

A derivative of dance. Primitive poetry has its unique and diverse origins.

At first, primitive people engaged in manual labor, which embedded the sound of labor.

Meaningless words, such as "bad promises", are aimed at reducing labor.

Nervous, get pleasure from the repetition of the sound. In some cases,

On the contrary, it can coordinate everyone's labor action and become an organization collective labor.

Signal. Furthermore, people are not satisfied with the simple repetition of sounds, but will

Enter the rhythm stage. The rhythm is the same as the rhythm, and the workers can hear it.

The pleasure of sleeping. At first, I often used it because of my lack of vocabulary.

Rhyme with meaningful words. An Oroqen primitive hunting song: "Ah!"

Sawyer, Asoye, Black Ballal River! Ahsoya, Ahsoya, go on.

Hunting in the river! ..... "The word' Ahsoya' here is used for betting.

Lyme's words. Later, the lining words were cancelled, and people combined Ye Yun's life vocabulary.

Taken together, the legend recorded in Wu Yue Chun Qiu is the drama of the Yellow Emperor era.

Song: "Broken bamboo, continued bamboo, flying soil, chasing □ (meat)." That's a

A complete poem. Thus, the labor voice and labor of primitive people

Chant is the embryonic basis of primitive poetry. But there is also the opposite situation, that is

People use poetry to express the carnival mood after the victory of labor. For example, South America.

A song by Porto Kudo: "Good hunting today, caught a wild animal."

Kill; Now that we have food, we are full. "Wait until Hubei is warm.

Croats' Song of Joy: "Jumping fox, happy green grass.

Land; Guests from all over the world are most willing to have fun together. A fox running and frolicking

Beaver, like high mountains and dense forests; Guests from all over the world like to sing together.

Hello. "It can be seen that simply expressing emotions can also produce original poems. But this

This kind of emotion is not transcendental "human nature", but related to primitive tribes.

Closely related to work or life. In the late primitive commune, wars between tribes.

More and more, some poems are used to boost morale, such as Australian aborigines.

A war song: "stab him in the forehead, stab him in the chest;" Stab him in the liver, stab him

Heart; Stab him in the waist, stab him in the shoulder; Poke him in the stomach! Poke him in the ribs! "in

Encourage fighting passion, but also have the meaning of exercise. Spread in Guizhou

The Miao people in Jianhe area sang in ancient times: "Take a stone as a hoe and a broken branch as a claw."

Rake, row bamboo as dustpan, and open fields up the mountain. "Poetry is accompanied by dance,

It also means practicing production movements. Therefore, the original poetry,

Otawa's practical purpose. Those poems sung by witchcraft, tables

It seems absurd and superstitious on the surface, but the essence is to conquer differences.

Nature, the information about life. Many details in witchcraft

This is a disguised form of industrial action. Therefore, war poems, imitation practice poems

Songs and witchcraft poems are not divorced from working life. For these reasons,

In view of the earliest origin of labor poetry, labor can be regarded as literature.

The original and core reason of the source.

However, the origin of some other primitive styles cannot be simply

Attributable to labor. The content and form of primitive poetry are increasingly enriched and developed. compare

Sex poems that started late in labor poems should be regarded as primitive tribes.

The fiery desire came into being. Eskimos, Indians, Oroqen

Poems about natural beauty and love collected by people appear more frequently.

Later, due to complicated reasons, they reached the real artistic aesthetic character.

Formed. Myths, legends, epics, animal and plant stories, proverbs, fairy tales

And other literary styles, about the late primitive commune. They make the original.

There are many reasons, or they want to explain natural phenomena, or

Is it to record the history of tribal struggles, or to spread knowledge and experience to future generations, or

Those who inspire tribal members with the spirit of heroic ancestors even pretend to be them.

Boys and girls hold "adult" examination subjects. Some poems and myths

Epic, which is classified as a clan classic, can only come from clan leaders and wizards.

Master. But there are also many poems, myths, stories and proverbs, which are all of them.

The spiritual wealth of the clan is passed down orally. Therefore, as a whole,

Generally speaking, the opportunity of the origin of primitive literature is complicated. Several specialized researchers in modern times

Scholars who study the origin of art, such as those who have monographs on the origin of art respectively.

Gross, Sheehan, Hatton and Plekhan who wrote The Evolution of Art.

Noff, Kerwin, De Suo and others all show different degrees of diversity.

On tendency. Today, the origin of literature is attributed to labor as the core.

This social practice has formed the latest theoretical research trend.

(Chang Bao)