List of characters in Sima Qian's writing of the Records of the Grand Historian (史记)

The Records of the Grand Historian

The Records of the Grand Historian

The Records of the Grand Historian (史记), or Shiji (史记), is a work of history written by Si Ma Qian (司馬迁), a historian of the Western Han Dynasty in China. The Shiji is one of the most famous classical texts of ancient China, together with the later Han Shu, Hou Han Shu, and Three Kingdoms Zhi, known as the "First Four Histories".

The Shiji had no fixed title at first, and was either called "The Book of the Grand Historian" or "The Record of the Grand Historian", or "The Grand Historian", or "The Grand Historian". Originally, "Shiji" was the common name for ancient history books, but from the Three Kingdoms period onwards, "Shiji" gradually became the special name for the "Book of the Grand Historian" from the common name for history books.

The Shiji is a record of more than 3,000 years of history, from the time of the Yellow Emperor in the ancient Chinese legend to the first year of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty. The book includes twelve books, thirty biographies, seventy biographies, ten tables, eight books, **** one hundred and thirty articles, more than 526,500 words. The author, Sima Qian, with his historical knowledge of "studying the interstices of heaven and mankind, understanding the changes of the past and the present, and making a family of words", made the Shiji the first and the most famous chronicle of China's general history.

The Historical Records had a profound impact on the development of historiography and literature. The first method of compiling history in the form of a chronicle was passed down to all subsequent generations of "official histories". At the same time, Shiji is also regarded as an excellent literary work and has an important position in the history of Chinese literature. Lu Xun called it "a masterpiece of the historians, and a leitmotif without rhyme".

Contents

The contents of the Shiji record the history from the legendary emperor to the period of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, and is divided into five themes, namely, the "Chronicle", the "Table", the "Book", the "Family History", and the "Biographies", and the "Preface to the Grand Historian" at the end of the book, and then subdivided into one hundred and thirty chapters. Among them, 〈Ben Ji〉is the deeds of the rulers of the world, 〈Table〉arranges and organizes the sequence of events or historical developments in a tabular manner, 〈Shu〉contents are related to the rules and regulations of the successive dynasties, 〈Shi Jia〉describes the far-reaching deeds of the family lineage or nobility, and 〈Lie Zhuan〉showcases the historical performances of the various types of characters in history and the various appearances of the society. Unlike previous history books, the Shiji was written in a way that pioneered the biography genre: the main focus was on describing the life of the characters, with chronology as the secondary focus. Since then, other historical works, such as the Book of Han, the Records of the Three Kingdoms, and the Book of the Later Han, have followed this style, making the chronicle style the mainstream writing style adopted by official histories after the Tang Dynasty. Zhao Yi "twenty-two history notes" cloud: "Sima Qian consider the ancient and modern, the development of the case, the creation of the whole history, the chronicle to the order of the emperor, the family to remember the marquis, ten tables to system of current events, eight books to detail the system, biographies in order to record the characters, and then a generation of political affairs of government officials, whether or not the gains and losses of the general assembly in a compilation. Since this example must be, all generations of historians, then can not be out of its scope, the letter of the historian's ultimate rule."

As for the content of the articles, the articles in the Shiji can be divided into two parts: the front text is a description of the character's life, which is intermixed with representative events or anecdotes; the author's comments or thoughts will be added to the back of the text, which is usually started with the phrase "The Duke of Tai Shi said", and which includes the author's personal experience, evaluation of the character, and collection of information about the character's life. The content may include the author's personal experience, evaluation of the characters, or the process of collecting information, but still focuses on commenting on the character and behavior of the characters, which also echoes the writing goal of Sima Qian in his preface, "to study the interstices of heaven and mankind".

Benji

Five Emperors, Benji Xia, Benji Yin, Benji Zhou, Benji Qin, Benji Qin Shihuang, Benji Xiang Yu, Benji Gaozu, Benji Lv, Benji Xiaowen, Benji Xiaojing, Benji Xiaowu, Benji

Table

Three Generations, Table, Twelve Marquises, Table of the Six Nations, Table of the Months of the Qin and Chu Periods, Table of the Kings of the Marquises, Table of the Kings of the Marquises since the Rise of the Han Dynasty, Table of the Marquises of the Gaozu, Table of the Marquises of the Huei King, Table of the Marquises of the Marquises of the Yuan Dynasty, Table of the Marquises of the Prince of the Han Dynasty Chronological Table of Marquis since Jianyuan Chronological Table of Princes and Ministers since the Rise of Han Dynasty

Books

Rituals, Music, Laws, Calendars, Tianguan, Feudalism, River Drainage, and Pingzhun

Families

Wu Family, Qi Taigong, Zhou Duke, Yan Family, Guan and Cai Families, Chen Qijijia, Wei Family, Song Family, Jin Family, Chu Family, Yue Wang, Goujian Family, Zheng Family, Zhao Family, Wei Family, Han Family, Tian Jing, Zhongwan Family, Kong Family, Shibu Family, Wu Family, Qi Taigong, Zhou Duke, Yan Family, Guan and Cai Family, Chen Qijia, Wei Family, Song Family, Jin Family, Chu Family, Yue Wang Goujian Family, Zheng Family, Zhao Family, Wei Family, Han Family, Tian Jing, Zhongwan Family, Kong Family, Chen Shibu Shijia, Foreign Relatives Shijia, Chu Yuanwang Shijia, Jingyan Shijia, Qi Mourning and Huiwang Shijia, Xiao Xiangguo Shijia, Cao Xiangguo Shijia, Li Hou Shijia, Chen Chancellor Shijia, Jianghou Shijia, Liang Xiaowang Shijia, Five Zong Shijia, Three Kings Shijia

Liezhuan

Shiji, Volume 63, The Biography of Baiyi and Shouqi, The First

Shiji, Volume 63, The Biography of Guanyan, The Second

Shiji, Volume 64, The Biography of Laozi and Han Fei, The Third

Shi Ji, Volume 65: Biography of Sima Rang Tho, Fourth

Shi Ji, Volume 66: Biography of Sun Zi Wu Qi, Fifth

Shi Ji, Volume 67: Biography of Wu Zixu, Sixth

Shi Ji, Volume 68: Biography of the Disciples of Zhongni, Seventh

Shi Ji, Volume 69: Biography of Shang Jun, Eighth

Shi Ji, Volume 70: Biography of Su Qin, Ninth

Shi Ji, Volume 71: Biography of Zhang Yi, Tenth

Shi Ji, Volume 72: Biography of Zhang Yi. Zhang Yi's Biography 10

Shiji, Volume 72 Simaroubaceae and Gan Mao's Biography 11

Shiji, Volume 73 Rang Hou's Biography 12

Shiji, Volume 74 Bai Qi and Wang Jian's Biography 13

Shiji, Volume 75 Mengzi and Xun Qing's Biography 14

Shiji, Volume 76 Meng Chang Jun's Biography 15

Shiji, Volume 77 The Biography of Yu Qing, Prince of Ping Yuan, 16th

Shiji, Volume 78, The Biography of Wei Duke, 17th

Shiji, Volume 79, The Biography of Chun Shen Jun, 18th

Shiji, Volume 80, The Biography of Fan Suo and Cai Ze, 19th

Shiji, Volume 81, The Biography of Le Yi, 20th

Shiji, Volume 82, The Biography of Lian Po and Lin Xiang Yu, 21st

Shiji, Volume 83, The Biography of Tian Dan, 22nd

The Biography of Tian Dan. The Twenty-second Biography of Tian Dan

Shiji, Volume 84 The Twenty-third Biography of Lu Zhonglian and Zou Yang

Shiji, Volume 85 The Twenty-fourth Biography of Qu Yuan and Jia Sheng

Shiji, Volume 86 The Twenty-fifth Biography of Lu Buwei

Shiji, Volume 87 The Twenty-sixth Biography of Assassins

Shiji, Volume 88 The Twenty-seventh Biography of Lis

Shiji, Volume 87 The Twenty-ninth Biography of Meng Tian, Twenty-eighth

Shiji The Historical Records, Volume 89, Biography of Mengtian, Biography 28

The Records of the Grand Historian, Volume 90, Biography of Zhang Er and Chen Yu, Biography 29

The Records of the Grand Historian, Volume 91, Biography of Wei Bao and Peng Yue, Biography 30

The Records of the Grand Historian, Volume 92, Biography of Brand Brand Bu, Biography 31

The Records of the Grand Historian, Volume 93, Biography of the Marquis of Huaiyin, Biography 32

The Records of the Grand Historian, Volume 94, Biography of Han Xin and Lu 绾三十三

Records of the Grand Historian (史记卷九十五田丹列传第三十四

史记卷九十六 Fan Li Teng Guan Liezhuan 第三十五

史记卷九十七 Zhang Chancellor Liezhuan 第三十六

史记卷九十八 Li Sheng Lu Jia Liezhuan 第三十七

史记卷九十九 Fu Jin Kuai Cheng Liezhuan第三十八

史记卷100 Liu Jing Shusuntong Liezhuan 三十九

Historical Records, Volume 100

Shiji, Volume 121, Biography of Ji Bu and Luan Bu, 40

Shiji, Volume 122, Biography of Yuan Yuan and Chao Chao, 41

Shiji, Volume 133, Biography of Zhang Shi Zhi and Feng Tang, 42

Shiji, Volume 143, Biography of Wanshi and Zhang Shu, 43

Shiji, Volume 15, Biography of Tian, 44

Shiji, Volume 16, Bi Magpie and Cangong, 45

Shiji, Volume 16, Bi Magpie and Cangong. General Wei's Hussar's Biography 51

Shiji, Volume 13, Lord Father of Pingjin's Biography 52

Shiji, Volume 14, Nan Yue's Biography 53

Shiji, Volume 15, Dong Yue's Biography 54

Shiji, Volume 16, Chosun's Biography 55

Shiji, Volume 17, Southwestern barbarians' biography 56

Shiji, Volume 18, Sima's Biography 56

Shiji, Volume 18, Sima's biography of the Emperor's son.

Shi Ji, Volume 128, Biography of Sima Xiangru, Article 57

Shi Ji, Volume 119, Biography of Huainan Hengshan, Article 58

Shi Ji, Volume 120, Biography of the Compulsory Officials, Article 59

Shi Ji, Volume 121, Biography of Kap and Zheng, Article 60

Shi Ji, Volume 122, Biography of the Confucians, Article 61

Shi Ji, Volume 123, Biography of the Cool Officials. Sixty-two

Shiji (Records of the Grand Historian), Volume 124, Biography of Dawan, Sixty-third

Shiji (Records of the Grand Historian), Volume 125, Biography of the Ranger, Sixty-fourth

Shiji (Records of the Grand Historian), Volume 126, Biography of Sycophants, Sixty-fifth

Shiji (Records of the Grand Historian), Volume 127, Biography of Slipstick, Sixty-sixth

Shiji (Records of the Grand Historian), Volume 128, Biography of the Sun, Sixty-seventh

Shiji (Records of the Grand Historian), Volume The Historical Records, Volume 129, Biography of Guan Ce, Biography 68

Shiji, Volume 130, Biography of Goods Shik, Biography 69

Shiji, Volume 131, Preface to Duke of Tai Shi, Biography 70.

The Shiji had no fixed title at first, but was called either "The Book of the Grand Historian," or "The Records of the Grand Historian," or "The Grand Historian," or "The Grand Historian," as it was called. Originally, "Shiji" was the common name for ancient history books, but from the Three Kingdoms onwards, "Shiji" gradually became the special name of "Taishigongshu" from the common name.

The Shiji is a general history of the ancient and modern worlds, beginning with the legendary Yellow Emperor and ending in the first year of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, and covering about 3,000 years of China's history.

According to Sima Qian, the whole book has twelve books of the original chronicle, ten of the table, eight of the book, thirty of the family history, seventy of the biographies, and one hundred and thirty of the ****. Ban Gu mentioned in Han Shu - Sima Qian biography that the Shiji lacked ten articles. Zhang Yan of Wei of the Three Kingdoms pointed out that these ten articles were Jing Di Ben Ji, Wu Di Ben Ji, Book of Rites, Book of Music, Book of Laws, Chronology of Generals and Ministers since the Rise of the Han Dynasty, Biographies of the Risen Sun, Family of Three Kings, Biographies of Turtle Curse, and Biographies of Fu Jin. Most of the later generation disagreed with Zhang Yan's statement, but it is conclusive that the Historical Records are mutilated.

The present version of the Historical Records is also one hundred and thirty, there are a few chapters is obviously not Sima Qian's handwriting, the Han Emperor Yuan Di, Emperor Cheng's Dr. Chu Shaosun supplemented the writing of the Historical Records, the present version of the Historical Records in the "Mr. Chu said," is his complementary work.

The Shiji takes a wide range of materials. Shiben", "the state language", "state policy", "Qinji", "Chu Han Spring and Autumn Annals", the hundred schools of thought and other writings and national documents and archives, as well as field research to obtain the material, are Sima Qian writing the "Records of the Grand Historian" is an important source of material. What is especially valuable is that Sima Qian carefully analyzed and selected the collected materials and eliminated some nonsense. For some issues that could not be clarified, he either adopted a skeptical attitude or recorded various different accounts. Because of the wide range of materials and the serious attitude towards history, the Shiji is informative and rich in content.

The Writing of the Records of the Grand Historian

The Records of the Grand Historian is a monumental work that spans thousands of years. Its emergence is, on the one hand, an inevitable requirement put forward by the times and, on the other hand, a product of the hard labor of historians.

For Sima Qian, the first step was to carry on the legacy of his ancestor's career as a historian. His father, Sima Tan, had long intended to write a history book, but this wish was not realized. Dying Sima Tan instructed his son: "Yu death, you must be too history, for too history, no forgetting what I want to discuss carry on! And filial piety begins with the service of relatives, in the service of the king, and finally establish themselves, and make a name for themselves in later generations, to show their parents, this filial piety of the big one! The world recites the Duke of Zhou as being able to sing about the virtues of Wen and Wu, to proclaim the wind of Zhou and Zhao, to reach the thoughts of King Tai and Wang Ji, and to honor Houji with Gong and Liu. After Yu Li, the king's way was lacking, and the rites and music were declining. Confucius repaired the old and abolished the old, discussed the Poetry and the Book, and made the Spring and Autumn Annals, which scholars have been following to this day. Since the scales, more than four hundred years, and the lords and lords, the history of the release of the end; now Han Xing, the unification of the sea, the Lord of the wise ruler, the loyal subjects of the death of righteousness of the people, the Yu for too much history and Frey loaded, the abolition of the world's history of the text, Yu very fear! You are very afraid of it!

Compiling the historical records, which is the continuation of the ancestral cultural life of the famous mountain cause, as the order of too much history, can not fulfill the mission, the crime is not great. Since then, his father's last orders are always in Sima Qian's ears echoed: "The ancestors have said, since the Duke of Zhou 500 years old and Confucius, after the death of Confucius to the present 500 years old, there are able to Shao Ming Shi, is the "Yi Chuan", following the "Spring and Autumn", this "poetry", "book", "rites", "music" at the time of the intention of the Sihu! The intention is to do so!"

The times also put forward to build a new history and culture of the text of the inherent requirements - "Yu heard of the ancestors said: 'Fuxi to Chunhou, made "Yi" gossip. Yao and Shun's sheng, "Shangshu" contained, rituals and music for yam. Tang Wu's long, the poet sings. The Spring and Autumn Annals" to pick good and depreciate evil, push the virtue of the three generations, praise the Zhou Dynasty, not only the ridicule of the ridicule only also! Since the rise of Han, to tomorrow's son, won the Ruifu, sealing the building of Zen, change the right date, easy to dress color, the order of Mu Qing, Zelu reckless. Overseas customs, re-translated paragraph plug, please come to offer to see the people can not be counted. The ministers of the hundred officials, reciting the Holy Spirit, but can not be declared full of its meaning. And Shi Xian and not use, there is the shame of the country; the Lord on the bright saint and the German is not heard, the Secretary's fault. And I have been in charge of its officials, the abolition of Ming Sheng Sheng virtues are not contained, the extinction of the merits of the family of the wise doctor's career is not described, the fall of the words of the ancestors, the crime is not greater!"

In order to write, Sima Qian can be said to have exhausted his life's energy. To write a history book, you need to collect a lot of materials.

The Historical Records is based on an extremely wide range of materials, including literature, including Xia Xiaozheng, Shiben, Qin Ji, Chunqiu, Guoshu, Chu Han Chunqiu, and dozens of others. Secondly, it is the result of traveling. Sima Qian traveled widely throughout his life, each other from the exchange, but also gained a lot of extremely valuable historical materials. Third, field interviews. Sima Qian at the age of twenty that traveled around, the trip almost reached the whole territory of the Western Han Dynasty, saw some ancient ruins, heard some ancient anecdotes, which also greatly enriched his treasure trove of historical materials. In the course of his travels, Sima Qian also paid special attention to the records of gold and stone inscriptions, and set a precedent for the use of gold and stone materials, such as the "Chronicle of the First Emperor of Qin" and so on.

If it is only a pile of historical materials, of course, it will not be able to complete a great work. The reason why Sima Qian suffered a great deal of shame and humiliation, but "on the extreme punishment without a pout", is because of the great ambition. He said: "servant steal not inferior, nearly self-trusted to incompetent words, net the world put lost old news, examined the behavior, audit its success or failure of the rise and fall of the reason, all hundred and thirty articles, but also want to study heaven and man's world, through the changes of the past and present, into a family of words." ("Report Ren'an book") only such lofty ideals and firm beliefs, only to support the painstaking work of preparation, leaving a glorious and immortal work of Chinese historiography.

Style of the Historical Records

The Historical Records is a general history running through the ancient and modern worlds, beginning with the legendary Yellow Emperor and continuing until the first year of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty (the 122nd year of the first Emperor's reign), and recounting the history of our country for about 3,000 years. According to Sima Qian, the whole book has twelve books of the original chronicles, ten tables, eight books, thirty biographies, seventy biographies, and one hundred and thirty ****.

"Benji" is actually the emperor's biography, because the emperor is the highest head of the state affairs, for them to make a chronicle of the name of "Benji", is so that the world to show where the original system, so that the people and the government act have a certain outline of the discipline. The reason for this is that

At the same time, it is also the general outline of the book, is a chronicle of the method.

At the same time, it is also the general outline of the whole book, which is a chronicle of events. In the writing of the "Book of History", Sima Qian took the approach of detailing the present and the distant, the more distant the era, the more detailed the more recent. The reason why "this record" is based on the Yellow Emperor is because the Yellow Emperor is the founder of the Chinese nation and the ancestor of "correcting the name of all things". Xiang Yu will be included in "this century", a few years between the Qin and Han dynasties, "politics by the feather", one is to promote its personality.

"Table", so the list of events, so that the outline and the eye, in order to simple against complexity, at a glance, easy to view, retrieve.

"Book", is a record of successive dynasties chapter of the national code, in order to clarify the history of the ancient and modern system of special chapters, non-familiar with the history of the historians, is not able to write a book. Ban Gu "Han Shu" renamed "Zhi", become a general rule. The compilation of the "book" provides a wealth of information for the study of various specialized histories.

"Family" is a record of the vassal kingdom. This is because the vassal state to inherit the family, descendants of hereditary, but also gave their biographies called the family. Beginning with the great feudalism of the Western Zhou Dynasty, developing into the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, each vassal state successively claimed hegemony and dominance and flourished for a period of time, so it was very appropriate to record this situation with the genre of "Shijia". Sima Qian's inclusion of Confucius and Chen Shiji in the "lineage" is an exception. Although Confucius was not a prince, he was the patriarch who inherited the culture for three generations, not to mention that Confucius was the founder of Confucianism at the time of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, so the inclusion of Confucius in the "lineage" reflects the reality of the ideological field. As for Chen Shu, he was not only the leader of the first uprising against Qin, but also the first person to fight against the brutal rule by commoners since the Three Dynasties, and most of the Hou Wangs who died in Qin were built by him. Sima Qian will be included in the "family", and his achievements and Tang put Jie, King Wu Wang Zhou, Confucius made the "Spring and Autumn Annals" compared to write him as a shock to the rule of the tyrannical Qin empire, the great historical heroes, reflecting the author of the progressive view of history.

The "biographies" are records of various historical figures other than emperors and lords. There are single biographies, combined biographies, and class biographies. A single biography is a biography of one person, such as "Shangjun Liezhuan", "Li Si Liezhuan" and so on. Joint biographies are about more than two people, such as Guan Yan Liezhuan, Lao Zhuang Shen Han Liezhuan and so on. Class biography is to class from each other, the activities of the same class of characters, to a biography, such as "Confucianism and Forestry Biography", "Methodist Officials Biography", "Assassins Biography" and so on. Sima Qian put the historical situation of China's surrounding ethnic minorities, also recorded in the form of class biography, such as "Xiongnu biography", "North Korea biography", "Dawan biography", etc., which for the study of China's ancient history of ethnic minorities, provides an important source of historical information.

The last of the seventy biographies is the Preface of the Grand Historian, which is placed at the end of the book, which is the practice of ancient scholars to write books.

All in all, Sima Qian's writing of the "Records of the Grand Historian" is a "chronicle" of the emperor, a "family" of the vassals, a "biography" of the people, and a "book" of the people, all of which is a "book" of the emperor, and a "book" of the people. "Book" describes the rules and regulations, and "Table" arranges the major events, covering the ancient and modern times, including a hundred generations, breaking the limitations of chronicles that start and end with years and months, such as Spring and Autumn Period, and country histories that are divided into regions, such as Guoyu, and creating the precedent of general histories that run through the ancient and modern times and all aspects of social life, making it the first official history. It was a precedent for a general history, and became a model for a formal history.

Evaluation of the Shiji

The birth of the Shiji was a great event in Chinese cultural history. Mr. Lu Xun, in his book "Outline of the History of Chinese Literature", praised "The Records of the Grand Historian" as "the last song of the historians, the unrhymed leavings of a riot". As far as the specific development of Chinese historiography is concerned, the contribution of the Shiji is enormous.

First, the establishment of an outstanding genre of general history. The Records of the Grand Historian is the first general historical masterpiece in the history of Chinese historiography, covering the ancient and modern worlds and encompassing a hundred generations. It is not too much to say that it is the most brilliant achievement in the history of ancient Chinese historiography, or that it is the most brilliant achievement in the history of ancient world historiography. This will be very clear if one compares it with Herodotus' Histories. It is precisely because the Historical Records could be written in one book, opening up a precedent and setting an example, that those who followed this style of history have also risen one after another. The style of the general history family has been influencing modern historical research and writing.

Secondly, the independent status of historiography was established. China's ancient times, historiography is included in the scope of economics without its own independent status. Therefore, the book of history in Liu Xin's "seven liao" and Ban Gu's "art and literature" are attached to the back of the "Spring and Autumn Annals". Since Sima Qian repaired the Historical Records, authors succeeded each other, and specialized works of history became more and more numerous. Therefore, the Jin Dynasty Xun castor to adapt to the new requirements, only the canonical books of the ages into four parts: part A of the six arts of the elementary school, the second part of the military arts of the sons, the third part of the historical records of the Imperial Review, part D of the poems and fugitives of the picture of the Zan. Thus, the history of a door, in the field of Chinese academics to obtain an independent status. This achievement should be attributed to Sima Qian and his "Historical Records".

Thirdly, he established the tradition of historical literature. Sima Qian's literary training was profound, and his artistic methods were particularly skillful. Often some kind of extremely complex facts, he is very appropriate, orderly, and then to vision far, high insight, vivid text, pen power, emotionally charged, handwritten, not word gas, image of the bright and fast, so that people "exclaimed knuckleheads, do not know the reason for it". （

The Shiji is not only a masterpiece of Chinese historical literature, but also a great influence on the novels of the Wei and Jin dynasties, the Tang and Song dynasties, and even the Song and Yuan operas, making it an important source of Chinese literature.

Of course, Sima Qian's highest ideal in compiling the Historical Records was "to study the interstices of the heavens and the people, to understand the changes of the past and the present, to become a family of words". It was to establish an all-encompassing historical and philosophical system. A more in-depth understanding of this is left to be experienced in our specific study of the Historical Records.

The most exciting ideas in the Historical Records today are four: one is the progressive view of the nation that it expresses. Sima Qian absorbed the claims about the origin of the development of the various ethnic groups in China and the neighboring countries since the Warring States period, and regarded the countries and ethnic groups in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, the Central Plains, Jing and Chu, Wu and Yue, Qin and Long, the two provinces, Yunnan and Guizhou, the northern part of Saibei, and the northeastern regions of the country as the descendants of the Yellow Emperor in his Shiji, which has played an invaluable role in the formation and stability of our multi-ethnic and friendly family for the past 2,000 years. Not only that, when Sima Qian wrote about the Han Dynasty's use of military force against neighboring countries and peoples, he always stood against militarism, expansion, and plunder, and what he pursued was the equality and friendship of all peoples to live together in peace and harmony. It is in this sense that we say that Sima Qian was a friend of the oppressed people of the Han race and the **** of the neighboring ethnic minorities at that time.

The second is the progressive economic thought it expresses. This includes emphasizing the development of the economy, which is the foundation of a strong nation; opposing the single-minded "emphasizing the basic and suppressing the basic" and advocating "industry," "agriculture," "commerce," and "the rule of law. The four "business" and "Yu"; against political discrimination against industrialists and businessmen, but to celebrate their skills, talent, and dedicated to them a monument and so on.

The third is the strong democratic and critical nature of its expression. The Records of the Grand Historian is the culmination of pre-Qin culture, and Sima Qian is the successor and promoter of the excellent thinking and personality of the pre-Qin scholars. The reason why he wrote "The Records of the Grand Historian" is not simply to record the historical records, but explicitly to "make a family of words", and thus "The Records of the Grand Historian" prominently displays a kind of light of the ideal politics and society pursued by the author, as well as all kinds of criticisms on the real politics and society. Some of them are quite profound and accurate, and even some of them have been frequently read for two thousand years.

The fourth is the grandiose outlook on life, life and death, and values that permeates the whole book. Almost all of the heroes Sima Qian celebrates in the Records of the Grand Historian are heroes who have the courage to forge ahead and build their careers. They have ideals, aspirations, and pursuits; they can sacrifice their lives for certain beliefs and principles; they all have an indomitable spirit of not stopping until they reach their goals. Sima Qian once wrote in the Book of Repayment of Ren'an that "there is a death, or heavier than Mount Taishan, or lighter than a feather, the use of which tends to be different." He was tortured in the palace and suffered a lot of pain, but in order to complete the "Records of the Grand Historian" he tenaciously survived. He regarded as a role model is "King Wen detained and performed the "Yi"; Zhong Ni Er and made the "Spring and Autumn Annals"; Qu Yuan banished, was assigned "Li Sao"; Zuo Qiu blind, there is the "Guoyu"; Sun Zi Bin Feet, the "Art of War" to repair the columns; not Wei moved to Shu, the world of "Lv Duan"; Han Fei imprisonment of the Qin, the "difficult to" "loneliness and indignation"; the "Poetry" three hundred, most of the sages are angry for the work of the same. All of these people have a sense of depression, not through the way, so the past, thinking of the future." Sima Qian's personal struggles and the "Records of the Grand Historian" celebrated the hard work of these ideas, is Sima Qian left to the future generations of a valuable treasure, which will always give us to inspire us to enlighten us, when we are discouraged, on the verge of despair, to give us incomparable strength, confidence and courage.

The Records of the Grand Historian is the first great character-centered historical work in China, and also the first great character-centered literary work in China. From the historical point of view, "the Records of the Grand Historian" created the first "official history" of the dynasties in China for more than 2,000 years; from the literary point of view, "the Records of the Grand Historian" for the first time used colorful artistic techniques to show people the colorful and personalized historical characters. There are emperors who have shaken the ancient and modern world, such as Emperor Qin Shi Huang, Xiang Yu, Liu Bang, and Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty; there are courtiers who are well-known to every household, such as Guan Zhong, Yan Ying, Xiao He, and Zhang Liang; there are famous generals who have won a hundred victories in a hundred battles, such as Bai Qi, Han Xin, Wei Qing, and Huo Zhaodi; there are reformers, such as Wu Qi, Shang Yang, and King Wu Ling of Zhao; there are other types of martyrdom, such as Qu Yuan and Wang Shu; there are types of eloquence, such as Zhang Yi, Su Qin, and Li Yizi; there are chivalrous types, such as Lu Zhonglian, Jing Ke, Zhu Jia, and Guo Xie; and there are comical types, such as Chun Yu Kun, and Chu Jia, and Guo Xie. The chivalrous ones are Lu Zhonglian, Jing Ke, Zhu Jia, and Guo Xie; the funny ones are Chun Yu Kun and You Chan, and so on. There are more than a hundred of them that can leave a deep impression on the readers.

The significant difference between the characters of the Shiji and those of pre-Qin literature lies in their distinctive personalities. Because the author paid great attention to put himself in the shoes of each plot and scene and tried to express the psychological personality of each character realistically, the descriptive language of the Shiji and the dialogues he designed for the characters of his works are exceptionally wonderful. I think as long as we are careful to analyze the dialogues in the biographies of Lian Po and Jing Ke, such as "Returning the jade annulus to Zhao", "What do you mean by "What do you mean by "What do you mean by "What do you mean? The author's "The Chronicles of Xiang Yu" and "The Chronicles of Gaozu" analyze the dialogues of Xiang Yu, Liu Bang, Zhang Liang and other characters, and we will be y attracted by the author's ingenuity and ingenuity. When Liu Bang and Xiang Yu were confronting each other in Xingyang, one of Xiang Yu's subordinates shot an arrow into Liu Bang's chest, and Liu Bang "looked at his feet and said, 'I am hit by the captive! This is a vivid portrayal of Liu Bang's superb intelligence, his quick and natural adaptability as if by reflex, and at the same time, his "generous", scolding and laughing character! When Xiang Yu was besieged by Gaixia and heard the Han army singing Chu songs on all sides at night, he "sang generously and made a poem for himself, saying: 'The force is strong, the time is unfavorable, and the piebald doesn't pass away. Zhui does not pass away, but what can be done about it, and what can be done about Yu, Yu, Yu?'" Zhou Lianggong of the Qing Dynasty said, "What was the time of Gaixia? Yu Ji died and his children were scattered, he fled on his own horse and was lost in the swamp, so he had no time to write more songs and poems! Even if there is made, who also heard, and who remembered with? I say that these words, regardless of the matter of whether or not, should be Tai Shi Gong 'pen to complement the creation', on behalf of the God." This remark may be said to point out certain important tricks of the literary character of the Historical Records. It is also in these terms that I say that the Shiji seems to have taken a leap forward in maturity in its approach to characterization.

Another remarkable feature of the literature of the Shiji is its lyricism. Some of the works in the Records of the Grand Historian are not very long, and the whole piece is like a poem, such as the Bi Biography of Bo Yi, the Biography of Qu Yuan, and the Biography of the Wanderer. However, the lyricism of a large number of chapters in the Records of the Grand Historian lies in the narrative and discussion of the works, as well as the integration of strong feelings of love and hate in the narrative and description. For example, Xiang Yu's Chronicle, Wei Duke's Biography, General Li's Biography and so on are like this. The whole "Records of the Grand Historian" is a song of love, hate cursed song, is a full of author's blood and tears of grief and indignation poem. Lu Xun once said that Sima Qian "hate for the ministers, send heart kozo, feel the world of killing humiliation, pass the monstrous in the autumn, although the back of the "Spring and Autumn Annals" of the righteousness of the solid is not lost for the historians of the perfect song, no rhyme "Li Sao" carry on." ("Outline of the History of Han Literature") "Historical Records" of the subjective color and its lyricism, in the successive dynasties, "the main history" is the most intense, the most prominent.

The emergence of the "Records of the Grand Historian" determined the basic pattern of China's ancient biographies, such as the ideological aspects of history as a lesson, rich in edification; the form of short, emphasizing the performance of the character, rather than in the heap of material more and more, as well as the language of the exquisite, lyrical and so on. The method of writing characters and stories in Shiji has a profound influence on the novels and dramas of the later generations, and the many themes in Shiji, the many models of Shiji characters, and the many plot scenes of Shiji stories have opened up countless doors for the novels and dramas of the later generations.

The establishment of the Shiji as the first biographical literature is of world significance. Europeans used to call Plutarch of Ancient Greece "the king of the world's biographers," centering on Europe. Plutarch, who was born in 46 AD and died in 120 AD, wrote 50 biographies (translated as "Biographies of Famous Greco-Roman Men"), which was the beginning of European biographical literature. If we put Plutarch into the river of ancient Chinese history to compare, we can find that Plutarch was born 14 years later than Ban Gu (32-92), and if compared with Sima Qian, he was born 191 years later. Sima Qian's Shiji was produced almost two centuries before Plutarch's Lianzhuan.

Originally read:/shiji/index.htm

Open Categories:

Traditional Culture, Han Culture, Confucian Classics, Twenty-Four Histories, Six Talents Book

References:

1. Historical Records

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Red and blue pencils 05, Six-eared Silver Fox, Bright Moon Pine, DonglaiJev, yz偌遥, ftsos, Can Write a Poem, SS7E, History of Tongguo Guo, Goodbye Seattle, Fan Guanhua

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