Formal characteristics of garden layout

The generation and formation of the garden layout form, is with the world's various ethnic groups, countries, cultural traditions, geographical conditions and other factors of the role of the distribution of open. British gardeners Jellicoe (G.A. Jellicoe) in 1954, the International Federation of Landscape Architects, said in a speech at the Fourth General Assembly, "the world's gardening history of the three schools: China, West Asia and Ancient Greece. The above three schools of thought can be summarized, the form of the garden can be divided into three categories. These are: regular, natural and mixed. Rule-style garden is also known as the whole form, geometric, architectural garden. The whole plane layout, three-dimensional modeling, as well as buildings, squares, streets, water, flowers, plants and trees require strict symmetry. In the 18th century before the emergence of the British landscape garden, Western gardens are mainly rule-based, with the Renaissance Italian Terrace Garden and the 19th century France Le Notre (Le Notre) plane geometric pattern garden as a representative. China's Beijing Temple of Heaven, Nanjing Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum are used to rule the layout. Rule-style garden gives a person a solemn, majestic, neat feeling, generally used in the atmosphere of a more serious memorial garden or a symmetrical axis of the building courtyard.

1. central axis

The whole garden in the plan has a clear central axis, and largely symmetrical or symmetrical arrangement of the left and right before and after the central axis, most of the division of the garden has become a geometric form.

2. Terrain

In the open and flat area, it consists of horizontal and gently inclined planes of different elevations; in the mountainous and hilly area, it consists of stepped horizontal terraces of different sizes and stone steps, and its profile is composed of straight lines.

3. Water

The profile are geometric, mainly round and rectangular, the water body of the barge more shaping, vertical, and sometimes sculpture; types of water features are shaping pools, shaping waterfalls, fountains, wall fountains, and aqueducts, canals, etc., ancient myths, sculptures, and fountains constitute the main content of the water features.

4. Square and street

Square for the rule of symmetrical geometry, the main axis and the secondary axis of the square to form a clear system of primary and secondary, the street are straight line, folded line or geometric curve shape. Square and street form a square form, circular radial, center axis symmetrical or asymmetrical geometric layout.

5. Architecture

The main building group and single building mostly adopts the central axis symmetry and balanced design, mostly with the main building group and the secondary building group to form the main axis and the secondary axis system combined with the square and the street to form the general pattern of controlling the whole park.

6. Planting design

With the general pattern of symmetrical axis, the whole staff tree configuration to equidistant rows and columns, symmetry-based, tree pruning and shaping more simulation of architectural form, animal modeling, hedges, green walls, green columns for the more prominent features of the regular-style garden. Garden often use a large number of hedges, green walls and jungles to divide and organize space, flower arrangement is often patterned as the main content of the flower beds and flower bands, sometimes arranged into large-scale flower beds group.

7. Garden Fiction

Garden sculpture, vases, garden lamps, railings and other decorative, embellished garden. Western garden sculpture mainly figure statues arranged in the outdoors, and statues more configured in the axis of the starting point, focus or end. Sculpture is often in the fountain, pools constitute the main scenery of the water body.

Regular garden design techniques, from another perspective to explore, the garden axis is considered to be the main building indoor axis to the extension of the outdoor. In general, the main axis of the main building and the outdoor axis is the same. Natural-style gardens are also known as scenic, irregular, and landscape school gardens. Chinese gardens started from the Zhou Dynasty and developed through the generations, whether it is the royal palace garden or private house garden, all of them are based on natural landscape gardens as the source. Developed in the Qing Dynasty, the royal gardens preserved to this day, such as the Summer Palace and the Chengde Summer Resort; private gardens, such as the Humble Administrator's Garden and the Net Lion Garden in Suzhou, are all representative works of natural landscape gardens. It was introduced to Japan from the 6th century and to England after the 18th century. Natural style garden to imitate the reproduction of nature-based, not the pursuit of symmetrical layout, three-dimensional modeling and arrangement of garden elements are more natural and free, the interrelationship is more hidden and implicit. This form is more suitable for the environment with mountains, water and undulating terrain, with a subtle, elegant, far-reaching mood.

1. Terrain

The creation of the natural garden is concerned about "the appropriate place, the composition of the garden is appropriate." The main way to deal with the terrain is to "get the scenery in accordance with the shape of the pavilion, low concavity can be opened to the pond and marsh". The most important terrain feature of the natural garden is the "natural interest", so in the garden, the requirement to reproduce the natural peaks, hills, cliffs, hills, ridges, gorges, capes, valleys, docks, pings, caves, caves and other landscapes. In the plains, natural undulating and gentle microtopography is required. The profile of the terrain is naturally curved.

2. Water

The garden of the water to pay attention to the "sparse source of the go by, the water of the origin", the main types of garden water features are lakes, pools, pools, marshes, ting, streams, streams, continents, islets, harbors, bays, waterfalls, waterfalls, and so on. In short, the water body to reproduce the natural world water features. The contour of the water body for the natural zigzag, the waterfront for the natural curve of the inclined slope, the barge is mainly used in the form of natural rock barge, rocky islets and so on. In the vicinity of the building or according to the needs of the landscape is also part of the stone masonry into a straight line or folding line barge.

3. Square and street

In addition to the building in front of the square for the rules, the garden in the open space and the outline of the square for the natural type. The direction of the street, the layout of more with the terrain, the street plane and section of the natural undulating and winding plane line and vertical curve composition.

4. Architecture

Single buildings are mostly symmetrical or asymmetrical balanced layout; building clusters or large-scale building groups, mostly asymmetrical balanced layout. The whole garden is not controlled by axes, but there are still local axes to deal with. The types of buildings in Chinese natural-style gardens include pavilions, corridors, courtyards, workshops, buildings, pavilions, xuan, pavilions, terraces, towers, halls, halls, bridges and so on.

5. Planting design

Natural garden planting requirements to reflect the beauty of nature's plant communities, not rows and columns of planting. Trees are not pruned, planting to solitary planting, clump planting, group planting, dense forest as the main form. The arrangement of flowers is mainly in the form of flower clusters and flower groups. Courtyard also has the application of flower platform.

6. Garden Furniture

Rockery, stonework, bonsai, stone carvings, brick carvings, stone carvings, wood carvings and so on. Among them, the base of the statue is mostly natural, the location of the vignette is mostly configured in the focal point of the perspective line of concentration. There are many Greek myths circulating in the West, and the myths deify people, depicting that the gods are actually people. Combined with the Western sculpture art, many gods in the garden planning in the garden space, and most of them are placed on the axis, or the cross center of the axis. While traditional Chinese Taoism, the legend depicts the gods and goddesses tend to live in the famous mountains and rivers, all the gods and goddesses in the garden in the application of the general worship in the temple, and not show with the garden space, there is almost no nude gods and goddesses. All of the above facts illustrate the influence of different ideologies on the form of the garden.