Where is Yang Naiwu's handwriting?

Innocent, arrested and imprisoned, the Yang family suddenly suffered a disaster, and at that time was at a loss. After a short silence, the family tried their best to find news and tried to rescue Yang Naiwu. His wife, Xiao Yang Zhan, cried all day long, her eyes were swollen, and she just gave birth to a baby, so she was inconvenient to move and had to worry. Yang Naiwu's younger sister, Ye, has always had a deep affection with her younger brother, and asked people around to inquire about the interrogation of the county government. She also went to Zangqian Town and asked Qian Liu's mother and the guys in Ai Rentang. She learned from them that arsenic had never been sold in their shop. Ye knew that his brother was really wronged, that is, he planned to go to the province to complain and desperately save his brother's life. According to the regulations of the Qing Dynasty, women were not allowed to submit complaints. After the family agreed, Zhan Shanzheng, who was adopted by Yang Naiwu's mother-in-law, decided to appeal to the company, the company and Futai Yamen respectively in the province.

The trial level system in Qing dynasty was divided into four levels: county level, government level, inspection department, governor or governor. Death penalty cases should be tried step by step from low to high, and finally reported to the court by the governor or the governor. Magistrate Chen Lu's second trial must be finalized, convicted and sentenced before it can be reported, and the third trial is conducted by the investigation department. The Department of Justice is a full-time judicial institution in charge of the case prisons in this province. Its chief executive is called the special envoy of justice, also known as the Ministry of Justice and his wife, and has the right to review cases reported by various governments.

At that time, the judges of Zhejiang Justice Department were Kuai and Sun. He was a juren and did not despise scholars like Chen Lu. After receiving the case file submitted by Chen Lucheng, the magistrate of Hangzhou, Kuai and Sun did not immediately accept the trial result. He felt that Yang Naiwu's status as a juren was out of proportion, because it was not easy to test juren. Once he gets a job in the exam, he may take the Jinshi exam, become an official and have a bright future. He was very suspicious, looked at all the files with doubts, consulted the closing report of the Hangzhou government and organized two interrogations. At this point, after two tortures, Yang Naiwu and Gobixi were disheartened and didn't resist, so they confessed as before. When Kuai and Sun saw that the criminal's confession was consistent, they called Liu Xitong and Chen Lu, the first-instance judges, to inquire about the trial and whether there was anything suspicious in the trial. Liu Xitong and Chen Lu vowed that the case was irrefutable and there was no injustice. When Kuai and Sun saw this, they asked the criminals and witnesses to sign and sign, and reported the matter to the Governor of Zhejiang.

The third trial ended hastily, and the provincial judges Kuai and Sun didn't play the role of auditing at all.

According to the Qing dynasty system, after the death penalty cases were examined by provincial judges, they still needed to be reported to the governor or the governor for arraignment. At that time, there were governors in Fujian and Zhejiang, and the yamen was located in Fuzhou. There is no governor in Hangzhou, only the governor, so the governor of Zhejiang is in charge of the fourth trial of this case.

Yang Changjun, the governor of Zhejiang Province, is a decent man and has a strong political discourse power in the local area, which has won the hearts of the people. After receiving the case, in order to make the case solid, he carefully read the file and personally questioned the criminals and witnesses. However, Ge had already been forced to confess, and it was difficult to reverse his conviction, so they made a confession. Seeing this, Yang Changjun did not close the case hastily, but decided to find another way. He sent Zheng Xiyuan, the acting magistrate of a county, to Yuhang for a private visit to listen to the people's opinions and see if they were consistent with the criminal's statement. If we go deeper, we will get to the bottom of it.

Zheng Xiyuan, a stranger to Yuhang, intends to rely on Liu Xitong, the magistrate of a county, to make unannounced visits to the families and witnesses of criminals. When Liu Xitong sees people coming from above, it is only natural that he should behave well and hold a banquet. In a hurry, Zheng Xiyuan told Liu Xitong the purpose of his visit. Liu Xitong was very nervous. He immediately told Chen Zhushan to put pressure on Qian Liu and warned Qian Liu to confess according to the original confession. In this way, Zheng Xiguan only got some false information specially prepared for him during several days of traveling incognito, but he thought the unannounced visit was very effective. After returning to Hangzhou, he reported to Governor Yang Changjun that the local people hated Yang Nai and Bi for committing adultery and murder, and the case was indeed "innocent killing", and reported the process of unannounced visits. Yang Changjun was convinced of the results of the unannounced visit, praised and promoted Zheng Xiyuan's ability to handle affairs, removed his "standby" and recommended him to be a magistrate in other places.

According to the system of Qing dynasty, all death penalty cases must be submitted to the court by the governor or governor after the final trial, that is, the fourth trial, and then executed after being approved by the court. In the 12th year of Tongzhi (1873), on December 20th, Yang Changjun completed the closing report based on the results of interrogation and unannounced visits, and considered the case conclusive, upheld the original judgment and reported it to the court.

The fourth trial has ended. The fourth trial is final, and Yang Naiwu and Gobi can only be executed with the approval of the court.

The case of Yang Naiwu and gerbil has aroused great concern from the very beginning. Shenbao, founded in the 11th year of Tongzhi (1872), has been following up the case since the second month. People in Zhejiang province and Zhejiang officials in Beijing were shocked to learn that such a big thing had happened among the literati in their hometown and began to pay attention to the case.

Yang Naiwu learned from his family that the Governor of Zhejiang Province was about to arraign the case, knowing that if he missed this opportunity, he would never be able to turn over, so he wrote a personal letter in prison, stating the fact that he was framed and arrested by Gebi, and the judge tortured him to extract a confession. In the confession, Yang Naiwu listed eight problems in the trial of the case, such as why he was not allowed to confront Qian Bao; If you commit adultery with Gabe, it won't make Gabe move, and so on. At the same time, in order to convince the court that he was indeed being falsely climbed, Yang Naiwu fabricated many attacks on Ge Bi's family, adding two plots out of nothing: First, Ge Bi had an affair with Yuhang County Chief and Li Shu He Chunfang, who was discovered and beaten by Ge Pinlian; Second, Liu Zihan, the son of Yuhang county magistrate Liu Xitong, and his good friend Zhuang Min Ruande blackmailed Yang Naiwu after Ge Pinlian's death. After being rejected by Yang Naiwu, they conspired with their father to murder him. Yang Naiwu entrusted his family to complain to yamen, but none of them attracted the attention of local officials such as Zhejiang Governor and Company.

Yang Naiwu's family never gave up the rescue of Yang Naiwu. Sister Yang Shuying (Ye) has been working hard for her younger brother and is not afraid of publicity; Although his wife Zhan Caifeng (exhibited by Xiao Yang) had just given birth to a baby, she came to the yamen in Hangzhou with her infant child to complain. In April of the 13th year of Tongzhi (1874), Ye took the complaint materials written in prison, called Wang Tingnan and Wang Amu, the long-term workers of her mother-in-law's family, and took a boat from Shanghai to Beijing after more than 20 days. They first visited a fellow bureaucrat in Beijing, and after his guidance, they realized that they should submit the complaint materials to the DuchaYuan. Duchayuan is a central supervisory organ established in the Qing Dynasty, which is responsible for participating in and supervising judicial trials. It has the right to picket and impeach all illegal and criminal activities of officials all over the country, and also has the right to try major criminal cases together with the Ministry of Punishment and Dali Temple.

An accident happened when submitting the complaint materials. Because the Qing court stipulated that women could not submit complaint materials to Ducha Hospital, Ye discussed with Wang Tingnan and Wang for a long time and decided that Wang Tingnan would enter Ducha Hospital to submit materials. At that time, the author had been reported to DuchaYuan, and it will be submitted soon. When she walked to the door of Duchayuan, Wang Tingna suddenly changed her mind and asked Wang to submit it instead of herself. Wang Amu had to claim to be Wang Tingnan and submit the complaint materials.

After accepting the submission, Douchayuan sent people back to their hometown in violation of the legal system to Ye, Wang Tingnan and Wang Amu, and ordered them not to prosecute again in the future. At the same time, the following is given to the governor of Zhejiang Province, asking for a review of the case and finding out loopholes and doubts. Yang Changjun, the governor of Zhejiang Province, received an order from Douchayuan, thinking that this was an unquestionable ironclad case, and he was very disdainful, so he handed it over to Chen Lu, the magistrate of Hangzhou who closed the case in the original trial.

Although Chen Lu decided that the case was clear and irrefutable, his superiors did not dare to disobey orders. He also summoned witnesses such as the landlord Wang Lin and Wang Xinpei. Several witnesses saw that the prisoner had confessed, and they also confessed at will to avoid getting into trouble. Chen Lu saw the same as the original trial, and still reported it to Yang Changjun, the governor of Zhejiang Province, according to the judgment of the original trial, and Yang Changjun subsequently reported it to Douchayuan. Duchayuan can close the case without doubt about the case. The fifth trial also ended hastily.

In the meantime, Yang Naiwu's family went to the Ai Rentang drugstore in Zangqian Town for "Qian Baosheng" three times and five times. They used carrot and stick, begging Qian Baosheng to prove that Yang Naiwu didn't buy cigarettes there. Qian Liu was afraid of being suppressed by Liu Xitong, the magistrate of a county, and refused to let Yang's. Later, I was entangled and had to go out to escape. Our family also found Ge Pinlian's mother Shen, begged her to drop the lawsuit and save her life, and promised to repay her with gold and silver fields. Shen was eager to avenge his son and refused. In June and July of the same year, Yang Naiwu's wife, Yang Zhanshi, also complained to the Governor of Zhejiang Province and the Tussah yamen, but there was no result.

A small criminal case actually alarmed the central supreme supervisory organ and was widely reported in Shenbao. Yang Bi's case has attracted attention from all over the country. Especially in Zhejiang and Beijing, it is well known to both the government and the public. Officials and people paid close attention to the trial progress of the case, and even alarmed Hu Xueyan, a famous businessman in Hangzhou at that time.

Hu Xueyan (1823 ~ 1885), whose real name is Yong Guang, whose real name is Xueyan, is from Jixi, Anhui, and whose native place is Hangzhou. With the support of former Governor Zuo of Zhejiang and Governor Zuo of Fujian and Zhejiang, he set up a money bank and started westernization. Later, he opened Huqingyutang drugstore in Hangzhou, with a capital of more than 30 million yuan, with an acre of land 1 10,000 mu, and donated it to the alternate road in Jiangxi Province, becoming an official and businessman of Xuanhe. He is charitable and generous. When the Yang Naiwu case happened, Hu Xueyan was organizing the Hu Qingyu Hall in Hangzhou. One of his screen friends, Wu Yitong and Yang Naiwu, are both candidates for Guiyouke Township. He knew that he was a decent man, and there would be grievances if he was convicted, so he told Hu Xueyan's sister Ye that she had gone to Beijing to complain and was ready to die again. Hu Xueyan was deeply moved and sympathized. He entrusted Wu Yitong to introduce Ye, and promised to support their family's trip to Beijing and all their living expenses in Beijing.

With the support of Hu Xueyan, Yang Ye prepared to report to the court for the second time. At this time, it happened that a Zhejiang-born Beijing official and Ding, the editor of Xia Tongshan, returned to Beijing. Hu Xueyan gave him a farewell dinner and asked Wu Yitong to accompany him. During the dinner, Hu Xueyan and Wu Yitong explained Yang Naiwu's unjust case to Xia Tongshan and advised him to try to help him in Beijing. Xia Tongshan was deeply shocked by this unjust case in his hometown and said that he would do his best to help and left his address in Beijing.

In July this year, Yang Naiwu's wife Zhan Caifeng and her family's helper Yao Shifa went to Beijing together. It took them more than two months to get to Beijing, and they found Xia Tongshan according to the address. Under the guidance of Xia Tongshan, Yang Zhan submitted Yang Naiwu's complaint materials to Bujun and Yamen. This complaint material was published in Shenbao with the title of "Zhejiang Yuhang Yang Er Knocking on the Original Submission", which made the reasons for the complaint widely spread and almost everyone knew it. At the same time, it also put a lot of pressure on the government of the Bujun leadership. They couldn't cope with the errand, so they had to put the materials on Empress Dowager Cixi and the emperor. Soon, the imperial edict came down, and the case was handed over to the governor of Zhejiang and the provincial judge * * * for review, and it was necessary to find out the truth to become a letter.

Yang Changjun, the governor of Zhejiang Province, won the imperial edict and dared not hand it over to Chen Lu, the magistrate of Hangzhou, for trial as he did last time. He racked his brains, trying to find another way, thinking that it might be more neutral and objective to hear the case by an outsider, so he entrusted Siguang, the new magistrate of Huzhou, Zhejiang, Gong Jiajun, the magistrate of Shaoxing, Xu Jiade, the magistrate of Fuyang and Baoshan Chen, the magistrate of Huangyan, to jointly hear the case. When handing over the case, Yang Changjun also indoctrinated them repeatedly, stressing the need to enforce the law impartially, without waste or abuse. Several subordinates are naturally grovelling in front of their superiors, and they are passive to Nuo Nuo.

Several subordinates are not confused, knowing that the trial of this case must not be different from the boss's result, otherwise it is simply a hard time for the boss and asking for it. At the trial, they dare not punish. Yang Naiwu saw that the trial was ordered by the imperial edict and did not impose any punishment. Knowing that the written complaint materials played a role, he overturned all the original guilty confessions and restated that he had nothing to do with the case. Ge Bi also took the opportunity to completely retract her confession and denied that she had poisoned her husband. When Xiguang, the magistrate of Huzhou, saw that the situation was not good, he stopped cleaning up. After an interrogation, he found an excuse to quit the interrogation group. In the subsequent trial, Gong Jiajun, the magistrate of Shaoxing, served as the presiding judge, assisted by two magistrates. From trial to trial, the two principal offenders, Yang Bi, refused to plead guilty and had no clue. They can neither uphold the original judgment nor overturn it. Just when the three interrogators didn't go down the steps, the Tongzhi emperor died, which coincided with the triennial exam in Zhejiang Province, and the trial of the case had to be suspended. After a long delay, three interrogators voluntarily submitted their resignations and asked to choose another official for trial.

In this way, the sixth trial ended without results.

After the death of Emperor Tongzhi, Emperor Guangxu succeeded to the throne on the 20th day of the first month of the following year (1875). Traditionally, the new emperor ascended the throne and succeeded to the throne. In order to show the kindness and generosity of the son of heaven, he must grant amnesty to the whole world. However, the case of Yang Bi was dropped because of the trial, and the case was serious and rebellious, so it was not included in the Amnesty.

In the sixth trial, the news that Yang Naiwu and Gobitsy both retracted their confessions was reported by Shenbao and immediately spread all over the country. The case is confusing and protracted, causing various speculations in the ruling and opposition parties. On April 24 this year, Wang Shurui, the criminal department, was fed up. First of all, he attacked the emperor, impeached Yang Changjun, the governor of Zhejiang Province, and others to "try the case to show partiality", deliberately stalling for time, in an attempt to wait for prisoners such as Yang and Bi and related witnesses to die in prison, so as to hastily close the case and maintain the judgment of the first instance for review. In a rage, Wang Shurui asked the two emperors and the Empress Dowager to send another Kyoto official to investigate the case, so as to dispel all doubts. As soon as the letter came out, the respondents gathered and pointed their finger at Yang Changjun, governor of Zhejiang Province. Yang Changjun wrote a letter to defend himself, saying that he didn't mean to postpone it. It's really because he happened to be a Navy SEAL, met the national shirt and had scientific research in this province. He also said that although Yang and Bi had retracted their confessions many times, the confession of "Qian Baosheng" in the pharmacy was consistent. He confessed that his family often went to his shop to make trouble and forced him to retract his confession to save his life. The case changed repeatedly and he was seeking the truth. However, under the pressure of public opinion and ministers, Emperor Guangxu appointed Zhejiang Jinshi Hu Ruilan to take full charge of the case, and ordered Yang Changjun to keep a close watch on Yang, Bi and important witnesses involved. If he dies in prison, he will be severely punished.

In the Qing dynasty, all provinces, prefectures and counties set up learning politics. The educational administration is responsible for the local imperial examinations and the selection of talents. , usually held by knowledgeable people. Hu Ruilan, a scholar in Zhejiang Province, is a well-known scholar and quite famous in the local area. When the imperial edict appointed him to be in charge of the trial of Yang and Bi, Hu Ruilan was busy with the examination and selection in Zhejiang. When Yang Changjun handed him the unfinished files, criminals and important documents, he was so busy that he didn't start reading the files until he was busy reviewing and selecting them.

There is no doubt that Hu Ruilan, as a political student, is in charge of scientific research and talent selection in the province. He has great knowledge and outstanding ability, but he is a little overwhelmed in trying cases, especially complex criminal cases, not to mention never taking over cases before. He himself was worried about this long-awaited mystery, and the holy family did not send other officials to sit in the trial, so he had to explain to the emperor that he was allowed to select several officials from his subordinates to sit in the trial, indicating that he did not operate behind the scenes, ensuring that the case was open and the law was enforced impartially. After half a month's observation, he finally selected Bian Baocheng, the magistrate of Ningbo, Luo Zisen, Gu Deheng and Gong Shitong, the alternate magistrate of Jiaxing, to attend the trial. None of these four people is the original examiner, so there is no need to take sides.

Despite this, due to limited talent, Hu Ruilan still failed to grasp the key core of the case. He did not start from the source of the case, but investigated Yang Naiwu's complaint materials. After sleepless nights and hard work day and night, Hu Ruilan did find many fabricated facts in Yang Naiwu's complaint materials. For example, Yang Naiwu said in the complaint that Ge Pinlian moved out of another rent-seeking office because Yang Naiwu told Ge Pinlian that Ge Bibi had bad behavior, which led to Ge Bibi being beaten by her husband, thus holding a grudge against Yang Naiwu and falsely accusing Jack yang of adultery and conspiracy; Another example is Ruande, the son of a magistrate of a county and a strongman of the people, who can't extort money from him, so he framed Yang and Ge for adultery; For another example, he said that Ge Bishi had an affair with He Chunfang. In order to prove that Ge Bishi had a grudge against himself, Ge Bishi had a motive to frame himself, so as to clear his charges.

Hu Ruilan made a serious investigation into these incidents and found that these facts listed in Yang Naiwu's complaint materials simply did not exist. Yuhang county magistrate Liu Xitong's son is not Liu Zihan, but Liu Haisheng. Tongzhi returned to his hometown in Tianjin in April of 12th year, and was not in Yuhang at the time of the crime. Hu Ruilan also found that many practices of Yang Naiwu's family were suspicious. For example, they went to Ge Pinlian's mother, Shen's family, begged Shen to drop the lawsuit, and went to the town to force Qian Baosheng to withdraw his original oath. Even Wang, who pretended to be Wang Tingnan, went to Duchayuan to submit the complaint materials, which was also discovered by Hu Ruilan. Hu Ruilan thinks that Yang Naiwu has a guilty conscience, trying to cover up the facts and cancel the evidence. From here on, Hu Ruilan tortured Yang and Bi overnight. Yang Naiwu and Gabrielle can't afford it, so they have to take fake clothes according to the original.

On the third day of October in the first year of Guangxu (1875), Hu Ruilan played on the emperor and the empress dowager, saying that there was no injustice in this case and it was planned to be convicted according to the original judgment. Ge will be put to death within the year for the crime of rape and serial murder of her husband, but because the adulterer intends to kill her husband and has to make a decision, he is accused of perjury and adds one more crime; Qian Baosheng intends to commit the crime of selling arsenic privately and causing adults, and plans to post 80; Wang Amu forced Qian Baosheng to submit a confession, and also held control of Beijing for Ye, and proposed 80 sticks with Wang Tingnan and Yao Shifa. Yang Gongzhi, Wu Yukun, etc. Provide evidence for Yang Naiwu and submit a public report to them. Because they didn't know that Yang Naiwu was raped and murdered, He Chunfang who didn't commit adultery and Ruande who didn't cheat were not held accountable.

7. Close the case.

When writing the closing report, because the case was tried by many people, the statements of the criminals and witnesses were different or even inconsistent. When Hu Ruilan stated the outline of the case in the memorial, he took a lot of thought and tried his best to carve out the contradictions in the case smoothly and carefully. For example, on August 24th 12, someone said that he was indecent in Gebi's room that day and was caught by Gepinlian, and Yang escaped. Ge Pinlian questioned the truth of Ge Bi and beat his wife and neighbors to persuade him. Ge Pinlian said it was because his wife didn't have time to pickle vegetables. On the other hand, it is said that Ge Pinlian beat his wife because pickles were delayed. Gebish cut his hair and wanted to become a monk. When Yang Naiwu heard about it, he went to inquire. When he went to the door of Ge's house, there were many people in the room, but he just didn't go back. There is a big difference between these two statements. Hu Ruilan thought about it and classified it as "although pickles were delayed, it was actually because of the ambiguous relationship with Yang." For another example, Shen questioned his daughter-in-law about the cause of his son's death. Afterwards, his statement was also contradictory: first, he said that his daughter-in-law refused to confess the plot of drug conspiracy, and then he said that he colluded with Yang to seek drugs from his daughter-in-law, which was inconsistent. Hu Ruilan said in the last performance: "At first, Ge Bi's words faltered, and later he said that Yang Naiwu was given the smell of gunpowder." By analogy, it is enough to make the whole closing report look seamless.

At the same time, Hu Ruilan remembered the way of playing "Zhao Juan" to the Emperor and the Empress Dowager, to show that he didn't practice favoritism. He recorded the confessions of criminals and Ge and the testimonies of Shen, Wang Lin and Sheng in detail, and played them together with their closing reports. According to the system of Qing dynasty, the governor of Qing dynasty and the death penalty cases handled by the governor do not need to report the prisoner's confession and witness testimony to the court, but only need to report the conclusion report. The reason why Hu Ruilan reported the "solicitation letter" is nothing more than that the case caused a sensation in the ruling and opposition parties, and the parties have different tendencies. This public confession and testimony can tell the world that there was no fraud or favoritism in the trial of this case.

The seventh trial of this case ended with Yang Naiwu Gaby's false litigation.