How many stages does capitalism have? Introduce it in detail

The development of capitalist industry has gone through three stages: simple cooperation, workshop handicraft industry and machine industry.

First, simple collaboration.

It is cooperative labor by most workers under the supervision and command of the same capitalist, in the same production process or in different but interrelated production processes. It is the primitive form of capitalist industry, which was produced on the basis of the differentiation of small commodity producers at the end of feudal society.

Second, the workshop handicraft industry.

The geographical discoveries at the end of 15 and the beginning of 16 showed the need of commodity production and development for the world market, and also heralded the arrival of a new era of capitalism. /kloc-from the middle of 0/6th century to the end of 0/8th century, the cooperation based on division of labor-workshop handicraft industry, as a special form of capitalist production, occupied a dominant position in Europe.

Third, the machine industry.

In the last 30 years of the18th century, the major capitalist countries in western Europe began the industrial revolution. The machine industry replaced the workshop handicraft industry and gradually gained a leading position in the national economy, which made the capitalist mode of production establish its own material and technical foundation.

In this way, capitalist production has achieved its own typical form. Capitalist economy finally defeated feudal economy and small commodity economy by virtue of the superior conditions of machine production, and established its dominant position.

Extended data:

Background of capitalism:

Capitalist relations of production originated from feudal society. The disintegration of feudal social and economic structure liberated the elements of capitalism. In the14th and15th centuries, some cities along the Mediterranean (such as Venice) have sparsely sprouted capitalist relations of production, but the capitalist era only began in the16th century.

At the end of feudal society, the development of commodity economy promoted the disintegration of natural economy in feudal society and caused the polarization of small commodity producers. The primitive accumulation of capital has accelerated this differentiation, and the basic conditions for the emergence of capitalist mode of production are as follows: on the one hand, a large number of proletarians have lost their means of production and have to sell their labor.

On the other hand, huge amounts of money and means of production are concentrated in the hands of a few people and converted into capital. The so-called primitive accumulation of capital is a historical process of forcibly separating laborers from their means of production, and the deprivation of farmers' land is the basis of the whole process. There are two ways to produce it: one is to differentiate from the small commodity economy; The second is transformed from businessmen and usurers.

The self-sufficient natural economy was destroyed, and a large number of farmers and craftsmen went bankrupt, thus providing free labor for capitalism and creating a commodity market. The history of depriving farmers and craftsmen has different characteristics in different countries and has gone through different stages.

The transformation of labor force into commodities and means of production into capital marks the transition from simple commodity production to capitalist production, and also marks the transformation of the form of exploitation of workers, that is, from feudal exploitation to capitalist exploitation. Primitive accumulation of capital also includes the occupation and plunder of colonies and other violent means of using state power.

Baidu Encyclopedia-Capitalist Industrial Development

Baidu encyclopedia-capitalism