An essay on Mongolian customs, diet and folk costumes.

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In the eyes of ordinary people, Mongolian costumes seem very simple, nothing more than a robe and a pair of boots. In fact, Mongolian costumes are very complex and colorful. Not only are there differences in appearance, but also in age, marital status and dress uniform. Mongolian costumes mainly include jewelry, robes, belts and boots.

Jewelry can be roughly divided into five categories: headdress, necklace, chest ornament, waist ornament and hand ornament. Headdresses mainly include headscarves, hats, headband, hairband, knitting pliers, knitting sleeves, hairband, headband, earrings and earrings. It is the most beautiful part of Mongolian jewelry. For example, the "Auntie Crown" was a popular high crown for Mongolian married women in the Yuan Dynasty, with a height of about 1 ft and a quadrilateral top. It is covered with colorful silks and satins, decorated with jewels, amber, beads, jade pieces, peacock feathers, pheasant tail hair and other ornaments. It is beautifully made and brightly colored. Women usually wear headscarves. Headscarves are about ten feet long and come in various colors. Materials are cloth, hemp, silk, silk and so on. Girls like to wrap headscarves on their heads, then tie a knot on the right and hang the headscarves down. Married women wrap their heads with headscarves and wrap them around their heads without leaving ears. On solemn occasions, you should also wear hats embroidered with patterns such as Feng Dan's morning sun beads and Erlong's playing beads. There are red tassels and sparkling jewels on the top of the hat. Legend has it that this custom began in Genghis Khan's period. After Genghis Khan unified the Mongolian tribes, he ordered everyone to wear a headscarf to show that there was a corner of a standard floating on his head, hoping that the spirit of national strength would last forever. From the day they got married and bid farewell to their teenage life, women began to wear elegant clothes. Mongolian costumes in Ordos are the most typical. This headdress is translated into "headband" in Chinese, which is mainly composed of "hanging" and "hair cover". It is not only exquisitely made, but also made of hundreds of corals, dozens of silver chains, pearl strings, many silver rings, silver pieces, agates and jade. Dressed up, it can be said that the bead curtain hangs down and is dazzling. A headband generally weighs three or four kilograms, and some can reach more than ten kilograms. It is said that in the past, a pair of high-grade headband could be exchanged for several good horses or hundreds of good camels.

Mongolian robe, in Inner Mongolia, Xinjiang and other pastoral areas, men, women and children like to wear robes all year round, commonly known as "Mongolian robe". Wear double robes in spring and autumn, single robe in summer, fur robe and cotton robe in winter. Men's dresses are generally fat, while women's dresses are tight to show women's slim and fit figure. Its style and color vary from place to place and from person to person, slightly different. Generally, Mongolian robes are characterized by wide sleeves, high collar and right slit, and the lower end of most areas is not slit. The hem, cuffs and neckline of robes are mostly satin lace? Quot "Pan Intestine" and "Yunjuan" patterns or fur decorations such as tigers, leopards, otters and minks. It is not only beautiful and generous, but also has good practical functions. Winter cold kneepads, summer mosquito bites, sun protection. Walking can be used as clothes, lying can be used as a quilt. Mongolians in Ordos and other places also like to wear vests of different lengths on their robes.

Belt is an indispensable part of Mongolian costume. Generally made of cotton cloth and satin, the length varies from three meters to four meters. Most of the colors are in harmony with the colors of robes. Wearing a belt can not only prevent wind and cold, but also keep the waist and ribs stable and vertical when riding a rein. It is also a beautiful decoration. When a man wears a belt, he lifts his robe up, which is very short, convenient to ride and looks lean and natural. A Mongolian knife, a steel sickle and a tobacco pouch should also be hung on the belt. Women, on the other hand, should pull down their robes when they wear their belts to show their beautiful figure. There are certain rules and regulations for wearing belts in Ordos and other areas. Unmarried women wear belts with spikes on their backs. Once married, it is "Busguihun" (Mongolian, meaning "a person who doesn't wear a belt"), and a tight vest is used instead of a belt to distinguish unmarried girls from married women.

Mongolian boots are one of the matching parts of Mongolian national costumes. Mongolians love to wear boots. Mongolian boots are divided into boots, leather boots and felt boots, which are selected according to the season. Cloth boots are mostly made of thick cloth or canvas, so they are soft and light to wear. Leather boots are mostly made of cowhide, which is durable, waterproof and cold-resistant. Its styles are generally divided into three types: toe-rolled, semi-rolled and flat-bottomed, which are suitable for walking on desert, arid grassland and humid grassland respectively. Felt boots are molded from wool. Mongolian boots are exquisite in workmanship, and the upper and barrel of boots are embroidered or cut and pasted with exquisite patterns. Boots are created by Mongolian people in their long-term labor production and daily life, which are very suitable for the natural environment. When riding, you can protect your ankles and step on the stirrups; When walking, it can prevent sand damage, reduce resistance, prevent cold and snake.

Mongolian top hat is generally made of tweed, which is an oval hat with wide sides, mostly black, brown or gray. The hat tube is high in front and low in back, and the center of the hat top is slightly concave. There is a decorative edge at the joint between the hat tube and the brim. Put on a Mongolian robe or suit and a hat to look elegant and beautiful.

Mongolian vest is one of the matching costumes of Mongolian national costume and a kind of coat of Mongolian robe. Mongolian vest began in Yuan Dynasty. Mongolian women wear vests and generally don't wear belts. The vest is collarless and sleeveless, with no slit at the front and a long back. The chest is lined with two rows of buttons or decorated with a belt, surrounded by borders and embroidered on the front.

Mongolian yurt is a kind of house where Mongolian herders live. Convenient construction and relocation, suitable for animal husbandry production and nomadic life. In ancient times, Mongolian yurts were called vaults, "felt bags" or "felt tents". According to "A Brief Introduction to Black Tatar", "There are two kinds of domes: made by Yanjing, made of Vitamin bone, which can be rolled up, and the door can be opened in front of the door like an umbrella bone, which is called a skylight. Both of them are made of felt and can be installed immediately. The grass system is made of willow into a hard circle, and the diameter is determined by the felt tart. It can't be rolled up and put in the car. The yurt is round, big or small, but its basic structure is the same. It consists of a mesh wall "Hana", a wooden stare "Wuni", a circular skylight and a door, which are covered with felt and fastened with bristle ropes. The size of yurts is determined according to the number of woven walls (generally one meter high and 56 meters long) used in each bag, such as 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 18, 24, etc. Ordinary herders generally live in 6 to 8 walls. The construction of yurts is very simple. Generally, the terrain is selected first, the site is paved, then the door, supporting wall, inner enclosure, supporting wooden dome, rafters, inner felt, wall felt, top lining felt, outer felt, hanging curtain and bottom enclosure felt of the enclosure wall are erected, and finally they are fastened with wool ropes.

The door of the yurt generally faces southeast. In the center of the bag is a stove for cooking, drinking and heating, and the chimney extends from the skylight. Spread cowhide, felt or carpet around the stove. The front and west are the living quarters of the elders, and the east is the living quarters of the younger generation. The surrounding furniture mainly includes wooden cabinets, cabinets, crates and square tables. It is characterized by small size, small floor space, convenient movement and not easy to be damaged. The yurt looks small in appearance, but the usable area in the bag is large. And indoor air circulation (except the skylight, there is a layer of felt at the bottom of the wall, which can be turned on for ventilation in summer and put down for heating in winter), good lighting conditions, warm in winter and cool in summer, not afraid of wind and rain. The biggest advantage of yurts is that they are easy to disassemble and move. When completed, Hana will be pulled open to form a circular fence, which will be reduced in size after being folded back, and can also be used as a board for cattle and carriages. A yurt can be transported only by a camel with two humps or a Lele cart, and it can be built in two or three hours, which is very suitable for herders who often move fields to graze.

Nowadays, nomadic life is gradually replaced by settlement, and rich herdsmen on the grassland have built brick houses, and there are fewer and fewer yurts.

Leclerc, known as "Pulley Car", "Rollo Car" and "Ox Car" in ancient times, is a traditional means of transportation used by Mongolian herdsmen. Usually made of birch or elm. No iron parts, simple structure, easy manufacture and maintenance. The whole car is generally divided into two parts: the lower foot and the upper foot. These wastes include wheels, spokes and axles. Wheels generally adopt hardwood cutting 12 rims, and the 12 rims are connected and fixed together to form a round wheel. Generally, there are about 36 spokes supporting the wheels. The upper leg consists of two shafts and a 10 automobile bracket. The shaft is about 4 meters long, and the 10 car bracket can be fixed in the middle. A Lele weighs about 100 kg, and is characterized by large wheels and small body, and the load can reach hundreds or even thousands of kilograms. Suitable for moving and pulling things in grassland, snow, swamp and desert. Cattle carts and Lele carts lined up in a long queue and marched slowly, showing the unique customs of pastoral areas.

Le Che Le is light and cheap to drive, suitable for walking on grasslands, snow, swamps and beaches, and can be used to carry Lamy, milk, yurts, firewood and other goods. When driving, cars can be arranged in a long motorcade, end to end, driving on the vast grassland like a prairie train. A woman or child can drive seven or eight to dozens of cars and undertake the transportation of all her belongings.

Mongolian cars are made on the basis of Lele cars, which are specially used for passengers. It is characterized in that the car body of Lele is bent into a semi-circular carport with wicker. Wool felt is wrapped around the shed to form a tent, which can shelter from the sun, rain, snow and cold. This car is mainly used for going out to visit relatives and friends, meet relatives and get married. Nowadays, wealthy herders have bought cars, motorcycles and other means of transportation, and the use of Lele cars and Mongolian cars has gradually become history.

Mongolian yurts, rickshaws and horses with beautiful saddles are the most important traditional means of transportation for Mongolians. The construction and relocation of yurts are very convenient. Leclerc is mostly made of birch or elm, with big wheels and small body, which is suitable for transportation in grassland, snow, swamp and desert. In the past, oxen and Lele carts marched slowly in a long line, showing the unique customs of Mongolian grasslands. Now, many herdsmen have settled down, lived in spacious brick houses and bought cars, motorcycles and other means of transportation.

Marriage customs Mongolian people have two marriage systems: grabbing marriage and hiring marriage. Marriage robbery is a form of marriage in slave society. /kloc-before the 0/3 century, most Mongolian society was a marriage robbery system.

/kloc-After the 0/3rd century, Mongolians entered the feudal society, that is, the marriage engagement system was generally implemented. Courtship means that before young men and women get engaged, the man wants to propose to the woman, and if the woman's family agrees, they can get engaged.

The bride price, also known as the bride price, is a gift from the man's family to the woman after the young men and women are engaged. The amount of dowry depends on the economic situation of the man's family. Pastoral areas often use cattle, horses, sheep and other livestock as dowry. Dowry, a wedding gift for the bride to accompany her daughter. The Mongolians are very particular about dowry, and the woman will marry him according to the amount of dowry the man sends.

When getting married, the groom put on a gorgeous Mongolian robe, tied a ribbon around his waist, put on a domed red tassel hat, high boots and held a bow and arrow, which made the atmosphere happy. After arriving at the bride's home, the groom and the best man held Hada and wine, toasted the bride's parents and long-term relatives one by one, and bowed down. After the ceremony, the married people sat down for dinner. The next morning, when the bride left, she was carried on the float by her father or uncle. The groom must ride around the bride's float three times. Then, the bride-to-be and the bride-to-be leave together.

Worship to fire is an important ceremony in Mongolian wedding. Although the forms of fire worship vary from place to place, it is an indispensable part of the wedding. The bride and groom have been baptized by two fires, which makes their love purer, firmer, happier and grow old together. Although different regions have different forms, they are all very grand and lively. The general wedding custom in pastoral areas is that when the bride and groom get married and return to the man's house, they don't get off the bus and horse, first they circle the yurt three times clockwise, and then the bride and groom pass through two piles of flourishing fires and are welcomed by Vulcan, indicating the purity of love and the prosperity of new life. After the bride and groom enter the yurt, they first worship the Buddha and offer sacrifices to the stove, and then meet their parents and relatives. After the ceremony, comb the bride's hair. Get dressed, get dressed, and wait for the wedding reception to start. Wedding banquets are generally decorated with sheep backs or whole sheep mats, and all kinds of milk and sweets are available. At the wedding reception, the groom carries a silver pot and the bride carries a silver bowl to toast the elders and relatives one by one. The boys held the silver cup high and drank to their heart's content; The girls sang with Ma Touqin. Wedding banquets often last for two or three days, and relatives and friends leave one after another. And the woman's farewell will accompany the bride for one to three days. Sometimes, the bride's mother will see her off, and stay for more than ten days. Usually, on the third day after the wedding, the bride's family will visit the bride and meet the relatives of the groom's family. Most of the newcomers are aunts and sisters-in-law. They each took gifts or food to the groom's house for the wedding. The groom's family gave a banquet, and both men and women knew each other, greeted each other, toasted each other and were full of enthusiasm.

The marriage form in which a man marries several women at the same time is out of date now. In Mongolian slave society and feudal society, it is a common phenomenon for slave owners or feudal princes and nobles to take concubinage. The marriage form of a man and a woman is a traditional marriage custom of Mongolian people. Marriages left over from the old society, such as snatching or arranged marriages, are gradually eliminated, and the new marriage custom of free love and voluntary union between men and women has become a common practice.

Funeral celestial burial is a popular burial style in pastoral areas, also known as wild burial or abandoned burial. After death, take off the old clothes of the deceased, put on new clothes or wrap the whole body with white cloth, put the body on the Lele car and catch up with the car. Where there are dead bodies, there are auspicious burial places. After the celestial burial, the descendants of the deceased generally did not shave their heads, drink or entertain themselves for 49 days, and pedestrians in Lu Yu did not greet each other to show their condolences.

Cremation is a way of burial after Lamaism was introduced into Mongolia. It was adopted by princes, nobles, lamas, officials and others after death. After the death of ordinary people, most people do not practice cremation, only after suffering from infectious diseases or maternal death. On the second day after cremation, the ashes were collected by the families of the deceased. Some are scattered in mountains and rivers, and some are buried in jars to show eternal mourning.

Burial is a kind of burial method widely practiced by Mongolians in agricultural areas. The burial method of Mongolians in the western agricultural area of Inner Mongolia is similar to that of Han nationality. After death (or before death), the family changed the deceased into new clothes, put the body on the board, covered Hada, and waited for the funeral. When buried, the body can't see the sun. Usually at dusk, the body is carried out of the window and put into the coffin. The park is in the hospital, usually within three to seven days, and the Mongolians in the eastern region usually hold funerals on the same day. At the funeral, the eldest son of the deceased carried the big head of the coffin, and the rest of the descendants carried the small head, some on the hearse, and some carried it all the way to the cemetery. After arriving at the cemetery, put the coffin into the grave with a sling. During the burial, the descendants and close relatives of the deceased walked around the grave three times, grabbed the soil with their hands and scattered it in front of the grave, and then everyone shoveled the soil together to bury the coffin. When the old man dies, the young people in the village usually come to mourn and attend the funeral.

Hospitality and sincerity are the traditional virtues of the Mongolian people. When you see the guests, shake hands and say hello: "Tassanu!" (hello). After the guest enters the yurt, the housewife presents the fragrant milk tea to the guest. At the same time, put butter, milk skin, milk tofu, cheese, fried rice and other foods for guests to eat. Guests need to stay overnight. Dinner is meat, wine, noodles or Mongolian buns. When the guests said goodbye, the whole family went out of the yurt to see them off. I wish the guests a safe journey and welcome to come again. Nowadays, agricultural areas are generally the same as Han people, frying all kinds of dishes and adding wine to entertain guests.

Offering Hada is a traditional Mongolian etiquette. Hada is a kind of etiquette supplies. Hada is needed for worshipping Buddha, offering sacrifices, weddings, New Year greetings, and respecting the old and loving the young. Hada is made of silk, usually white, light blue and yellow. It is usually about five feet in length and varies in width. Some are embroidered with folk patterns such as "Yunlin" and "Eight Treasures". When giving Hada to the elders, the giver leans forward slightly, hands above his head, Hada is folded in half, and the seam faces the elders; For peers, raise your hands horizontally and hand them to each other; For junior students, Hada is usually worn around their necks.

Sacrificing snuff bottles is a daily gift for Mongolian herders. Snuff bottles are made of jade, ivory, crystal, agate, jadeite, amber and ceramics. When the younger generation sees the elder, the younger generation bows and presents the snuff bottle to the elder with both hands. The elder picks it up with his left hand and returns it after smelling it. When the companions meet, they exchange snuff bottles with their right hands, and both parties will return them after smelling them. Taboo etiquette

Fire taboo: Mongolians worship fire and believe that Vulcan or Kitchen God is a sacred object to ward off evil spirits. Therefore, people are forbidden to roast their feet on the stove after entering the yurt, and they are not allowed to wet their boots and shoes by the stove. It is not allowed to cross and push the stove, knock on the cigarette bag, throw things or throw dirty things on the stove. You can't pick a fire with a knife, you can't insert a knife into the fire, and you can't take meat from the pot with a knife.

Avoiding stepping on the threshold is one of Mongolian taboos. Go to the herdsmen's house, go in and out of the yurts, and never step on the threshold. Mongolians in agricultural areas, semi-agricultural and semi-pastoral areas also have this taboo. In ancient times, if someone stepped on the threshold of the Khan Palace account in Mongolia by mistake, they would be executed. This taboo custom continues to this day.

Water taboo is also one of Mongolian taboos. Mongolians believe that water is a pure god. It is forbidden to wash dirty clothes or throw dirty things into the river. This is because the grassland is dry and short of water, and herders rely on water plants to graze. They can't live without water. Therefore, herders are used to saving water, paying attention to keeping water clean and taking water as the source of life. Don't touch your head, don't let others beat your dog, and don't let outsiders visit your delivery room. No-no, when there are people who are seriously ill or dying at home, herders usually hang a rope on the left side of the yurt and bury one end of the rope on the east side, indicating that there are serious patients at home and they don't entertain guests.

White Festival, called Chagansari (Bai Yue, the first month) in Mongolian, means New Year and Spring Festival. Ancient Mongols regarded white as a pure and auspicious color, so they called the Spring Festival White Festival. The white festival is on the first day of the first month. Celebrating white festivals is a custom passed down from ancient times. When Yuan Shizu Kublai Khan was in power, he attached great importance to white festivals. On the 30 th night of the twelfth lunar month, the whole family put on holiday costumes and got together for the New Year, staying up all night. Usually, the whole family, old and young, burn incense and worship Buddha first, and then the younger generation presents Hada or kowtows, toasts and worships Buddha to their elders. In the early morning of the first day, family and friends began to pay New Year greetings to each other, and it didn't end until the 15th or the end of the month.

Burning fire is one of the oldest sacrificial activities of Mongolian people. The Vulcan and the Kitchen God. Ordinary farmers and herdsmen generally offer fire sacrifices on the 23rd of the twelfth lunar month. The noble and Taj Mahal are on the 24th of the twelfth lunar month. In some places, fire is sacrificed in autumn and at weddings.

Sacrificing Aobao is Mongolian, which means making a pile or drum. Sacrificing Aobao is one of Mongolian grand sacrificial activities. Aobao is generally located in the mountains or hills, and it is a cone-shaped solid tower made of stone. There is a long pole inserted at the top, and the head is pierced with animal hair horns and warp cloth, and there are cushion stones burning cedar incense in all directions. There are also branches planted next to Aobao, which are used to make whole sheep, koumiss, butter and cheese. When offering sacrifices, in ancient times, shaman wizards beat gongs and drums, recited spells, worshipped and prayed; In modern times, lamas burn incense and make fires, chanting scriptures and chanting scriptures. Herdsmen all surrounded Aobao and made three turns from left to right, praying for God's blessing. With the development of society, the progress of science and the renewal of herdsmen's concept, today's Aobao has changed in content and form.

Mongols also have the custom of offering sacrifices to the West (meaning making sacred trees). Usually, under a lonely sacred tree, the branches are decorated with colorful strips of cloth. An old man in disguise, Shangxi, sat cross-legged under the sacred tree. Men, women and children gathered together to worship Shangxi, and several priests were selected to hold Hada, wine and milk for the old man. After the ceremony, traditional cultural and sports activities loved by the Mongolian people were carried out.

Sacrifice to Genghis Khan Mausoleum is the most grand and solemn sacrifice activity of Mongolian people, which is called "Sacrificing Mausoleum" for short. Genghis Khan is a national hero revered by the Mongolian people. /kloc-At the beginning of the third century, the Mongolian ministries were unified, and the Mongolian khanate across Europe and Asia was established, which shocked the world and became a "generation of pride". The custom of offering sacrifices to Genghis Khan by Mongols first began in Wokuotai era, and was officially promulgated in Kublai Khan era, which stipulated various sacrifices to Genghis Khan and improved it day by day. Today, Genghis Khan Festival in Ejinhoro Banner of Ordos is a ceremony that follows ancient legends. Sacrificial ceremonies are generally divided into Japanese sacrifices, monthly sacrifices and seasonal sacrifices, all of which have fixed dates. Sacrifices are complete, all for whole sheep, holy wine and all kinds of milk food, and a grand memorial ceremony is held. Every year, March 21st of the lunar calendar is the Spring Festival, which is the largest and most grand. Representatives of various leagues or individuals sent representatives to pay homage to the tomb of Ejinhoro Banner.

Genghis Khan's military flag or emblem "Suludin Sacrifice" is one of the most precious ancient cultural relics of Mongolian people, and it is treasured in Genghis Khan Cemetery in Ordos Plateau. Suludin is the invincible flag emblem of Genghis Khan's expedition and the mascot when he has nothing to do. Every year on March 17 of the lunar calendar, the Mongolians hold a grand ceremony of offering sacrifices to Suludin. In the sacrificial ceremony, the whole sheep were placed on the sacrificial table, and there were offerings such as koumiss and milk food. The Mongolian people who participated in the sacrifice were in an endless stream, each with a sacrifice, worshiping Suludin devoutly, expressing their admiration for Genghis Khan and cherishing his great achievements.