Music and Kingly Government in Pre-Qin Confucianism

In Confucianism, there is a special emphasis on a kind of policy to govern the country and pacify the people, i.e., the use of rituals, music, and other methods and means to customize the people and make them fit in with the good. The main topic of this paper is to talk about the pre-Qin Confucianism in the music and the king's government, in order to show that the music of the corrective function is linked with politics, which is one of its major features. Then, what kind of function music has and how much it is connected with politics will be covered in the article. In addition, a brief word on what is expected of music. Mankind has strolled for so long, during which time it has created many cultural treasures? Both spiritual and material, and music is one of them. However, tracing back to the source, rites and music are closely related. However, the diversity of musical forms and the wide range of contents make music a relatively independent and non-uniform art of ritual, which has unique functions. For example, the theory of music has little to do with the folk music forms or rituals of the past dynasties, and because music can satisfy human desire for sound and color, it determines the relative independence of music, thus forming its own unique field. music? and? Rites The reason why the relationship between music and rituals became close was only because of the fact that in the The three generations of the Bo Xing? The special cultural environment, especially the Zhou Dynasty, used the music of elegant praise to strengthen the strict hierarchical order, and at the same time, collected and guided the folk lyrics and songs, absorbing the folk songs in favor of its rule, and processed them to serve the rituals, for its rule. When the fingertips of time point to the Spring and Autumn Period, pre-Qin Confucianism puts forward the idea of "ruling the country and leveling the world". The idea of ruling the country and leveling the world? They advocated the use of Rites and Music As the basic way to establish order and educate the people, the relationship between ritual and music became close. The rites and music that we talk about in later generations are generally formed at this time, and the words "rites" and "music" are not the same as "music". Rites and music were formed at this time, and when we say "rites", we mean "music". must be related to? music? The word "rites" must be related to the word "music". Music? What do you mean by "music"? Rituals? Rituals? Rituals? The main thing is to go outside. Music? The main focus is on the inside. The Book of Music says: "Music comes from the center, and rites are made from the outside. Music comes from the center, and rituals are made from the outside. Music comes out of the center, so it is quiet, and rites are made from the outside in the ancient language. The Warring States period was a period of complete? The period of the Warring States was an era of complete? The Warring States period was an era of complete "rites and music breakdown", since? Since the Spring and Autumn Period, the Zhou Dynasty has been a period of moral decay. Since the Spring and Autumn Period, the Zhou Dynasty's strict and complex hierarchical order has come to the brink of irredeemable collapse, and at the same time, the music related to etiquette has gradually sunk into the ravine. The new sounds of folk music in this? The chaotic world? Once again, different forms of music emerged, parallel and *** with the development of different forms of music. The diversity of music itself and its inherent relative independence gradually alienated its relationship with ritual. And after that, although successive generations have attached importance to the political function of music, but it seems not as close as the Zhou Dynasty. The author's knowledge is shallow, and I am afraid that this statement is not well thought out, so I would like to be enlightened by the author. Here the idea of music education, that is, the function of music indoctrination, limited only to the pre-Qin period, and talk about Confucianism in the music and the king's government. First, the pre-Qin music 1. The concept of music what is music? The music mentioned here is different from the modern music, the traditional Chinese concept of music, there are specific connotations and profound philosophical. The Book of Music says:? All sounds are born from the human heart. Emotions move in the center, so they are formed in sound. Sound into a text, called the sound. Music, not the yellow bells, dalu, strings, dry Yang also, the music of the end of the section also. The music contained in the Records of Music is the sound that comes from the heart but is also the sound that becomes the text. The sound is from the heart, but it is also written. Music is the sound that is in harmony with the Way, and only then can it become music, i.e., music that is in harmony with the sound. Music is similar to sound but different from it. Music is very profound. He who knows sound but not music is a beast. Those who know the sound but not the music are the beasts, and those who know the sound but not the music are the common people. So really know music is only a gentleman. 2. music classification based on the existing historical data, the pre-Qin music has three major types: ① Poetry • Wind as the representative of the local folk songs, this kind of music reflects the true nature of the folk: there are reflecting people's labor and production; reflecting anti-exploitation and anti-oppression; there is the revelation of satirical rulers of the scandalous behavior; there are reflecting love, marriage, family life. Among them, most of them reflect love, marriage and family life. The general characteristic of this kind of music is that it is straightforward. ②The music of the temple and the family music of the scholars were very close to the indoctrination of the king. This is the orthodox music of the Zhou Dynasty, which is elegant music (elegant, positive), and is respected by Confucianism. Such music is characterized by ? Lei out of the ground to excite, Yu; the first king to make music to Chongde, Yin recommended the God, to match the ancestral test. The so-called "new sound" of the desire for sound and color of the human ear and eye. new sound? The so-called "new sound" of the desire for sound and color is very attractive to people's ears and eyes. New sound? There are not too many records so it is difficult to know. At this time, the king's music is dominant, so next analyze the classification of the king's music. According to its function can be divided into a variety of, such as the "Zhou Li • Dazhi music" cloud: ? To ghosts and gods to show, and the state, to harmonize the people, to security guests, in order to say far people, for animals? Among them, the music related to religious sacrifices is the most grand in the music of the king's way, there are sacrifices to heaven, to the earth, and to their ancestors, which is called recommending God to match Zukao. To match Zukao with God is a characteristic of Zhou culture, and only the king can match his Zukao with the god of heaven to perform an ancestral rite, which is what Confucius called "the one who knows an ancestral rite can transport the world in the palm of his hand". From this, we can see the relationship between rites and music indoctrination and the king's way.? The rites and festivals of the people, the music and the sound of the people, the government to be carried out, the punishment to be prevented, the rites and music, the punishment and the government, the four reaches without contradiction, then the way of the king is ready.? In the early public *** religion, ancestor worship and political activities, music is fully utilized to the suburban temples, court, play its role in fear of repairing the province, teaching and educating people's hearts. 3.moral position are ready to make music due to the music at this time the status of the special, and the music is ? The virtue of the Hua? The music was a symbol of the "virtue of China" and the "harmony of heaven and earth". The harmony of heaven and earth. and is the embodiment of the harmony of heaven and earth, so there are conditions to become a music-maker. For example: ? Even if you have a position, if you don't have the virtue, you won't dare to make music. Even though one has virtue, if one does not have his position, he would not dare to make music. In this context, the so-called virtuous person means? Ritual and music can be called virtuous. And? The king made music and rituals when his work was accomplished. The king who has accomplished great feats has music ready, and the king who has ruled well has rituals ready. From this, we can see that the person who rules music must be a person who has all the virtues and positions. Music arises from the human heart, but in turn acts on people themselves, cultivating and educating them. It is because people have a deep understanding of the relationship between music, politics and morality that the Zhou Dynasty's elaborate ritual and music system was possible, and unique music theories were created. Due to the increasing level of human understanding, since the Spring and Autumn Period, the pre-Qin Confucianism fully recognized the role of music indoctrination in the human heart, and then inherited the primitive religion in the idea of music, and the ? Music? The main meaning of the word "music" was successfully transformed from the music of sound and dance to the inner fulfillment and happiness of personal practice, and then developed a set of social organization principles with ritual as the main body and music as the auxiliary. The Chinese tradition of Music is not just a matter of words. is not merely a verbal expression. It is also a form of inner ethics. It is also a norm of inner ethics, which is the result of the combination of rites and music. The reason why music can be associated with the king's government also lies in the special edifying role of music. According to Confucianism, the relationship between music and kingly education has a long history. As stated in the Zhouyi: ? The wind travels on the earth, the view. The first king to save the party, the view of the people to set up teaching? This shows that the kings of the three dynasties did check the people's customs and practiced music and education. The provincial party? is the son of heaven patrol, is the time when? The masters were ordered to perform poems in order to observe the people's morals. In the present Shangshu, the works recorded in the deeds of the Tangyu period were compiled by pre-Qin Confucians based on legends. The purpose of the Confucian people to write such works is undoubtedly to change the system of the ancient, using people's good old mentality in order to support their ideas of governance, which has the idea of music and education. In "Shangshu•Yiji", it is said? I want to hear the six rhythms, five sounds, eight sounds, in the rule of neglect, to the five words, you listen. What is stated here is ? The way of sound is connected with politics? The sound of the world is the same as that of politics. Where sound is connected to politics. It is because the music and the king has a close relationship with the government, so the review of the sound can know music, review music can know politics, political gains and losses from the music can be learned. Confucius once said: ? When one enters a country, one's religion can be known. The teaching of "Music" is also broad and easy to learn. The failure of the Music is extravagant. If you are broad and easy to learn, but not extravagant, then you are deeper than the Le," Confucius said. These few sentences very succinctly state that the function of music is to make people open-minded, easy-going and kind without being extravagant. Different states of the world are reflected by different kinds of music: ? The sound of peace in a world of governance is music, and its government is peaceful. The sound of a chaotic world is resentment and anger, and its government is bad. The sound of a dead country is sadness and contemplation, and its people are in distress. There are many things that can be learned through music. Hear its sound and know its wind, check its wind and know its will, watch its will and know its virtue, prosperity and decline, virtuous and unscrupulous, gentleman and small man, all in the form of music, can not be hidden. Therefore, it is said that the view of music is also deep. For the ancient legends and "Shangshu" contained in the idea of music education, "Le Ji" and made further play:? In the past, Shun made a five-stringed zither to sing the south wind, and Kui began to make music to reward the vassals. Therefore, the Son of Heaven also made music to reward the virtue of the vassals. When the moral and teaching is honored, the grains are ripe, and then the music is rewarded. Therefore, the people's governance labor, its dance line embellished far; the people's governance escape, its dance line embellished short. Therefore, watch its dance, know its virtue; hear its posthumous, know its behavior. Here, we can see is the music as a prize to reward the political achievements of the vassal. In addition, there are some music is dedicated to the service of the king's indoctrination. In the royal court, there was a special music organization to manage music and to promote royal indoctrination. In the King's System, it is written as follows: ? Le Zheng Chong four arts, the establishment of the four religions, along with the poetry, books, rituals and music of the late king to create soldiers. In spring and fall, he taught music and rituals, and in winter and summer, he taught poetry and books. The four arts were poetry, books, rituals and music. The contents of the music education were arranged in detail in the Monthly Orders: ① In the month of mid-spring, in the month of Shang Ding, the music officials were ordered to study dance. In the month of mid-spring, the Emperor ordered the music officials to practice dancing and to release the vegetables. The Son of Heaven was in command of the three dukes, the nine ministers, the vassals, and the great physicians to see them in person. Zhongding, and ordered the music into the study dance. In the month of spring, the Emperor chose an auspicious day and ordered the music to be danced. choose an auspicious day, the great music, the son of heaven is commander in chief of the three dukes, nine ministers, vassals, the great doctor personally to see it. In the month of mid-summer, the Emperor ordered the musicians to repair the dance. It was also the month when musicians were ordered to repair the scabbard and drums, equalize the qin and sepals and pipes and xiao, execute the ganqi and gaofei, adjust the yu sheng and yi chi, and order the bells and chimes and chi chi. He also ordered all the ministers to pray for the people to sacrifice to the mountains and rivers, and to make a great summer sacrifice for the emperor, with a great variety of music. He ordered the ministers to pray for the people in the mountains and rivers, and to make a summer sacrifice for the emperor, using abundant music. In the month of the fall, the music was ordered to be blown in the study. ⑤ In the month of winter, the musicians were ordered to play in a large ensemble. The above five rituals were originally related to religion, however, they were taken by the king to educate his people. In the four seasons of spring, summer, autumn and winter, the emperor led the ministers to practice dance and other related activities to educate them. From this, we can see that the indoctrination of music is not to the lower people, it is the aristocrats, so there is a passage in the "King Wen Shi Zi" as follows: "Wherever the three kings taught their sons, they would teach them to dance, but they would not teach them to dance. Whenever the three kings taught their sons, they would use rites and music. Music is used to cultivate the interior, while ritual is used to cultivate the exterior. Ritual and music are intertwined in the middle, hair shape in the outside, so it is also into the bonnet, respectful and gentle. This shows that the aristocrats of music education aims to improve their own cultivation. However, there are different learning contents at different stages, and it is also written in Nei Zi: ? In the third year of his ten years, he learned music, recited the Poetry, danced the Spoon, danced the Elephant, and learned to shoot and defend. Twenty and the crown, began to learn the rituals, can wear fur and silk, dance "Daxia". Here can be seen music is the first to learn, but also indirectly shows the importance of music to the cultivation of people. Summarize the influence of music on people is far-reaching, it comes from people and play a role in people, since people recognize the role of music, began to focus on the role of music edification, the pre-Qin Confucianism advocate the use of music to rule the country and the people's policy, is a reflection of this point. Of course, the music referred to in the article refers to elegant music, not folk music. The king led the nobles in special times and on special occasions, and indoctrinated them in order to guide them in the direction of conforming to the king's government. In addition to this, the Book of Music says: "The first kings made rituals and music. The first king's system of rituals and music was not to fulfill the desire of the mouth, stomach, ears and eyes, but to teach the people to be equal to good and evil and to oppose the rightness of humanity. This shows that the function of music also lies in the indoctrination of the people, focusing on teaching the people to distinguish between right and wrong. In short, the role of music indoctrination can not be ignored, because of this, we have to mention here is that we must create positive music, and abandon the negative music, so that we really know the music, to do an ancient so-called know the music of the gentleman.